Pulpectomies with Iodoform Versus Calcium Hydroxide-Based Paste: A Preliminary Randomised Controlled Clinical Trial

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare clinical and radiographical pulpectomy outcomes in primary teeth filled with different pastes. Material and Methods: The sample included thirty-eight teeth indicated for pulpectomy due to irreversible pulp inflammation or necrosis from thirty patients (2 to 9 years old). The first appointment comprised chemomechanical preparation (2.5% sodium hypochlorite), smear layer removal (6% citric acid), intracanal dressing and temporary restoration. Seven days later, teeth were randomly assigned to filling with iodoform (IP) or calcium hydroxide with zinc oxide (CHZO) based pastes and temporarily restored. Final restoration (composite resin) occurred at the 3rd appointment. Data from baseline, 6 and 12 months were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics (p≤0.05). Results: The overall frequency of success was 63.6% (n=21), with no significant difference between groups (IP=62.5% n=10; CHZO=64.7% n=11, p=0.59). Multiradicular teeth, overfilled canals and teeth whose coronal restoration have been lost were significantly associated with failure (p=0.01, p=0.04 and p<0.001, respectively). Conclusion: After 12 months, both pastes showed similar outcomes and can be used as good options for pulpectomies in primary teeth. Moreover, tooth location, extent of the root canal filling, and integrity of final restoration during the follow-up influenced the outcome of pulpectomies.

The effect of a chemomechanical protocol to eliminate microorganisms from pulpectomized primary teeth: three case reports

Introduction: Description of the bacterial community before and after chemomechanical preparation (CP) with the removal of a smear layer (SL) in pulpectomized primary teeth has been little reported. Objective: These case reports describe the presence of total microorganisms and Enterococcus faecalis in root canals of primary incisors before and after CP with SL removal. Case Reports: Microbiological samples were collected from the root canals of three children (3.66±0.58 years old) with necrosis (n=2) and irreversible pulpal inflammation (n=1) in maxillary primary incisors. After teeth isolation with a rubber dam and antisepsis of the operative field, the sample collections were performed with sterile absorbent paper cones before and after the CP, which included irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite followed by 6% citric acid to remove the SL. The collected samples were analysed immediately at the end of the clinical procedures. The plates were incubated anaerobically for 48 hours at 37°C. The results were expressed as colony forming units (CFU)/mL. Results: Two of the three teeth showed total microorganisms before the CP. One incisor had no microorganisms in the initial collection. No CFU was counted in the samples collected after CP. Moreover, E. faecalis was not observed any time, either before or after the CP. Conclusions: E. faecalis was not detected in any sample, yet two of the three root canals had microorganisms before CP. In cases where microorganisms were initially found, 100% elimination was observed after the applied protocol.

Introdução: A descrição da comunidade bacteriana antes e após o preparo químico-mecânico (PQM) com remoção da smear layer (SL) em dentes decíduos pulpectomizados tem sido pouco relatada. Objetivo: Esses relatos de casos descrevem a presença de microrganismos totais e Enterococcus faecalis em canais radiculares de incisivos decíduos antes e após PQM com remoção de SL. Relatos dos Casos: Amostras microbiológicas foram coletadas do canal radicular de três crianças (3,66 ± 0,58 anos) com necrose (n = 2) e inflamação pulpar irreversível (n= 1) em incisivos decíduos superiores. Após o isolamento dos dentes com dique de borracha e antissepsia do campo operatório, as coletas das amostras foram realizadas com cones de papel absorvente estéril antes e após o PQM, que incluiu irrigação com hipoclorito de sódio 2,5% seguido de ácido cítrico 6% para retirada do SL. As amostras coletadas foram analisadas imediatamente ao final dos procedimentos clínicos. As placas foram incubadas em anaerobiose durante 48 horas a 37°C. Os resultados foram expressos em unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC)/mL. Resultados: Dois dos três dentes apresentaram microrganismos totais antes do PQM. Um incisivo não apresentava microrganismos na coleta inicial. Nenhuma UFC foi contada nas amostras coletadas após o PQM. Além disso, o E. faecalis não foi observado nenhum momento, nem antes, nem depois do PQM. Conclusão: Não foi detectado E. faecalis em nenhuma amostra, porém dois dos três canais radiculares apresentavam microrganismos antes do PQM. Nos casos em que foram encontrados microrganismos inicialmente, observou-se 100% de eliminação após o protocolo aplicado.

Iodoform Vs Calcium Hydroxide/Zinc Oxide based pastes: 12-month findings of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

This study evaluated clinical and radiographic twelve-month outcomes of root canal treatments (CT) with smear layer removal, performed in primary teeth, using two different root canal filling materials. Pulpectomy was performed on 27 primary teeth with necrosis or irreversible pulpitis, caused by dental caries or trauma, in 23 children (2-7 years old). A single trained operator performed the CT in a single visit in cases without periapical or interradicular radiolucency (PIR) or in multiple visits in cases with PIR. Participants were selected based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, and randomly allocated into two groups: Group 1 (G1) - iodoform paste (iodoform + camphorated parachlorophenol + ointment comprising prednisolone acetate 5.0 mg and rifamycin 1.5 mg); Group 2 (G2) - Calen®/ZO paste. Treated teeth were restored with composite resin immediately after the root canal filling. The outcomes were evaluated clinically and radiographically according to specific criteria. Two blinded and standardized evaluators assessed the radiographic outcomes. We used descriptive analyses due to the small sample size. CTs were performed due to caries lesions in 70.4% of the cases and due to trauma in 29.6%. Only one tooth of G1 was unsuccessful; hence, pulpectomy performance in both groups was not influenced by the filling material, nor by any other analyzed variable. The level of the root canal filling was better in the Calen®/ZO group. The clinical and radiographic twelve-month outcomes indicated successful treatment, independently of the root filling material used.

Iodoform Vs Calcium Hydroxide/Zinc Oxide based pastes: 12-month findings of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract This study evaluated clinical and radiographic twelve-month outcomes of root canal treatments (CT) with smear layer removal, performed in primary teeth, using two different root canal filling materials. Pulpectomy was performed on 27 primary teeth with necrosis or irreversible pulpitis, caused by dental caries or trauma, in 23 children (2-7 years old). A single trained operator performed the CT in a single visit in cases without periapical or interradicular radiolucency (PIR) or in multiple visits in cases with PIR. Participants were selected based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, and randomly allocated into two groups: Group 1 (G1) - iodoform paste (iodoform + camphorated parachlorophenol + ointment comprising prednisolone acetate 5.0 mg and rifamycin 1.5 mg); Group 2 (G2) - Calen®/ZO paste. Treated teeth were restored with composite resin immediately after the root canal filling. The outcomes were evaluated clinically and radiographically according to specific criteria. Two blinded and standardized evaluators assessed the radiographic outcomes. We used descriptive analyses due to the small sample size. CTs were performed due to caries lesions in 70.4% of the cases and due to trauma in 29.6%. Only one tooth of G1 was unsuccessful; hence, pulpectomy performance in both groups was not influenced by the filling material, nor by any other analyzed variable. The level of the root canal filling was better in the Calen®/ZO group. The clinical and radiographic twelve-month outcomes indicated successful treatment, independently of the root filling material used.

Comparação clínica e radiográfica aleatória de materiais obturadores utilizados no tratamento de canais radiculares de dentes decíduos / Clinical and radiographic comparison of materials used in the treatment of primary teeth

Esse estudo objetivou avaliar o desempenho clínico e radiográfico de tratamentos de canais radiculares com remoção da smear layer em dentes decíduos utilizandose dois materiais obturadores distintos: pasta iodoformada e pasta a base de hidróxido de cálcio espessada com óxido de zinco. Foram tratados 27 dentes diagnosticados com necrose pulpar ou pulpite irreversível devido a lesões de cárie ou traumatismo dento-alveolar em 23 crianças (7 meninas e 16 meninos) com idade entre 2 e 7 anos. Os participantes foram selecionados baseados em critérios de inclusão e exclusão específicos e os dentes que necessitavam de tratamento endodôntico foram aleatoriamente alocados em dois grupos G1 - obturados com pasta iodoformada (iodofórmio, paramonoclorofenol canforado e pomada contendo acetato de prednisolona 5,0mg e rifamicina 1,5mg); G2 - obturados com pasta a base de hidróxido de cálcio espessada com óxido de zinco (Calen®/OZ: Ca(OH)2 ­ 26,12% e OZ ­ 39,33%) sendo tratados, no máximo, 2 dentes por criança. Os exames clínicos foram realizados um mês, três meses e seis meses após a realização das pulpectomias. As radiografias de controle foram tomadas ao término da terapia pulpar e no sexto mês de acompanhamento. As avaliações radiográficas foram realizadas por dois operadores treinados, calibrados e cegos para o material obturador utilizado. Os dados foram analisados de forma descritiva. Cem por cento dos tratamentos em ambos os grupos foram classificados como sucesso. Dessa forma, o desempenho das pulpectomias não foi influenciada pelo tipo de material obturador utilizado nem por qualquer outra variável analisada. O cuidado na seleção dos casos e na execução dos tratamentos, bem como no monitoramento dos pacientes no período de acompanhamento podem ter contribuído para as altas frequências de sucesso desse estudo. Os dentes tratados com a pasta Calen®/ZO apresentaram qualidade superior de obturação. Pode-se concluir que todos os dentes tratados tiveram comportamento clínico e radiográfico equivalente independente do material obturador empregado no período de seis meses de acompanhamento. (AU)

This study aims to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcome of root canal treatment (CT) with smear layer removal performed in primary teeth using two root canal filling materials ­ iodoform based paste and calcium hydroxide/zinc oxide paste. This trial was carried out on 27 primary teeth with necrotic pulps or irreversible pulpitis caused by dental caries or trauma in 23 children (7 girls and 16 boys) aged between 2 and 9 years old. Participants were selected based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria and the teeth which needed pulpectomy procedure were randomly allocated into 2 groups: Group I (GI) ­ iodoform paste (iodoform + camphorated parachlorophenol + ointment comprising prednisolone acetate 5.0mg and rifamycin 1.5mg ); Group II (GII) ­ calcium hydroxide/zinc oxide paste (Calen®/ZO: Ca(OH)2 ­ 26.12% e OZ ­ 39.33%). It were treated at most two teeth per child. The outcome measures were evaluated clinically at one and three months and both clinically and radiographically at six months according to specific criteria. Two blinded, trained and calibrated evaluators assessed the radiographic outcomes. Descriptive analysis was performed. A hundred percent of the treatments in both groups were successful, hence the pulpectomy performance in both groups were influenced neither by the filling material nor by any other analyzed variable. Strict caution in case selection and in execution of the treatment as well as in monitoring the patients in the follow up period may have contributed to the high success rate of this study. We can conclude that the clinical and radiographic sixmonth outcome of root canal treatment with smear layer removal performed in primary teeth was successful independently of the root filling material used. (AU)