Greater brain response to emotional expressions of their own children in mothers of preterm infants: an fMRI study.

OBJECTIVE: The birth of a preterm infant and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit hospitalization constitute a potentially traumatic experience for mothers. Although behavioral studies investigated the parenting stress in preterm mothers, no study focused on the underlying neural mechanisms. We examined the effect of preterm births in mothers, by comparing brain activation in mothers of preterm and full-term infants. STUDY DESIGN: We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure the cerebral response of 10 first-time mothers of preterm infants (gestational age <32 weeks and/or birth weight <1500) and 11 mothers of full-term infants, viewing happy-, neutral- and distress-face images of their own infant, along with a matched unknown infant. RESULTS: While viewing own infant's face preterm mothers showed increased activation in emotional processing area (i.e., inferior frontal gyrus) and social cognition (i.e., supramarginal gyrus) and affiliative behavior (i.e., insula). CONCLUSION: Differential brain activation patterns in mothers appears to be a function of the atypical parenthood transition related to prematurity.

Metronomic Chemotherapy in Triple-Negative Metastatic Breast Cancer: The Future Is Now?

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) shows a very bad prognosis, even in early stages of disease. Metronomic chemotherapy refers to the minimum biologically effective dose of a chemotherapy agent given as a continuous dosing regimen with no prolonged drug-free breaks that leads to antitumor activity. In the present article, we review preclinical and clinical data of metronomic administration of chemotherapy agents with or without biological agents in TNBC cell lines and patients, contextually reporting data from the VICTOR-2 study in the subgroup of patients with TNBC, in order to stimulate new ideas for the design of clinical trials in this subset of patients.

Neonatal developmental care in infant pain management and internalizing behaviours at 18 months in prematurely born children.

BACKGROUND: Very preterm infants are exposed to adverse stressful experiences, which may result in long-term behavioural outcomes. The developmental care practices, including pain management and environmental support, can minimize the effects of stress exposure. However, developmental care quality levels may vary among Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) and little is known about how differences in developmental care quality affect long-term behavioural outcomes. The aim of this study was to examine the relation between quality levels NICUs developmental care and behaviour problems at 18 months corrected age in preterm children. METHODS: The behaviour of 134 preterm children from 22 NICUs and 123 full-term controls was examined using the questionnaire Child Behaviour Checklist 1½-5. We compared the behavioural profile of children by splitting NICUs into units with high- and low quality of developmental care according to two main care factors: (1) infant centered care (ICC) index, and (2) infant pain management (IPM) index. RESULTS: Preterm children from low-care units in IPM group reported higher scores in Internalizing Problems, compared to children from high-care units. No differences were found between preterm children from high-care in IPM and full-term children. No significant IPM effect was found for externalizing problems. No significant ICC effect emerged both for internalizing and externalizing problems. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that higher quality of developmental care related to infant pain management can mitigate behavioural problems at 18 months in children born preterm, to such an extent that preterm children exhibit a behavioural profile similar to that displayed by full-term children.

Climate warming and the decline of Taxus airborne pollen in urban pollen rain (Emilia Romagna, northern Italy).

Woody plant performance in a changing global environment has always been at the centre of palaeoenvironmental and long-term climate reconstructions carried out by means of pollen analysis. In Mediterranean regions, Taxus constitutes the highest percentage in past pollen diagrams from cold or cool periods, and therefore it is generally considered a good index to infer climate features from past records. However, a comparison of these inferences with the true current trends in pollen production has not been attemped until now. This study reports the decline of airborne pollen of Taxus observed in Emilia Romagna, a region of northern Italy, during the period 1990-2007. Phenological observations on four male specimens and microscopic examination of fresh pollen were made in order to check Taxus flowering time and pollen morphology. Airborne pollen was monitored through continuous sampling with a Hirst volumetric sampler. In the 18-year long period of investigation, Taxus pollen production has decreased, while total woody pollen abundance in air has increased. The trend of the Taxus pollen season shows a delay at the beginning, a shortening of the pollen period, and an advance of the end of the pollen season. This was interpreted as a response to climate warming. In particular, Taxus follows the behaviour of winter-flowering plants, and therefore earlier pollination is favoured at low autumn temperatures, while late pollination occurs more often, most likely after warm autumn temperatures.

Effect of chemical composition on superconductivity and magnetism in layered ruthenocuprates.

The ruthenium-based layered cuprates RuSr(2)GdCu(2)O(8) (RuGd1212) can be considered naturally occurring magnetic and superconducting multilayer systems. We have concentrated on the preparation of RuGd1212-type compounds with nominally stoichiometric composition under ambient pressure conditions. For small rare earth ions R  = Gd, Eu (and Sm), single phase compounds are obtained with the typical ordered layered structure and no significant changes of physical properties. With large rare earth ions (R  = Nd, Pr), multiphase samples are obtained. In these cases, no ordered layered structure was observed. The effect of substituting Sr(2+) with the smaller Ca(2+) and larger Ba(2+) is examined. A different number and different types of phases in equilibrium are found with different alkaline earths (A  = Ca, Sr, Ba) at the nominal RuA(2)NdCu(2)O(8) composition. The variation in the mismatch of the A/Nd size does not lead to the formation of an ordered layered RuA(2)NdCu(2)O(8) compound. Chemical transport in an open system was used to vary the Ru content in the RuGd1212 samples during the annealing step. With an increase of the Ru mass transport to the sample, the composition can be driven beyond the limit of the homogeneity range. Systematic changes in the phase composition of the resulting sample were observed. The magnetic and superconducting transition temperatures vary in a systematic way and are attributed to a variation of the Ru content in the RuR1212 phase.

Multi response biomarker approach in the crab Carcinus aestuarii experimentally exposed to benzo a pyrene, polychlorobiphenyls and methyl mercury.

The aim of this study was to test a multi response biomarker approach for evaluating toxicological risk due to some of the main contaminants in the Mediterranean benzo a pyrene, polychlorobiphenyls and methyl mercury, using the Mediterranean crab Carcinus aestuarii as bioindicator organism. Forty crabs were injected with different doses of these contaminants. Several molecular, biochemical and genotoxic biomarkers were tested in different tissues and biological materials. The main conclusions were: 1 hepatopancreas, gills, haemolymph and excreta seem to be useful for biomarker studies in this species; 2 several biochemical, molecular and genotoxic biomarkers were found suitable for testing in these tissues; 3 several biomarkers were found suitable for evaluating chemical stress due to different Mediterranean contaminants.

[Clinico-epidemiologic study on 1258 cases of viral hepatitis admitted to Piedmont hospitals 1977-1979]. / Indagine clinico-epidemiologica su 1258 casi di epatite virale, ricoverati in Piemonte negli anni 1977-79.

A clinical and epidemiological assessment of 1258 hospital patients in Piedmont in 1977-1979 showed that, at present, the frequency of hepatitis A and B can be regarded as virtually the same, that males are more frequently affected, that AVH A is more frequent in early life, whereas AVH B is significantly more common later, that urban areas are more frequently stricken than rural areas, that AVH A is more common in persons living in groups, whereas AVH B is more frequent among pensioners and the unemployed (the latter being primarily drug-addicts). Patients with AVH A, and hence a minor hepatitic involvement, had shorter hospital stays, while the immune response in both types of hepatitis is characterized by a more frequent increase in gamma-globulins, coupled with arise in IgM levels.

[Clinical contribution to differential diagnosis and possible pathomorphosis of the jaundice in virus hepatitis and other pathological conditions (author's transl)]. / Contributo clinico alla diagnostica differenziale e possibile patomorfosi dell'ittero nella virsu-epatite e in altre condizioni patologiche.

Some difficulties in differential diagnosis and the probable influence on transformation of thalassemia minor paths, are described in a patient, after outbreak of a non-B acute virus hepatitis.

[Pathogenicity and saprophytism of the "Candida" (author's transl)]. / Patogenicità e saprofitismo della "Candida."

Many cases of bacterial turnover saprophyatism and pathogenicity are known in infectious clinic; these are variously explained on mutational basis or wandering conditions of the rapports host-agent. Transformation of Candida from saprophpyte to pathogenic organism seems, up to date, to be hardly explainable, and would represent an interesting research field.