História da construção de saberes em enfermagem traumato-ortopédica / History of knowledge construction in trauma and orthopedic nursing care / Historia de la construcción del conocimiento en enfermería traumatológica ortopédica

Objetivo: analisar o desenvolvimento da enfermagem traumato-ortopédica a partir da primeira turma de residentes de um hospital especializado. Método: o estudo seguiu a metodologia histórica com abordagem qualitativa. As fontes foram documentos escritos e orais. Resultados: trabalhar em uma instituição especializada foi o ponto de partida para a busca por especialização de enfermeiras atuantes no cuidado traumato-ortopédico, que perceberam o saber/poder adquirido no trabalho assistencial, além da intenção de qualificar a assistência e elevar o hospital a instituto. Estratégias empregadas reúnem a busca por parcerias com instituições universitárias e associativas, além da criação de uma associação própria. Considerações finais: a enfermagem traumato-ortopédica ampliou seu espaço científico ao criar um curso de especialização com uma unidade acadêmica. Foi possível delimitar o poder acadêmico e institucional da enfermagem na instituição de saúde pela formação de enfermeiras especialistas constituindo um grupo de reconhecido pelo saber científico.

Objective: to analyze the development of trauma and orthopedic nursing care from the very first class of residents of a specialized hospital. Method: historical methodology study with a qualitative approach. The sources consisted of written and oral documents. Results: working in a specialized institution was the starting point for nurses who were seeking specialization in the field of trauma and orthopedic care as they noticed the power-knowledge acquired through care work, plus they were willing to improve assistance and take the hospital up to an institute level. Strategies used include the search for partnerships with universities and associative-type institutions, in addition to creating their own association. Final considerations: trauma and orthopedic nursing care expanded its scientific space by creating a specialization course together with an academic unit. It was possible to define the academic and institutional power of the nursing staff in the health institution by considering the training process of its nurse specialists, who consisted of a group recognized for their scientific knowledge.

Objetivo: analizar el desarrollo de la enfermería traumatológica ortopédica a partir del primer grupo de residentes de un hospital especializado. Método: estudio con metodología histórica con un enfoque cualitativo. Las fuentes fueron documentos escritos y orales. Resultados: el trabajo en una institución especializada fue el punto de partida para la búsqueda de la especialización de las enfermeras que trabajaban en la atención traumatológica ortopédica, quienes notaron el saber/poder adquirido en el trabajo asistencial, además de la intención de cualificar la atención y elevar el hospital al nivel de instituto. Las estrategias empleadas incluyen la búsqueda de alianzas con instituciones universitarias y asociaciones, y la creación de una asociación propia. Consideraciones finales: la enfermería traumatológica ortopédica amplió su espacio científico mediante la creación de un curso de especialización con una unidad académica. Se logró delimitar el poder académico e institucional de la enfermería en la institución de salud a través de la formación de enfermeros especialistas, que es un grupo reconocido por el conocimiento científico.

Identification of human circulating factors following remote ischemic conditioning (RIC): Potential impact on stroke.

Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) is a procedure consisting of short cycles of ischemia applied in a limb that activates endogenous protection in distant organs, such as the brain. Despite the promising outcomes of RIC, the biochemical factors governing inter-organ communication remain largely unexplored, particularly in humans. A pilot study on 20 healthy humans was performed to identify potential circulating biochemical factors involved in RIC signalling. Blood was collected before and immediately, 4 and 22 h after the end of RIC. To characterize the responses triggered by RIC, a combination of biochemical and proteomic analysis, along with functional in vitro tests in human cells, were performed. RIC did not alter the levels of nitric oxide, bilirubin and cell-free mitochondrial DNA. In contrast, carboxyhaemoglobin levels increased following RIC at all time points and young subset, suggesting endogenous production of carbon monoxide that is a cytoprotective gasotransmitter. Additionally, the levels of glutathione and cysteinylglycine bound to proteins also increased after RIC, while glutathione catabolism decreased. Plasma proteomic analysis identified overall 828 proteins. Several steps of statistical analysis (Student's t-test, repeated measures ANOVA, with Holm corrected pairwise p-values <0.05 threshold and fold change higher or lower than 100 %) leaded to the identification of 9 proteins with altered circulating levels in response to RIC at 4h and 22h. All 9 proteins are from extracellular space or exosomes, being involved in inflammation, angiogenesis or metabolism control. In addition, RIC-conditioned plasma from young subjects protected microglial cell culture against inflammatory stimuli, indicating an anti-inflammatory effect of RIC. Nevertheless, other functional tests in neurons or endothelial cells had no effect. Overall, we present some evidence for RIC-induced anti-inflammatory and antioxidant responses in healthy human subjects, in particular in young subjects. This study is a first step towards the disclosure of signalling factors involved in RIC-mediated inter-organ communication.

Bone Regeneration in The Anterior Maxilla with Titanium Mesh and Advanced-Platelet-Rich Fibrin: a Two-Year Follow-up Case Report.

Guided bone regeneration involving the use of titanium mesh and platelet-rich fibrin could be a feasible approach in cases of severely atrophic ridges. The purpose of this case report was to present an esthetic and functional rehabilitation in the anterior maxilla with the installation of dental implants in conjunction with guided bone regeneration using titanium mesh and advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF). A 60-year-old patient presented bone atrophy and partial edentulism in the anterior maxilla. After clinical and cone beam computed tomography assessment, guided bone regeneration was planned using a titanium mesh and A-PRF with xenograft bone. After eight months of healing, the dental implants were placed with the aid of a surgical guide to obtain accurate three-dimensional positioning. Prosthetic rehabilitation was carried out with individualized crowns. After two years of follow-up, radiographic analysis demonstrated a good quality and density of the bone tissue adjacent to the dental implants. No radiolucent areas were observed, and there were no clinical signs of failure. In cases of severe atrophy, using a titanium mesh and A-PRF proved to be a feasible alternative for bone reconstruction prior to dental implant placement. This approach can aid dental professionals in achieving an ideal implant positioning for rehabilitation with individualized crowns.

Anti-inflammatory potential of casein enzymatic hydrolysate/gelatin methacryloyl scaffolds for vital pulp therapy.

OBJECTIVES: To synthesize casein enzymatic hydrolysate (CEH)-laden gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) fibrous scaffolds and evaluate the cytocompatibility and anti-inflammatory effects on dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: GelMA fibrous scaffolds with 10%, 20%, and 30% CEH (w/w) and without CEH (control) were obtained via electrospinning. Chemo-morphological, degradation, and mechanical analyses were conducted to evaluate the morphology and composition of the fibers, mass loss, and mechanical properties, respectively. Adhesion/spreading and viability of DPSCs seeded on the scaffolds were also assessed. The anti-inflammatory potential on DPSCs was tested after the chronic challenge of cells with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), followed by treatment with extracts obtained after immersing the scaffolds in α-MEM. The synthesis of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1α, and TNF-α was measured by ELISA. Data were analyzed by ANOVA/post-hoc tests (α = 5%). RESULTS: CEH-laden electrospun fibers had a larger diameter than pure GelMA (p ≤ 0.036). GelMA scaffolds laden with 20% and 30% CEH had a greater mass loss. Tensile strength was reduced for the 10% CEH fibers (p = 0.0052), whereas no difference was observed for the 20% and 30% fibers (p ≥ 0.6736) compared to the control. Young's modulus decreased with CEH (p < 0.0001). Elongation at break increased for the 20% and 30% CEH scaffolds (p ≤ 0.0038). Over time, DPSCs viability increased across all groups, indicating cytocompatibility, with CEH-laden scaffolds exhibiting greater cell viability after seven days (p ≤ 0.0166). Also, 10% CEH-GelMA scaffolds decreased the IL-6, IL-1α, and TNF-α synthesis (p ≤ 0.035). CONCLUSION: CEH-laden GelMA scaffolds facilitated both adhesion and proliferation of DPSCs, and 10% CEH provided anti-inflammatory potential after chronic LPS challenge. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: CEH incorporated in GelMA fibrous scaffolds demonstrated the potential to be used as a cytocompatible and anti-inflammatory biomaterial for vital pulp therapy.

Antimicrobial Silk Fibroin Methacrylated Scaffolds for Regenerative Endodontics.

INTRODUCTION: Recognizing the necessity of novel disinfection strategies for improved bacterial control to ultimately favor tissue regeneration, this study developed and characterized antibiotics-laden silk fibroin methacrylated (SilkMA) scaffolds for regenerative endodontics. METHODS: SilkMA-based solutions (10% w/v) containing clindamycin (CLI) or tinidazole (TIN) (0 - control; 5, 10, or 15% w/w) or the combination of both drugs (BiMix CLI/TIN 10%) were electrospun and photocrosslinked. Morphology and composition were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Additionally, swelling and degradation profiles were also determined. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in stem cells from apical papilla (SCAPs). Antibacterial efficacy was tested using direct and indirect contact assays against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans/Aa, Actinomyces naeslundii/An, Enterococcus faecalis/Ef, and Fusobacterium nucleatum/Fn. E. faecalis biofilm inhibition on dentin discs was specifically evaluated for BiMix-laden scaffolds. Data were statistically analyzed with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: SEM revealed that all scaffolds had similar characteristics, including fiber morphology and bead absence. FTIR showed the incorporation of CLI and TIN into the fibers and in BiMix scaffolds. Antibiotic-laden scaffolds exhibited lower swelling capacity than the control and were degraded entirely after 45 days. Scaffolds laden with CLI, TIN, or BiMix throughout all time points did not reduce SCAPs' viability. CLI-laden scaffolds inhibited the growth of Aa, An, and Ef, while TIN-laden scaffolds inhibited Fn growth. BiMix-laden scaffolds significantly inhibited Aa, An, Ef, and Fn in direct contact, and their aliquots inhibited An and Fn through indirect contact, with additional biofilm inhibition against Ef. CONCLUSIONS: BiMix-laden SilkMA scaffolds are cytocompatible and exhibit antimicrobial effects against endodontic pathogens, indicating their therapeutic potential as a drug delivery system for regenerative endodontics.

Upper airway dimensions and craniofacial morphology: A correlation study using cone beam computed tomography.

Objective: To determine the correlation between dentoskeletal parameters related to craniofacial morphology and the upper airway (UA) volume. Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography images of 106 randomly selected orthodontic patients were analyzed using NemoFab Ortho software. The dentoskeletal variables assessed were anterior facial height (AFH), posterior facial height (PFH), PFH/AFH ratio, hyoid position, maxillary width (MW), and palatal depth. The UA volume (evaluation in anatomical regions and as a whole) was also assessed using the same software. We also evaluated potential differences in UA variables between age and sex groups. The correlation between the dentoskeletal parameters and UA volume was calculated using the Pearson correlation coefficient (R). Analysis of variance and Student's t test were performed to assess differences between age and sex for UA variables. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 26 for Windows). Results: This study found that PFH, AFH, and MW were the dentoskeletal parameters most strongly correlated with UA volume. However, the ANB angle did not show any significant correlation with UA volume. Additionally, differences in UA volumes were observed between age groups. Sex differences were found in both the "8-12" and "≥ 16" age groups for oropharyngeal and pharyngeal volumes. Conclusions: In conclusion, our findings indicate a significant correlation between UA volume and dentoskeletal parameters, particularly those related to facial height and MW.

CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell multi-epitope chimeric protein associated with an MPLA adjuvant induce protective efficacy and long-term immunological memory for the immunoprophylaxis of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis.

American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) is a disease of high severity and incidence in Brazil, in addition to being a worldwide concern in public health. Leishmania amazonensis is one of the etiological agents of ATL, and the inefficiency of control measures, associated with the high toxicity of the treatment and the lack of effective immunoprophylactic strategies, makes the development of vaccines indispensable and imminent. In this light, the present study proposes to elaborate a chimeric protein (rChiP), based on the fusion of multiple epitopes of CD4+/CD8+ T cells, identified in the immunoproteome of the parasites L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis. The designed chimeric protein was tested in the L. amazonensis murine model of infection using the following formulations: 25 µg of the rChiP in saline (rChiP group) and 25 µg of the rChiP plus 25 µg of MPLA-PHAD® (rChiP+MPLA group). After completing immunization, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, stimulated with SLa-Antigen or rChiP, showed an increased production of nitric oxide and intracytoplasmic pro-inflammatory cytokines, in addition to the generation of central and effector memory T cells. rChiP and rChiP+MPLA formulations were able to promote an effective protection against L. amazonensis infection determined by a reduction in the development of skin lesions and lower parasitic burden. Reduction in the development of skin lesions and lower parasitic burden in the vaccinated groups were associated with an increase of nitrite, CD4+/CD8+IFN-γ+TNF-α+ and CD4+/CD8+CD44highCD62Lhigh/low T cells, IgGTotal, IgG2a, and lower rates of IgG1 and CD4+/CD8+IL-10+. This data suggests that proposed formulations could be considered potential tools to prevent ATL.

A robust method for quantifying 42 phenolic compounds by RP-HPLC/DAD: Columns performance and characterization of Brazilian Citrus peels.

Reliable analytical methods are the basis for the elucidation of phenolic compounds in foods. This study aimed to optimize and validate a method for determining 42 phenolics using reverse-phase (RP) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to diode-array-detector-DAD. The performance of two RP columns was evaluated. The 150x4.6 mm 3-µm column showed superior separation quality, whereas 35 of the 42 phenolics showed a separation resolution ≥1.5. The method's linearity, precision (coefficient variation< 3.09%), recovery (87.5-103.2%), specificity, limits of detection (0.04-0.25 mg/L), and quantification (0.06-0.25 mg/L) had acceptable ranges. Thirty phenolics were quantified in Citrus peels, mainly flavanones, flavanols, flavonols, and phenolic acids, highlighting the high values of hesperidin (535-35070 mg/kg) and naringin (26-36466 mg/kg). Lemon peels named 'Lisboa,' 'Thaiti,' 'Thaiti-2000', and 'Thaiti-2001' presented the main phenolics associated with antioxidant capacity. The presented method was robust for determining 42 phenolic compounds, offering a new approach for bioactive compound quantification in food matrices.

Phenolic composition and encapsulation of Brazilian grape seed extracts: evaluating color stabilizing capacity in grape juices.

The color of grape juice is an important acceptance attribute by consumers, but it suffers losses during storage. The use of commercial antioxidants has limitations because the concept of a "100% natural drink" of Brazilian legislation. This work characterized Brazilian grape seeds, and the cultivar extract with the greatest potential was encapsulated in arabic-gum (encapsulated extract-EE) to evaluate the color stabilizing capacity. The EE used in the grape juice was compared with the commercial antioxidants sulphite and enological tannin during storage (150 days). The BRS Magna and BRS Violeta grape seeds had the highest phenolic content, and the EE showed high catechin (4108 mg/kg), epicatechin (1161 mg/kg) and procyanidin-B2 (905 mg/kg) values. Sulfite was found to be the best color stabilizer. The use of EE (0.5 g/L) in grape juice improved color stability and anthocyanin stability. It was demonstrated that encapsulated grape seed extract has color stabilizing potential and that Brazilian grape seeds are a raw material of high technological value. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-024-05956-8.

Enteral adequacy of the diet of low-birth-weight preterm newborns: A prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to verify the dietary adequacy of full enteral feeding in preterm newborns (PTNB) and its relationship with birth weight (BW) during the period of hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). METHODS: This is a prospective cohort study whose population were babies born at less than 37 gestational weeks and weighing less than 2500 g, admitted to a NICU. PTNB were monitored regarding their dietary evolution, considering parenteral and enteral nutrition and adequacy of diet supply in terms of volume, energy, and protein. For statistical analysis, the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used, considering p < 0.05 as significant. RESULTS: A total of 76 PTNB were included. The mean time of using parenteral nutrition was 14 days. The mean time to reach the full enteral feeding for nutrition (FEF-N) was 29 days. However, half of the PTNB reached nutritional recommendations after this means. The time to achieve FEF-N was influenced by BW. Additionally, BW significantly influenced the length of stay in the NICU (p < 0.001). When reaching the recommended full enteral feeding for hydration (FEF-H), 60% of the sample was unable to reach the recommended energy and protein intake. CONCLUSIONS: BW influenced the time needed to reach the FEF-H and FEF-N. The lower the BW, the longer it took to achieve dietary adequacy. Despite achieving the FEF-H, most premature babies did not reach the necessary energy and protein intake at the appropriate time.

Enhancing Colorectal Cancer Screening with Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR) Analysis of Fusobacterium nucleatum in Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) Samples.

Fecal immunochemical test (FIT) followed by colonoscopy in positive cases is commonly used for population-based colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. However, specificity of FIT for CRC is not ideal, and has poor performance for advanced adenoma detection. Fecal Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) detection has been proposed as a potential non-invasive biomarker for CRC and advanced adenoma detection. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of Fn detection using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) in FIT samples from individuals enrolled in a CRC screening program with colorectal adenoma or cancer. We evaluated Fn presence in DNA isolated from FIT leftover material of 300 participants in a CRC Screening Program using ddPCR. The Fn DNA amount was classified as Fn-low/negative and Fn-high, and the association with patients clinicopathological features and accuracy measurements was calculated. Fn high levels were more prevalent in FIT-positive (47.2%n=34 of72) than FIT-negative samples (28.9%, n=66 of 228) (p<0.04). Among FIT-positive samples, high Fn levels were significantly more frequent in cancer patients (CA, n=8) when compared to normal (NT, n=16) (p=0.02), non-advanced adenomas (NAA, n=36) (p=0.01), and advanced adenomas (AA, n=12) (p=0.01). Performance analysis of Fn in FIT-positive samples for colorectal cancer detection yielded an AUC of 0.8203 (CI: 0.6464-0.9942), with high sensitivity (100%) and specificity of 50%%. Concluding, we showed the feasibility of detecting Fn in FIT leftovers using the ultrasensitive ddPCR technique. Furthermore, we highlighted the potential use of Fn levels in fecal samples to ameliorate CRC detection.

Detection of Multiple Human Viruses, including Mpox, Using a Wastewater Surveillance Approach in Brazil.

Sewage surveillance can be used as an effective complementary tool for detecting pathogens in local communities, providing insights into emerging threats and aiding in the monitoring of outbreaks. In this study using qPCR and whole genomic sewage surveillance, we detected the Mpox virus along with other viruses, in municipal and hospital wastewaters in Belo Horizonte, Brazil over a 9-month period (from July 2022 until March 2023). MPXV DNA detection rates varied in our study, with 19.6% (11 out of 56 samples) detected through the hybrid capture method of whole-genome sequencing and 20% (12 out of 60 samples) through qPCR. In hospital wastewaters, the detection rate was higher, at 40% (12 out of 30 samples) compared to 13.3% (4 out of 30 samples) in municipal wastewaters. This variation could be attributed to the relatively low number of MPXV cases reported in the city, which ranged from 106 to 341 cases during the study period, and the dilution effects, given that each of the two wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) investigated serves approximately 1.1 million inhabitants. Additionally, nine other virus families were identified in both hospitals and municipal wastewaters, including Adenoviridade, Astroviridae, Caliciviridae, Picornaviridade, Polyomaviridae, Coronaviridae (which includes SARS-CoV-2), Herspesviridae, Papillomaviridae and Flaviviridae (notably including Dengue). These findings underscore the potential of genomic sewage surveillance as a robust public health tool for monitoring a wide range of viruses circulating in both community and hospitals environments, including MPXV.

Cardiovascular risk assessment using SCORE2 in a population with hypertension - the reality at a primary health care unit.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Portugal, thus it is important to identify individuals at risk. Patients with hypertension have an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular (CV) events. The role of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) in atherosclerotic CVD is well-established. SCORE2, a new CV risk calculation tool, is used to predict the 10-year risk of fatal or non-fatal CVD. The aim of this study was to understand the impact of SCORE2 on CV risk assessment in a population with hypertension from a moderate risk country, compared to the previously used SCORE. METHODS: This observational cross-sectional study analyzed a population census of 3146 patients diagnosed with hypertension without complications (K86). After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 654 patients were included. Data from medical records were collected to calculate and compare SCORE and SCORE2 categories and LDL-C targets. RESULTS: Patients were classified into SCORE categories: 188 (28.75%) low, 448 (68.5%) moderate, 17 (2.6%) high and 1 (0.15%) very high risk. Using SCORE2, individuals in the SCORE low risk category were reclassified, requiring new targets: 149 individuals (80%) as low to moderate and 39 (20%) as high risk. These differences became more evident when considering SCORE moderate and high-risk categories, where 358 patients (77%) received a higher CV risk categorization, and therefore a lower LDL-C target. There was a significant increase in individuals failing to meet the target when using SCORE2, compared to SCORE (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: These findings support the importance of CV risk assessment using SCORE2 algorithm in patients with hypertension.

A case of larva migrans representing a pitfall in oral diagnosis.

The present work reports a case of a female patient complaining of itching and painful lesions affecting the oral mucosa for 7 months. Buccal and lip mucosa showed swelling and erythema, with serpiginous tracks. The patient was diagnosed with oral larva migrans, and the lesions resolved after ivermectin administration. At 18-month follow-up, no sign of recurrence was observed. Larva migrans can represent a pitfall in oral diagnosis and a stressful condition for the patient. Oral health care providers should be aware of this and keep this disease in mind as a possible differential diagnosis in oral mucosa lesions.

Synchrotron nano-FTIR spectroscopy for probing anticancer drugs at subcellular scale.

The cellular response to cisplatin was assessed in human osteosarcoma cells, using synchrotron-based (SR) Fourier Transform InfraRed nanospectroscopy (nano-FTIR) at the MIRIAM beamline B22 of Diamond Light Source (UK). This label-free mapping method delivered simultaneous morphological and biochemical information on a subcellular level (i.e. 100 s nanometer or better). Based on specific spectral biomarkers, the main biochemical constituents affected by the drug were identified at distinct locations within the cell´s inner body. Cisplatin was shown to have a noteworthy effect on proteins, mostly within the cytoplasm. A clear drug impact on cellular lipids was also observed. Within current literature on s-SNOM, this nanospectroscopy work represents a first successful application in life sciences providing full fingerprint nano-FTIR spectra across intact human cancer cells.

Natural mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infection in a brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba clamitans) in Brazil.

Neotropical primates rarely exhibit active tuberculosis. A brown howler monkey was found injured in an urban area. Histopathology revealed granulomatous inflammation in the lungs, lymph nodes, and liver. Immunohistochemistry and molecular analysis confirmed the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. The findings highlight the importance of TB surveillance in nonhuman primates.

Factors impacting the microbial production of eicosapentaenoic acid.

The increasing applications for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and the potential shortfall in supply due to sustainability and contamination issues related with its conventional sources (i.e., fish oils; seafood) led to an extensive search for alternative and sustainable sources, as well as production processes. The present mini-review covers all the steps involved in the production of EPA from microorganisms, with a deeper focus on microalgae. From production systems to downstream processing, the most important achievements within each area are briefly highlighted. Comparative tables of methodologies are also provided, as well as additional references of recent reviews, so that readers may deepen their knowledge in the different issues addressed. KEY POINTS: • Microorganisms are more sustainable alternative sources of EPA than fish. • Due to the costly separation from DHA, species that produce only EPA are preferable. • EPA production can be optimised using non-genetic and genetic tailoring engineering.

Doxorubicin-induced neurotoxicity differently affects the hippocampal formation subregions in adult mice.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracycline used to treat a wide range of tumours. Despite its effectiveness, it is associated with a long range of adverse effects, of which cognitive deficits stand out. The present study aimed to assess the neurologic adverse outcome pathways of two clinically relevant cumulative doses of DOX. Adult male CD-1 mice received biweekly intraperitoneal administrations for 3 weeks until reaching cumulative doses of 9 mg/kg (DOX9) or 18 mg/kg (DOX18). Animals were euthanized one week after the last administration, and biomarkers of oxidative stress and brain metabolism were evaluated in the whole brain. Coronal sections of fixed brains were used for specific determinations of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampal formation (HF). In the whole brain, DOX18 tended to disrupt the antioxidant defences, affecting glutathione levels and manganese superoxide dismutase expression. Considering the regional analysis, DOX18 increased the volume of all brain areas evaluated, while GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes decreased in the dentate gyrus (DG) and increased in the CA3 region of HF, both in a dose-dependent manner. Concerning the apoptosis pathway, whereas Bax increased in the DOX9 group, it decreased in the DOX18 group. Only in the latter group did Bcl-2 levels also decrease. While p53 only increased in the CA3 region of the DOX9 group, AIF increased in the PFC and DG of DOX18. Finally, phosphorylation of Tau decreased with the highest DOX dose in DG and CA3, while TNF-α levels increased in CA1 of DOX18. Our results indicate new pathways not yet described that could be responsible for the cognitive impairments observed in treated patients.

Local climate, air quality and leaf litter cover shape foliar fungal communities on an urban tree.

Foliar fungi on urban trees are important for tree health, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Yet, we lack insights into how urbanization influences foliar fungal communities. We created detailed maps of Stockholm region's climate and air quality and characterized foliar fungi from mature oaks (Quercus robur) across climatic, air quality and local habitat gradients. Fungal richness was higher in locations with high growing season relative humidity, and fungal community composition was structured by growing season maximum temperature, NO2 concentration and leaf litter cover. The relative abundance of mycoparasites and endophytes increased with temperature. The relative abundance of pathogens was lowest with high concentrations of NO2 and particulate matter (PM2.5), while saprotrophs increased with leaf litter cover. Our findings show that urbanization influences foliar fungi, providing insights for developing management guidelines to promote tree health, prevent disease outbreaks and maintain biodiversity within urban landscapes.

MYCOLICIBACTERIUM FORTUITUM INFECTION IN EX SITU EMERALD TREE BOA (Corallus batesii).

Emerald tree boas (Corallus batesii) are boids that in situ occurs in forested habitats in the Amazon Basin. The mycobacterial species can infect reptiles but the species Mycolicibacterium fortuitum was identified only in feces samples of ex situ Python regius and was isolated from granulomatous lesions of an ex situ Iguana iguana when was still part of the genus Mycobacterium. This article aims to report a mycobacteria infection case in a female Corallus batesii kept under human care. The animal presented apathy and 2 months of anorexia, being found dead. The necropsy revealed presence of tracheal and pulmonary nodules besides multifocal, bacterial, granulomatous pneumonia. After Fite-Faraco histochemical staining, immunohistochemistry, semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genetic sequencing the Mycolicibacterium fortuitum complex was diagnosed with 99.54% of nucleotide similarity. This mycobacterial species was already pointed out as an important nosocomial pathogen and more studies are necessary to explore their zoonotic potential.