RESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIM: The BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 genes are associated with an inherited susceptibility to breast cancer with a cumulative risk of 60% in BRCA 1 mutation carriers and of 30% in BRCA 2 mutation carriers. Several lifestyle factors could play a role in determining an individual's risk of breast cancer. Obesity, changes in body size or unhealthy lifestyle habits such as smoking, alcohol consumption and physical inactivity have been evaluated as possible determinants of breast cancer risk. The aim of this study was to explore the current understanding of the role of harmful lifestyle and obesity or weight change in the development of breast cancer in female carriers of BRCA 1/2 mutations. METHODS: Articles were identified from MEDLINE in October 2020 utilizing related keywords; they were then read and notes, study participants, measures, data analysis and results were used to write this review. RESULTS: Studies with very large case series have been carried out but only few of them have shown consistent results. Additional research would be beneficial to better determine the actual role and impact of such factors.
RESUMO
Unhealthy lifestyle, as sedentary, unbalanced diet, smoking, and body composition change are often observed in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) survivors, and could be determinant for the onset of cancer treatment-induced metabolic syndrome (CTIMetS), including abdominal obesity, sarcopenia, and insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to assess whether changes in body composition, unhealthy lifestyles and types of anti-cancer treatment could increase the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) and sarcopenia in long-term NHL survivors. We enrolled 60 consecutive NHL patients in continuous remission for at least 3 years. Nutritional status was assessed by anthropometry-plicometry, and a questionnaire concerning lifestyles and eating habits was administered. More than 60% of survivors exhibited weight gain and a change in body composition, with an increased risk of MetSyn. Univariate analysis showed a significantly higher risk of metabolic disorder in patients treated with steroids, and in patients with unhealthy lifestyles. These data suggest that a nutritional intervention, associated with adequate physical activity and a healthier lifestyle, should be indicated early during the follow-up of lymphoma patients, in order to decrease the risk of MetSyn's onset and correlated diseases in the long term.
RESUMO
Matrix metalloproteinases are a family of zinc endopeptidases with proteolytic activity against the extracellular matrix components. In particular, two members of this family named Gelatinase A and B, as amply documented in the literature, play a key role in the process of tumor growth/metastasis in breast and hepatocellular carcinoma. Their activity is regulated by Tissue Inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 and -2, which are the physiological inhibitor of Gelatinases A and B respectively. The aim of this review is to determine the current understanding of the clinical and prognostic role of Metalloproteinases-2 and -9 and their inhibitors in the course of breast cancer and liver diseases. Forty-one articles were selected from PubMed by entering the following keywords: liver diseases, breast cancer, MMP-2, TIMP-2; all articles were read and notes were made regarding the number of enrolled patients, pathology, measures, results and these data were used to write this review. Over-expression of both gelatinases is associated with the relapse of disease, metastasis, shorter overall survival in breast cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma and invasion and progression to tumors in chronic liver diseases, and MMPs/TIMPs ratio could be useful in the follow-up of these patients.