Different prognosis according to treatment in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia: How the outcome changed over time.

A comprehensive analysis of 220 patients diagnosed with APL between 1993 and 2022 is here reported. Overall, 214 patients (97.2%) received induction therapy. Complete response (CR) was achieved in 97.4%, 100%, 100%, and 27% of patients treated with AIDA protocol, AIDA + Ara-C, ATRA + ATO, and ATRA monotherapy, respectively. Molecular complete response (CRMRD-) was achieved in 96.8% cases, and 142 patients proceeded to maintenance therapy. Overall, the 3-year and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates were 80.8% (95% CI, 78.1-83.5) and 79.1% (95% CI, 76.4-81.8), respectively. Considering only patients who completed induction and maintenance therapy, the 5-year OS rates were 82.1% (95% CI, 77.5-86.7) for the AIDA0493 cohort, 87.5% (95% CI, 84.4-91.1) for the AIDA2000 cohort, and 100% for the APL0406 cohort (p = 0.044). Additionally, the disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 65.7% (95% CI, 60.4-70.9), 70% (95% CI, 65.8-75.2), and 95.1% (95% CI, 91.7-98.5) (p = 0.016), respectively. Among low and intermediate-risk patients, age > 70 years (p = 0.027) and relapse (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with reduced outcomes. This study contributes to the advancement of our understanding of APL treatment, underscoring the ongoing need for research to enhance outcomes and explore new therapeutic approaches and prognostic factors.

Response Rates and Transplantation Impact in Patients with Relapsed Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia.

BACKGROUND: The introduction of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO) has radically improved the prognosis of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), with cure rates above 80%. While relapse occurs in less than 20% of cases, addressing this issue remains challenging. Identifying effective salvage therapies for relapsed APL is crucial to improve patient outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on a multicentric cohort of 67 APL patients in first relapse, treated in three Italian hematology centers from June 1981 to November 2021. The overall survival (OS) and cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) were calculated, and predictive factors were assessed using Cox regression models. RESULTS: Overall, 61 patients (91%) received ATO ± ATRA (40.3%), chemo-based regimens (40.3%), or ATRA ± Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) (10.4%). Complete remission (CR) was achieved in 98.2% of patients (molecular CR, n = 71.4%). With a median follow-up time of 54.5 months, the 5-year OS was 73% in the ATO ± ATRA group, 44% in the chemo-based group, and 29% in the ATRA ± GO group (p = 0.035). The 5-year OS rate was also higher for transplant recipients vs. non-recipients within the chemo-based cohort (50% vs. 33%, p = 0.017), but not in the ATO-based cohort (p = 0.12). ATO-based salvage therapy resulted in better OS in both univariate (p = 0.025) and multivariate analyses (p = 0.026). The 2-year CIR was higher in patients without molecular CR vs. patients in molecular CR (66% vs. 24%, p = 0.034). Molecular CR was a significant predictor of second relapse in both univariate (p = 0.035) and multivariate analyses (p = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the efficacy of ATO-based therapies in first relapse of APL and confirm the achievement of molecular remission as an independent outcome predictor in both first and second APL relapse.

Treatment free remission (TFR) after second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (2G-TKIs) treatment in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML): from feasibility to safety.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) prevalence is currently increasing due to the great efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy. Discontinuation of treatment in the long-term, owing to avoid off-target side effects or treatment-free remission (TFR), has become an additional treatment goal in CML patients who achieved a deep molecular response (DMR). Second-generation TKIs (2 G-TKIs) have a significantly higher rate of DMR than imatinib. Hence, especially in young patients with a strategy of TFR, 2 G-TKIs are becoming the most frequently used TKIs and may increase TFR attempts in the future. AREAS COVERED: In this review, the main findings extrapolated from clinical trials and real-life evidence regarding 2 G-TKIs discontinuation were discussed, through broad research on Medline, Embase, and archives from EHA and ASH congresses. EXPERT OPINION: Overall, TFR rate after 2 G-TKIs is ranging from 40% to 60% for selected patients with sustained DMR and it can be considered a safe procedure, that have become, nowadays, a daily practice. However, many crucial aspects regarding treatment choices, timings, as well as predictive factors, patient communication, and optimal strategies need to be better clarified to improve successful TFR rate.

Pharmacotherapeutic advances for chronic myelogenous leukemia: beyond tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the notable success of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in treating chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), a subset of patients experiences resistance, or relapse after discontinuation. This challenge is attributed to the Ph+ leukemia stem cells (LSCs) pool not fully involved in the inhibition process due to the current therapeutic approach. AREAS COVERED: Current pharmacological advancements in CML therapy focus on targeting LSCs, intervening in self-renewal pathways, and exploiting biological vulnerabilities. Beyond BCR::ABL1 inhibition, innovative approaches include immunotherapy, epigenetic modulation, and interference with microenvironmental mechanisms. EXPERT OPINION: Diverse therapeutic strategies beyond TKIs are under investigation. Immunotherapy with interferon-α (IFN-α) shows some biological effects, although further research is needed for optimal application in enhancing discontinuation rates. Other compounds were able to mobilize Ph+ LSCs from the bone marrow niche (DPP-IV inhibitor vildagliptin or PAI-1 inhibitor TM5614) increasing the LSC clearance or target the CD26, a Ph+ specific surface receptor. It is noteworthy that the majority of these alternative strategies still incorporate TKIs. In conclusion, novel therapeutic perspectives are emerging for CML, holding the potential for substantial advancements in disease treatment.

Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in myelofibrosis patients treated with ruxolitinib may predict prognosis and rate of discontinuation.

BACKGROUND: Myelofibrosis (MF) is a clonal Philadelphia chromosome negative myeloproliferative neoplasm (Ph-MPN). MF is featured by an inflammatory condition that can also drive the progression of disease. Ruxolitinib (ruxo) is the-first-in-class Jak1/2 inhibitor approved for treatment of MF, proved to reduce spleen volume and decrease symptom burden. In various malignancies neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been indicated as predictor of progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). NLR might reflect the balance between systemic inflammation and immunity and is emerging as a prognostic biomarker in several neoplasms, including the hematological ones. METHODS: We analyzed a cohort of 140 MF patients treated with ruxo to validate baseline NLR (as a continuous variable and as a cut-off 2) as predictor of OS and of ruxo treatment discontinuation. RESULTS: We found that both baseline NLR as a continuous variable [HR 0.8 (95% CI: 0.7-0.9) (p = .006)] and NLR (<2 vs. ≥2) [HR 3.4 (95% CI: 1.6-7.0) (p = .001)] were significantly associated with OS. Censoring for patients undergone allotransplant, baseline NLR <2 was predictive of an earlier ruxo any-other-cause discontinuation [HR 3.7 (95%CI 1.7-8.3) (p < .001)]. CONCLUSIONS: NLR before starting ruxo treatment may be used as a simple and early predictor of OS and earlier ruxo discontinuation in clinical practice.

Safety and Efficacy of TKIs in very Elderly Patients (≥75 Years) with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.

BACKGROUND: While the outcomes of chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CP-CML) patients aged over 65 years have been extensively evaluated in real-life experiences, limited data exist for the very elderly population (i.e., aged ≥ 75 years), especially for next-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). In this retrospective study, we sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy of TKIs in this particular setting of patients. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of a multicenter cohort of 123 newly diagnosed CP-CML very elderly patients. RESULTS: The median age at diagnosis was 80 years (range: 75-96). In the first line, 86.1% of patients received imatinib, 7.1% dasatinib, 5.6% nilotinib, and 0.81% received bosutinib. A total of 31 patients (25.2%) switched to second-line therapy, nine patients to a third line, and one patient to a fourth line of therapy. Resistance to treatment was the primary reason for switching therapy in both the first (64.5%) and second lines (77.7%). At diagnosis, reduced doses were administered in 36.5% of patients, in 61.2% in the second line, and in all patients in subsequent lines of therapy. In the first-line setting, 71.9% of patients achieved an early molecular response (EMR, i.e., 3-month BCR::ABL1IS < 10%); at 6, 12, and 24 months, MR3 was reached by 35.7%, 55.7%, and 75.0% of patients, respectively, with 16.6%, 35.7%, and 51.7% achieving a deep molecular response (DMR) at the same time points. Treatment-free remission (TFR) was successfully attempted in 11 patients. During the follow-up period, adverse events (AEs) were observed in 78.8% of patients, including 22 cases of cardiovascular AEs. Toxicity grade ≥ 3 was more commonly observed in patients treated with standard doses of TKIs compared to reduced doses (p = 0.033). Overall, the median follow-up was 46.62 months (range: 1.8-206.2), and 43 patients died due to non-CML-related causes. Three patients died due to disease progression to advanced (n = 1) and blastic (n = 2) phases. The 5-year overall survival (OS) for the entire cohort was 71.9% (95% CI: 0.63-0.81), with no significant difference between the patients treated with standard doses of TKIs compared to those treated with reduced doses (p = 0.35). CONCLUSIONS: TKIs appear to be safe and effective even in very elderly CML patients, and dose optimization strategies yield satisfactory molecular responses for adequate disease control with an improved safety profile.

Validation of imatinib therapy failure score (IMTF) in chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia in real life practice.

The outcome of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients improved in the last decade. Clinical prognostic scoring systems aim to provide information about survival in the long-term, without determining from baseline the subset of patients who require a strictly monitoring because at increased risk of failure. Imatinib, the first-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), is still widely used as frontline treatment: recently, the imatinib therapy failure (IMTF) score was proposed to identify the failure free survival. Aim of our study was to validate this index in a large cohort of patients treated with imatinib.

Pulmonary infections in patients with acute myeloid leukemia receiving frontline treatment with hypomethylating agents.

Pulmonary infections (PIs) are a major complication of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) treated with hypomethylating agents (HMA). We retrospectively evaluated 147 AML patients treated frontline with HMA in 2 Centers. Total number of HMA cycles was 1397. There were 88 episodes of PI in 64 patients (43.5%). Thirty-five/147 patients at risk (23.8%) developed at least 1 episode of early PI (during cycles 1-2). Median OS in patients who developed early PI was 3.3 months (95% CI 0.8 - 5.8) versus 10.5 months (95% CI 8.4 - 12.7) in patients without PI or with PI beyond the 2nd cycle (p < .001). Early PIs were an independent factor predicting lower survival (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.28 - 2.93; p = .002). In conclusion, early PIs are common in AML patients receiving HMA and are associated with an unfavorable outcome. The results of our study raise the issue of a tailored infection prevention strategy.

CCND2 mutations in atypical chronic myeloid leukemia: a report of two cases.

Atypical chronic myeloid leukemia (aCML) is a rare MDS/MPN disease characterized by the absence of BCR::ABL1 rearrangement and well known typical mutations associated with myeloproliferative disorders. Mutational landscape associated with this disease was recently described with frequent involvement of SETBP1 and ETNK1 mutations. CCND2 mutations have not been frequently detected in MPN or MDS/MPN patients. We describe two cases of aCML with two CCND2 mutations in 280 and 281 codons which rapidly develop progressive characteristics, and we reviewed the literature about this unfavorable association, suggesting a role as a new possible marker of aggressive disease.

Case Report: Avelumab and ruxolitinib to manage polycythemia vera and secondary metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma: a possible successful combination.

We describe a case of second primary malignancy in a 65-year-old patient affected by polycythemia vera treated with the JAK 1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib. The latter is recognized as a risk factor for the onset of non-melanoma skin cancers in many retrospective and perspective studies, but the concomitant use of ruxolitinib with new immunotherapies is very rarely reported, and the safety of this association is still not clear. In our case, ruxolitinib combined with the anti-PD-L1 avelumab demonstrated both safety and efficacy for hematological disease control and underlying carcinoma remission.

Case Report: Infectious prophylaxis in hematological malignancies.

Patients with hematological malignancies and past serological evidence of hepatitis B are at risk for HBV reactivation. In myeloproliferative neoplasms, continuous treatment with the JAK 1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib confers a moderate risk of reactivation (1-10%); nevertheless, no prospective randomized data are available to strongly recommend HBV prophylaxis in these patients. Here, we report a case of primary myelofibrosis and past serological evidence of HBV infection, treated with ruxolitinib and concomitant lamivudine, developing HBV reactivation due to premature withdrawal of prophylaxis. This case underlines the potential need for persistent HBV prophylaxis in the setting of ruxolitinib treatment.

Systemic mastocytosis: 2023 update on diagnosis and management in adults.

INTRODUCTION: Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a complex and heterogeneous disease, characterized by the clonal accumulation of mast cells in one or more organs. In 2022 both the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Consensus Classification (ICC) modified the diagnostic and classification criteria of SM. Moreover, the identification of new clinical and molecular variables has improved prognostic tools and led to increasingly individualized therapeutic strategies. AREAS COVERED: The aim of this review is to present the updates introduced by the International Consensus Classification in diagnostic criteria of SM. In addition, we report the latest data available from the most important clinical trials in patients both with non-advanced and advanced disease, including elenestinib and bezuclastinib. EXPERT OPINION: Diagnosis and classification of SM has evolved over years. The most recent WHO and ICC classification improved SM diagnostic work-up, providing clinicians with a clear and simplified diagnostic scheme. New approved targeted therapies such as midostaurin and avapritinib modified the treatment paradigm in patients in advanced stage, and next-generation inhibitors actually investigated in clinical trials are expected in the next future.

Management of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients in Later Lines: The Role of Ponatinib and New Compounds.

Limited therapeutic options and poor response probability still represent some unresolved issue in later lines chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients. In addition, sequential treatment is associated with reduced overall survival and may select new mutation, including the T315I, further reducing the therapeutic chances: outside the United States, ponatinib and allogenic stem cell transplant are the only available options. In the last decade, ponatinib improved outcomes in third-line patients, although limited by the risk of severe adverse occlusive events. Dose optimization strategies with lower doses of ponatinib in selected patients have shown to reduce toxicity while retaining efficacy, but higher doses are needed in T315I patients for an adequate disease control. Recently approved by FDA, the first-of-its-kind STAMP inhibitor asciminib has proven safe and effective, obtaining deep and stable molecular responses even in heavily pretreated patients and with T315I mutation. Unfortunately, a significant proportion of patients remain intolerant or refractory, making it crucial to develop new therapeutic options. Among these, novel agents such as vodobatinib and olverembatinib have provided promising result in clinical trials, representing valuable therapeutic possibilities in intolerant or refractory patients. Therefore, a more complex therapeutic paradigm is expected in the near future.

Asciminib as a third line option in chronic myeloid leukemia.

Unmet needs remain in the treatment of chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in later lines. Sequential use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is associated with decreased overall survival and emergence of new mutations, particularly the T315I mutation. Among the new drugs developed to overcome resistance and intolerance, the STAMP inhibitor asciminib (which specifically targets the ABL myristoyl pocket) is the first example of a drug that works by allosteric inhibition. This review focuses on its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic, efficacy, and toxicity, as well as how this drug will change the therapeutic approach for CML patients not eligible to receive other available drugs.

Ropeginterferon alfa-2b treatment in a young patient with multi-refractory polycythemia vera and double JAK2 gene mutation: a case report.

This case report presents a 3-year-old female patient initially diagnosed with polycythemia vera (PV) in 2001. The patient exhibited elevated red blood cell (RBC) counts, high hemoglobin (Hb) levels, hyperleukocytosis, and moderate thrombocytosis, with sporadic abdominal pain and significant splenomegaly. Despite various treatments, including phlebotomies, hydroxyurea, and alpha-interferon, the patient struggled to maintain optimal hematocrit levels and experienced persistent symptoms. Subsequent genomic analysis revealed a rare JAK2 G301R mutation alongside the canonical JAK2 V617F mutation, potentially contributing to disease severity. In 2023, the patient started Ropeginterferon alfa-2b, leading to improved hematological parameters and symptom relief. The case underscores the challenges in managing PV, particularly in young patients, and highlights the potential clinical significance of additional JAK2 mutations/variants and the potential benefits of Ropeginterferon alfa-2b in achieving better disease control.

Identification of Predictive Factors for Overall Survival and Response during Hypomethylating Treatment in Very Elderly (≥75 Years) Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients: A Multicenter Real-Life Experience.

Elderly patients represent the most challenging and hard-to-treat patient population due to dismal characteristics of the disease, such as secondary-acute myeloid leukemia (AML), enrichment of unfavorable molecular genes (TP53) and comorbidities. We conducted a multicentric retrospective study to evaluate activity and safety in a real-life setting of hypomethylating drugs (HMAs) in patients older than 75 years with AML. Between September 2010 and December 2021, 220 patients were treated, 164 (74.5%) received AZAcitidine and 56 DECitabine; most patients (57.8%), received more than four cycles of HMAs. The best response obtained was CR in 51 patients (23.2%), PR in 23 (10.5%) and SD in 45 (20.5%); overall transfusion independence was obtained in 47 patients (34%), after a median of 3.5 months. The median OS (mOs) was 8 months (95% CI 5.9-10.2), with 1- and 2-years OS of 39.4% (95% CI 32.7-46) and 17.4% (95% CI 11.7-23.1), respectively; similar mOS was observed according to HMA treatment (AZA 8.3 vs. DEC 7.8 months, p = 0.810). A subset of 57 long survivors (44 in AZA group and 13 in DEC group) received at least 12 cycles of HMAs, their mOS was 24.3 months. In multivariate analysis, age (≥80), Charlson comorbidity index (≥3), creatinine clearance and the type of best response (≥PR) during treatment maintained independent significance in predicting survival. Infectious complications, most frequently pneumonia (35) and septic shock (12), were lethal in 49 patients (22.2%). Our data show that HMAs have similar efficacy compared to pivotal trials and are well tolerated in a setting of very elderly patients with several co-comorbidities.

CML Resistant to 2nd-Generation TKIs: Mechanisms, Next Steps, and New Directions.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The clinical scenario for chronic myeloid leukemia patients rapidly changed after the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Second-generation TKIs as frontline treatment increased the rate of deep molecular responses without increasing the rate of overall survival. About 20% of patients experience resistance to these agents, needing alternative treatments. Here, we reviewed the possible mechanisms of resistance, available treatment, and new drugs developed to counteract and overcome resistance. RECENT FINDINGS: Results of novel TKIs have been recently reported, especially for the setting of T315I mutated patients, such as olverembatinib and asciminib, or for patients who developed resistance due to other mutations, such as vodobatinib. Most of new TKIs are selected among compounds tested selective on ABL, therefore without possible off-target effects in the long term. New potential treatments are on the horizon in the field of CML, able to rescue patients treated firstly with one or more second-generation TKIs. Results of ongoing trials and real-world evidence dataset will help us to identify the appropriate timing of intervention and to select appropriate candidate to these drugs.

From bench to bedside: bridging the gaps in best practices for real-world chronic myeloid leukemia care.

INTRODUCTION: Although tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) determined an improvement of responses and overall survival (OS) in chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CP-CML) patients, some patients still fail the achievement of important milestones. AREAS COVERED: In this review, we focus on the need of appropriate molecular and mutational monitoring during TKI treatment with new laboratory tools and on new compounds developed to counteract the unmet clinical need in CP-CML. EXPERT OPINION: The appropriate identification of BCR::ABL1 dependent and independent mechanisms of resistance with Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) can allow to improve the therapeutic strategies and prevent the onset of a failure to treatment. New compounds have been recently approved or are still in investigational trials to improve the response in some critical forms of resistance and/or intolerance to available TKIs.