Hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreak by Coxsackievirus A6 during COVID-19 pandemic in 2021, São Paulo, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is an acute febrile illness characterized by fever; sore throat; and vesicular eruptions on the hands, feet, and oral mucosa. Outbreaks of HFMD in children aged <5 years have been reported worldwide and the major causative agents are Coxsackievirus (CV)A16, enterovirus (EV)-A71 and recently CVA6. AIM AND METHODS: The aim of this study was to investigated a large outbreak of Hand, foot, and mouth disease during COVID-19 pandemic in 2021 from clinical samples of 315 suspected cases, in São Paulo State, Brazil. Diagnostic evaluation was performed by RT-qPCR, culture cell isolation and serological neutralization assay. EV-positive were genotyped by partial VP1 genome sequencing. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-nine cases analyzed were positive for enterovirus (47.3%; n = 149/315) by neutralizing test (n = 10 patients) and RT-qPCR (n = 139 patients), and identified as CVA6 sub-lineage D3 by analysis of VP1 partial sequences. CONCLUSIONS: This finding indicated the reemergence of CVA6 in HFMD, soon after the gradual easing of non-pharmaceutical interventions during-pandemic COVID-19 and the relevance of continued surveillance of circulating enterovirus types in the post-COVID pandemic era.

Rotavirus genotype G4P[8] and enteric adenovirus in HIV-positive patients with and without diarrhoea in São Paulo State, Brazil.

The present study was carried out in order to identify rotavirus and enteric adenovirus in HIV-positive patients with and without diarrhoea, collected in a pre- and early highly active antiretroviral therapy era. Rotavirus was detected in 2.5% (3/118) and adenovirus in 14.4% (17/118) of the samples from patients without diarrhoea. In the patients with diarrhoea, rotavirus was identified in 1.5% (2/133) and adenovirus in 7.5% (10/133). These findings suggest no increased frequency of virus excretion in HIV-infected patients with diarrhoea. The genotype G4P[8] was characterized in all positive rotavirus samples, and this is the first report of rotavirus molecular characterization in HIV-positive patients in Brazil.

An exanthematic disease epidemic associated with coxsackievirus B3 infection in a day care center

E descrita uma epidemia de doenca exantematica em uma creche, acometendo 10 criancas de 7 a 13 meses de idade. O quadro exantematico caracterizou-se por lesoes maculo ou maculopapulares nao confluentes, que atingiam a face, tronco e pernas. 50 por cento das criancas infectadas apresentaram febre de ate 39 graus C, no inicio da doenca. Foi isolado das fezes de uma crianca doente o coxsackievirus B3 (CB3). Foram examinados soros pareados de 8 das 10 criancas doentes e em 6 delas demonstrou-se soroconversao para CB3...