Hydrolysed poultry byproduct meal in extruded diets for cats.

Hydrolysed proteins have been shown to be potential ingredients in cat diets due to their high digestibility, presence of bioactive peptides, and relatively low antigenicity. The effects of the substitution of conventional low ash poultry byproduct meal (PBM) with hydrolysed poultry byproduct meal (HPM) as a protein source were evaluated in extruded cat diets. Five diets with similar nutrient contents were formulated: a control (CO) diet based on PBM and 4 diets with different inclusions of HPM (5%, 10%, 20%, and 30%, on an as-fed basis) replacing PBM as the protein source. The total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of nutrients, faecal characteristics and microbial fermentation products, urine production and pH, nitrogen balance and urea renal excretion were evaluated using 30 healthy cats (15 males and 15 females; 4.18 ± 0.86 kg; 4.17 ± 1.38 years old), with 6 cats per diet in a complete randomised block design. When significant differences were found with the F test, the effects were evaluated by polynomial contrasts according to HPM inclusion (p < 0.05). The CTTADs of DM (89 ± 0.41%), CP (90 ± 0.36%), fat (93 ± 0.41%) and gross energy (90 ± 0.33%) were similar among treatments (p > 0.05). The faecal production, score, short-chain fatty acids and ammonia concentration were similar among treatments (p > 0.05). Isobutyric, isovaleric, valeric, and total branched-chain fatty acid contents increased quadratically (p < 0.05), with the highest level in the faeces of cats fed the diet with 20% HPM. Lactate concentration in faeces increased linearly with the inclusion of HPM (p < 0.05). Urine characteristics and urea renal excretion did not differ among treatments (p > 0.05). At 10% inclusion, HPM tended to increase the nitrogen retention of cats (p = 0.083), which may reflect the higher tryptophan, methionine, lysine, and available lysine contents of HPM in comparison to PBM. The inclusion of up to 30% HPM can be considered in cat formulations without affecting nutrient digestibility or faecal and urine characteristics. HPM tended to increase nitrogen retention and increased branched-chain fatty acids in faeces, aspects which deserves further studies.

Introduction, Dispersal, and Predominance of SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: A Retrospective Analysis.

Mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome can alter the virus' fitness, leading to the emergence of variants of concern (VOC). In Brazil, the Gamma variant dominated the pandemic in the first half of 2021, and from June onwards, the first cases of Delta infection were documented. Here, we investigate the introduction and dispersal of the Delta variant in the RS state by sequencing 1077 SARS-CoV-2-positive samples from June to October 2021. Of these samples, 34.7% were identified as Gamma and 65.3% as Delta. Notably, 99.2% of Delta sequences were clustered within the 21J lineage, forming a significant Brazilian clade. The estimated clock rate was 5.97 × 10-4 substitutions per site per year. The Delta variant was first reported on 17 June in the Vinhedos Basalto microregion and rapidly spread, accounting for over 70% of cases within nine weeks. Despite this, the number of cases and deaths remained stable, possibly due to vaccination, prior infections, and the continued mandatory mask use. In conclusion, our study provides insights into the Delta variant circulating in the RS state, highlighting the importance of genomic surveillance for monitoring viral evolution, even when the impact of new variants may be less severe in a given region.

Pipeline validation for the identification of antimicrobial-resistant genes in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Antimicrobial-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is a global threat to healthcare and an important cause of nosocomial infections. Antimicrobial resistance causes prolonged treatment periods, high mortality rates, and economic impacts. Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) has been used in laboratory diagnosis, but there is limited evidence about pipeline validation to parse generated data. Thus, the present study aimed to validate a bioinformatics pipeline for the identification of antimicrobial resistance genes from carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae WGS. Sequences were obtained from a publicly available database, trimmed, de novo assembled, mapped to the K. pneumoniae reference genome, and annotated. Contigs were submitted to different tools for bacterial (Kraken2 and SpeciesFinder) and antimicrobial resistance gene identification (ResFinder and ABRicate). We analyzed 201 K. pneumoniae genomes. In the bacterial identification by Kraken2, all samples were correctly identified, and in SpeciesFinder, 92.54% were correctly identified as K. pneumoniae, 6.96% erroneously as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 0.5% erroneously as Citrobacter freundii. ResFinder found a greater number of antimicrobial resistance genes than ABRicate; however, many were identified more than once in the same sample. All tools presented 100% repeatability and reproducibility and > 75% performance in other metrics. Kraken2 was more assertive in recognizing bacterial species, and SpeciesFinder may need improvements.

The Omicron Lineages BA.1 and BA.2 (Betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2) Have Repeatedly Entered Brazil through a Single Dispersal Hub.

Brazil currently ranks second in absolute deaths by COVID-19, even though most of its population has completed the vaccination protocol. With the introduction of Omicron in late 2021, the number of COVID-19 cases soared once again in the country. We investigated in this work how lineages BA.1 and BA.2 entered and spread in the country by sequencing 2173 new SARS-CoV-2 genomes collected between October 2021 and April 2022 and analyzing them in addition to more than 18,000 publicly available sequences with phylodynamic methods. We registered that Omicron was present in Brazil as early as 16 November 2021 and by January 2022 was already more than 99% of samples. More importantly, we detected that Omicron has been mostly imported through the state of São Paulo, which in turn dispersed the lineages to other states and regions of Brazil. This knowledge can be used to implement more efficient non-pharmaceutical interventions against the introduction of new SARS-CoV variants focused on surveillance of airports and ground transportation.

Incipient Parallel Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Deltacron Variant in South Brazil.

With the coexistence of multiple lineages and increased international travel, recombination and gene flow are likely to become increasingly important in the adaptive evolution of SARS-CoV-2. These processes could result in genetic introgression and the incipient parallel evolution of multiple recombinant lineages. However, identifying recombinant lineages is challenging, and the true extent of recombinant evolution in SARS-CoV-2 may be underestimated. This study describes the first SARS-CoV-2 Deltacron recombinant case identified in Brazil. We demonstrate that the recombination breakpoint is at the beginning of the Spike gene. The 5' genome portion (circa 22 kb) resembles the AY.101 (Delta), and the 3' genome portion (circa 8 kb nucleotides) is most similar to the BA.1.1 (Omicron). Furthermore, evolutionary genomic analyses indicate that the new strain emerged after a single recombination event between lineages of diverse geographical locations in December 2021 in South Brazil. This Deltacron, AYBA-RS, is one of the dozens of recombinants described in 2022. The submission of only four sequences in the GISAID database suggests that this lineage had a minor epidemiological impact. However, the recent emergence of this and other Deltacron recombinant lineages (XD, XF, and XS) suggests that gene flow and recombination may play an increasingly important role in the COVID-19 pandemic. We explain the evolutionary and population genetic theory that supports this assertion, concluding that this stresses the need for continued genomic surveillance. This monitoring is vital for countries where multiple variants are present, as well as for countries that receive significant inbound international travel.

Rastreamento clínico e nutricional de gestantes de alto risco na estratégia de saúde da família de Santa Quitéria - CE / Clinical and nutritional screening of high-risk pregnant women in the family health strategy of Santa Quitéria - CE / Cribado clínico y nutricional de las embarazadas de alto riesgo en la estrategia de salud familiar de Santa Quitéria - CE

Considera-se gestação de alto risco quando a mulher apresenta comorbidade materna e/ou condição sociobiológica que levam as chances de ocorrer alguma intercorrência na evolução natural da gravidez, como hipertensão arterial, diabetes, anemia, alcoolismo e obesidade. É de grande importância o acompanhamento pré-natal com uma equipe de assistência capaz de identificar os problemas antes mesmo que possam ser agravados. O objetivo deste estudo foi rastrear o perfil clínico e nutricional de mulheres com gestação de alto risco na Estratégia de Saúde da Família de Santa Quitéria- CE. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa realizado com 33 gestantes. Para a coleta de dados foi utilizado o cartão da gestante e prontuário, o estado nutricional foi avaliado através do peso pré- gestacional contido no cartão e peso atual através da balança. Para análise estatística, foram usados frequências, percentuais, médias e desvio padrão, verificadas por meio dos testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e Levene. Para a comparação de médias entre duas categorias, utilizou-se o teste t de Student para amostras independentes. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria tinha o ensino médio como nível de escolaridade, renda igual ou menor que um salário mínimo, multíparas com um ou mais abortos. Em relação às características do estado clínico patológico, as condições mais prevalentes nas gestantes do presente estudo foram hipertensão arterial sistêmica, pré-eclâmpsia, seguidos de DMG e eritoblastose. Excesso de peso antes e durante a gravidez com ganho ponderal de peso adequado. O que demonstra a necessidade de estratégias para a saúde da mulher. É apropriado acionar sinal de alerta no acompanhamento da saúde da mulher também antes da gestação e não somente no pré-natal para que transcorra bem durante e após o parto. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Estado nutricional; Gestação de alto risco; Assistência Pré-Natal.

High-risk pregnancy is considered when the woman presents maternal comorbidity and/or sociobiological condition that increase the chances of some complication occurring in the natural evolution of pregnancy, such as arterial hypertension, diabetes, anemia, alcoholism, and obesity; It is of great importance the prenatal follow-up with an assistance team capable of identifying the problems even before they can be aggravated; The objective of this study was to track the clinical and nutritional profile of women with high-risk pregnancy in the Family Health Strategy of Santa Quitéria-CE; This is a descriptive study with a quantitative approach carried out with 33 pregnant women; For data collection the pregnant woman's card and medical records were used, the nutritional status was evaluated through the pre-gestational weight contained in the card and current weight through the scale; For statistical analysis, frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviation were used, verified by means of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Levene tests;For comparison of means between two categories, Student's t test for independent samples was used; The results showed that most had high school education, income equal to or less than one minimum wage, multiparous women with one or more abortions; Regarding the characteristics of the pathological medical condition, the most prevalent conditions in the pregnant women of the present study were hypertension, pre- eclampsia, followed by GDM and erythoblastosis; Overweight before and during pregnancy with adequate weight gain; This demonstrates the need for women's health strategies; It is appropriate to trigger warning signals in the monitoring of women's health also before pregnancy and not only in the prenatal period so that it goes well during and after delivery;

Se considera embarazo de alto riesgo cuando la mujer presenta comorbilidad materna y/o condición socio-biológica que conlleva las posibilidades de aparición de alguna complicación en la evolución natural del embarazo, como son la hipertensión, la diabetes, la anemia, el alcoholismo y la obesidad. Es de gran importancia el seguimiento prenatal con un equipo de asistencia capaz de identificar los problemas incluso antes de que puedan agravarse. El objetivo de este estudio fue rastrear el perfil clínico y nutricional de las mujeres con embarazo de alto riesgo en la Estrategia de Salud Familiar de Santa Quitéria-CE. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo con un enfoque cuantitativo realizado con 33 mujeres embarazadas. Para la recopilación de datos se utilizó el cartón de la gestante y el prontuario, el estado nutricional se evaluó a través del peso pregestacional contenido en el cartón y el peso actual a través de la balanza. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizaron frecuencias, porcentajes, medias y desviación estándar, verificados mediante las pruebas de Kolmogorov-Smirnov y Levene. Para la comparación de medias entre dos categorías, se utilizó la prueba t de Student para muestras independientes. Los resultados mostraron que la mayoría tenía estudios secundarios, ingresos iguales o inferiores a un salario mínimo, mujeres multíparas con uno o más abortos. En cuanto a las características del estado clínico patológico, las condiciones más prevalentes en las embarazadas del presente estudio fueron la hipertensión arterial sistémica, la preeclampsia, seguidas de la DMG y la eritoblastosis. Exceso de peso antes y durante el embarazo con un aumento de peso adecuado. Lo que demuestra la necesidad de estrategias de salud para las mujeres. Es conveniente activar la señal de alarma en el seguimiento de la salud de las mujeres también antes del embarazo y no sólo en la atención prenatal para que funcione bien durante y después del parto.

Psychosomatic response to acute emotional stress in healthy students.

The multidimensionality of the stress response has shown the complexity of this phenomenon and therefore the impossibility of finding a unique biomarker among the physiological variables related to stress. An experimental study was designed and performed to guarantee the correct synchronous and concurrent measure of psychometric tests, biochemical variables and physiological features related to acute emotional stress. The population studied corresponds to a group of 120 university students between 20 and 30 years of age, with healthy habits and without a diagnosis of chronic or psychiatric illnesses. Following the protocol of the experimental pilot, each participant reached a relaxing state and a stress state in two sessions of measurement for equivalent periods. Both states are correctly achieved evidenced by the psychometric test results and the biochemical variables. A Stress Reference Scale is proposed based on these two sets of variables. Then, aiming for a non-invasive and continuous approach, the Acute Stress Model correlated to the previous scale is also proposed, supported only by physiological signals. Preliminary results support the feasibility of measuring/quantifying the stress level. Although the results are limited to the population and stimulus type, the procedure and methodological analysis used for the assessment of acute stress in young people can be extrapolated to other populations and types of stress.

Sand fly fauna and molecular detection of Leishmania species and blood meal sources in different rural environments in western Amazon.

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a disease caused by Leishmania species and transmitted by the bites of infected female sand fly species. The diversity of these insects in Rondônia State (where CL is the predominant form) is large but unexplored, and consequently the vector species are unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sand fly fauna in two environments (forest fragment and peridomicile) in rural areas of four municipalities of the state, DNA amplification of Leishmania species and the presence of blood meal sources for these insects. After identifying the species, sample coverage was applied to estimate the fauna coverage in each environment. Females were used to amplify and detect Leishmania DNA and blood meal sources, then posteriorly identified by sequencing. A total of 1706 individuals were included in 61 species, which was a sample coverage of 97% for the forest fragments (56 species), whereas 98% was observed (32 species) in peridomiciles. Next, 41 pools were prepared from 1227 females, and none were positive for Leishmania DNA. We observed 160 engorged females (forest fragments: 21, peridomiciles: 139) belonging to females of the Antunesi complex and another eight species. Two of these females were positive for Leishmania braziliensis-DNA: one in the Antunesi complex and one in Psychodopygus hirsutus. Seven blood meal sources were identified by sequencing analysis: Bos taurus and Sus scrofa from the peridomiciles, and Dasypus novemcinctus, Pecari tajacu, Philander canus, Plecturocebus bernhardi, and Tamandua tetradactyla from the forest fragments. Our data confirmed the feeding behavior of field-caught sand flies and could contribute to our understanding about local vectors and possible reservoirs in the transmission of Leishmania spp.

COVID-19 pandemic, emergency remote teaching and Nursing Now: challenges for nursing education.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss remote activities in nursing education in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic for strengthening nursing from the perspective of the "Nursing Now" campaign. METHOD: Theoretical-reflective study based on literature and critical analysis. DISCUSSION: Reflection about the measures to control the COVID-19 pandemic and suspend in-person classes, the adoption of alternative forms of teaching, especially online ones, and their repercussions on nursing teaching strategies. There were difficulties regarding the quality of education, unequal access, and lack of knowledge from professors. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: The negative impact that emergency distance teaching had on the education of nurses stands out, in contrast to the world movement for the valuing of nurses. The legacy of this crisis must be taken advantage of through the better use of technological resources and their incorporation in teaching, having as a certainty that the distance teaching model does not encompass the totality of nursing education.

Detection of Leishmania species (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) in phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Porto Velho, Northern Brazil.

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a vector-borne disease caused by Leishmania species and transmitted by infected female sand flies. CL is widely distributed in Brazil, but knowledge about vectors and transmission cycles could be complex according to localities. The sand fly fauna in Rondônia State is extensive, diverse, and largely unexplored. Although the state records a mean of 1,000 CL cases per year, the vectors of CL are unknown. The aim of this study was to assess phlebotomine sand fly fauna composition using diversity indexes (Shannon [H'] and Simpson [1/D]) and to detect the prevalence of Leishmania infection to verify potential vectors in three ecotopes: (i) forest fragment (FF), (ii) forest edge (FE), and (iii) peridomicile (PE). Captures were performed in four rural districts in the municipality of Porto Velho. A total of 7,026 specimens were captured comprising 72 species, and individuals classified in subgenus level. Overall, the most abundant species were Lutzomyia davisi (n: 1,105), Lutzomyia melloi (n: 760), Lutzomyia auraensis (n: 738) and Lutzomyia antunesi (n: 479). Fauna was most diverse in the FF ecotope (H' = 20.2, 1/D = 11.2), followed by the FE (H' = 18.0, 1/D = 10.1) and PE (H' = 16.6, 1/D = 10.1) ecotopes. Leishmania DNA was detected in 24 of 232 pools. In every ecotope, Leishmania naiffi DNA was identified in the following sand fly species: Lu. antunesi, Lu. davisi, Lu. hirsuta hirsuta, Lu. shawi, Lu. sordellii and Lu. (Trichophoromyia) spp. This observation may indicate that a Le. naiffi transmission focus is present in the study localities. In addition, Leishmania lainsoni was detected in Lutzomyia (Trichophoromyia) spp. Our findings show that sand fly fauna in the study localities is diverse, that Leishmania parasites are circulating in all three ecotopes, and that some sand fly species may be implicated in the transmission of Leishmania to humans in localities evaluated.

Vertical stratification of sand fly diversity in relation to natural infections of Leishmania sp. and blood-meal sources in Jamari National Forest, Rondônia State, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Almost 1000 cases of American cutaneous leishmaniasis have been registered yearly in Rondônia State, Brazil. Little is known about the Leishmania transmission cycle (vectors and reservoirs) in the state. This study aimed to evaluate sand fly fauna from two vertical stratification layers in order to identify potential vectors and their blood-meal sources. METHODS: The study was conducted in Jamari National Forest. Sand flies were collected in the canopy (15 m) and at ground level (1 m) using HP light traps during four months, February, April, August and October, 2018. Insects were identified to the species level, and females were subjected to DNA extraction and PCR targeting minicircle kDNA and hsp70 (for Leishmania detection and species identification), and cytb (to identify blood-meal sources). Exploratory data analysis was used to determine mean of abundance and species richness between stratifications. The hsp70 and cytb sequences were analyzed and compared with sequences from GenBank. RESULTS: Overall, 68 species were identified from 15,457 individuals. On the Potosi trail, 7531 individuals of 49 species were collected; canopy captures totaled 6463 individuals of 46 species, while ground captures totaled 1068 individuals of 38 species. On the Santa Maria trail, 7926 individuals of 61 species were collected; canopy captures totaled 6136 individuals of 51 species, while ground captures totaled 1790 individuals of 53 species. A total of 23 pools were positive for kDNA (canopy n = 21, ground n = 2). Only two samples were sequenced for hsp70 (both in canopy); one sequence exhibited similarity with Leishmania braziliensis (Lutzomyia davisi pool) and another with L. naiffi (Lu. antunesi pool). The cytb fragment was amplified in 11 of 86 samples. Sample sequencing identified cytb DNA from 5 blood-meal sources: Micrastur gilvicollis, Psophia viridis, Tamandua tetradactyla, Homo sapiens and Choloepus didactylus. CONCLUSIONS: Sand fly fauna is more diverse in the canopy than at ground level. Factors such as blood-meal sources, resting sites, and abiotic components probably contribute to high abundance in the canopy. Our results reinforce the possibility that Lu. antunesi and Lu. davisi participate in Leishmania transmission in forest environments and may play an important role in transmission from sylvatic to human hosts.

Supplementation with calcium salts of cottonseed oil improves performance of Bos indicus animals consuming finishing diets.

Lipid ingredients are often used into feedlot cattle diets, primarily to increase energy density and improve efficiency parameters of the herd. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the effects of including calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) and increasing levels of cottonseed byproducts into feedlot diets. On day 0 of the study, 96 Bos indicus bullocks were individually weighed twice and initial body weight (BW) was considered the average of both measurements (initial BW = 287 ± 22.4 kg). Bulls were ranked by initial BW, allocated into 1 of 12 feedlot pens (eight bulls per pen), and pens randomly assigned to one of three treatments: 1) inclusion of 15.0% [dry matter (DM) basis] of cottonseed byproducts into the finishing diet (CTS-15; n = 4), 2) inclusion of 22.0% (DM basis) of cottonseed byproducts into the finishing diet (CTS-22; n = 4), and 3) inclusion of 2.7% (DM basis) of CSFA of cottonseed oil into the finishing diet (CSFA; n = 4). The experimental period lasted 135 d and consisted of 5 d of preadaptation, 15 d of adaptation (ADP), 31 d of growing (GRO), and 84 d of finishing (FIN). Performance and carcass characteristics data were evaluated at the end of the experimental period. A treatment × period interaction was observed on total DM intake (DMI; P < 0.0001), given that no treatment differences were observed during ADP (P > 0.33), whereas CSFA-supplemented animals had a reduced DMI during GRO and FIN phases (P < 0.05). When individual mean nutrient intake was evaluated, CSFA supplementation caused a reduction in crude protein and physically effective neutral detergent fiber intake (P ≤ 0.05), and tended to reduce metabolizable energy, net energy for maintenance and gain intake (P = 0.06). Additionally, CSFA inclusion or CTS increase into the diet did not affect final BW, BW change, average daily gain (ADG), hot carcass weight, carcass ADG, and yield gain (P ≥ 0.11). On the other hand, CSFA reduced DMI as percentage of BW and improved feed efficiency (FE; P < 0.02) and also tended to improve biological conversion (BC; P = 0.07) versus CTS. Similarly, increasing CTS byproducts in the diet improved FE and BC (P = 0.02) but also tended to increase dressing percentage (DP; P = 0.08). In summary, including CSFA into feedlot diets reduced DMI but improved FE and BC of beef cattle, demonstrating the efficacy of this technology on feedlot beef cattle diets. Moreover, increasing cottonseed byproducts into the diets also benefited FE, BC, and DP of finishinw B. indicus cattle.

Diversity, natural infection and blood meal sources of phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae) in the western Brazilian Amazon.

BACKGROUND: The state of Rondônia (RO) is a hot spot for human cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Many sandfly species in RO are putative vectors of leishmaniasis. OBJECTIVES: This study examines the diversity patterns and the presence of Leishmania DNA and blood meal sources of sandflies in RO. METHODS: A sandfly survey was performed between 2016 and 2018 in 10 municipalities categorised into three different environment types: (i) Conservation Unit (CUN) - comprised of preserved ombrophilous forests; (ii) Forest Edge (FE) - small forest fragments; and (iii) Peridomicile (PE) - areas around dwellings. FINDINGS: A total of 73 species were identified from 9,535 sandflies. The most abundant species were Psychodopygus davisi (1,741 individuals), Nyssomyia antunesi (1,397), Trichophoromyia auraensis (1,295) and Trichophoromyia ubiquitalis (1,043). Diversity was the highest in CUN, followed by the FE and PE environments. One pool of Ps. davisi tested positive for Leishmania braziliensis, reinforcing the possibility that Ps. davisi acts as a vector. The cytochrome b (cytb) sequences were used to identify three blood meal sources: Bos taurus, Homo sapiens and Tamandua tetradactyla. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that sandflies can switch between blood meal sources in differing environments. This study enhances the knowledge of the vector life cycle in RO and provides information relevant to leishmaniasis surveillance.

Bordetella trematum infection: case report and review of previous cases.

BACKGROUND: Bordetella trematum is an infrequent Gram-negative coccobacillus, with a reservoir, pathogenesis, a life cycle and a virulence level which has been poorly elucidated and understood. Related information is scarce due to the low frequency of isolates, so it is important to add data to the literature about this microorganism. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of a 74-year-old female, who was referred to the hospital, presenting with ulcer and necrosis in both legs. Therapy with piperacillin-tazobactam was started and peripheral artery revascularization was performed. During the surgery, a tissue fragment was collected, where Bordetella trematum, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Enterococcus faecalis were isolated. After surgery, the intubated patient was transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU), using vasoactive drugs through a central venous catheter. Piperacillin-tazobactam was replaced by meropenem, with vancomycin prescribed for 14 days. Four days later, levofloxacin was added for 24 days, aiming at the isolation of S. maltophilia from the ulcer tissue. The necrotic ulcers evolved without further complications, and the patient's clinical condition improved, leading to temporary withdrawal of vasoactive drugs and extubation. Ultimately, however, the patient's general condition worsened, and she died 58 days after hospital admission. CONCLUSIONS: Despite being a rare finding, B. trematum is typically associated with the clinical manifestation of disorders that predispose to ulcer development, which can be infected by microorganisms. The combination of antibiotic therapy and surgical debridement plays a key role in preventing systemic infections. Monitoring the appearance of new cases of B. trematum is essential, since it can be an emerging microorganism. Isolating and defining the clinical relevance of unusual bacteria yields a more accurate perspective in the development of new diagnostic tools and allows for assessment of proper antimicrobial therapy.

Percepção dos consumidores de produtos de origem animal quanto ao bem-estar / Animal products consumers perception on animal welfare

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a percepção dos consumidores na aquisição de produtos de origem animal quanto ao bem-estar. Realizou-se questionário com 384 consumidores de produtos de origem animal de ambos os sexos e maiores de 18 anos em dois supermercados de Blumenau/Santa Catarina. Os dados foram analisados no programa Microsoft Excel 2010® com intervalo de confiança de 95% e erro amostral de 5%. Os entrevistados eram em sua maioria homens com idade entre 18 e 30 anos, ensino médio completo e renda familiar entre um e três salários mínimos. A maior parte (52,2%) considerava o bem-estar animal muito importante, compraria produtos que favorecem o bem-estar animal independente do preço, porém não sabia definir o termo e nem as leis envolvidas. Vê-se a necessidade de maior conscientização e divulgação de informações à comunidade.

Diversity, natural infection and blood meal sources of phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae) in the western Brazilian Amazon

BACKGROUND The state of Rondônia (RO) is a hot spot for human cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Many sandfly species in RO are putative vectors of leishmaniasis. OBJECTIVES This study examines the diversity patterns and the presence of Leishmania DNA and blood meal sources of sandflies in RO. METHODS A sandfly survey was performed between 2016 and 2018 in 10 municipalities categorised into three different environment types: (i) Conservation Unit (CUN) - comprised of preserved ombrophilous forests; (ii) Forest Edge (FE) - small forest fragments; and (iii) Peridomicile (PE) - areas around dwellings. FINDINGS A total of 73 species were identified from 9,535 sandflies. The most abundant species were Psychodopygus davisi (1,741 individuals), Nyssomyia antunesi (1,397), Trichophoromyia auraensis (1,295) and Trichophoromyia ubiquitalis (1,043). Diversity was the highest in CUN, followed by the FE and PE environments. One pool of Ps. davisi tested positive for Leishmania braziliensis, reinforcing the possibility that Ps. davisi acts as a vector. The cytochrome b (cytb) sequences were used to identify three blood meal sources: Bos taurus, Homo sapiens and Tamandua tetradactyla. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that sandflies can switch between blood meal sources in differing environments. This study enhances the knowledge of the vector life cycle in RO and provides information relevant to leishmaniasis surveillance.

Acidentes domésticos na infância: perfil dos casos internados em um hospital-escola do interior do Estado de São Paulo / Domestics accidents in children: profile of cases admitted to a college affiliated-hospital in the countryside of the State of São Paulo

Objetivo: Descrever o perfil de crianças em idade pré-escolar, vítimas de acidentes domésticos, internadas no Hospital-Escola Padre Albino (HEPA), de Catanduva-SP. Métodos: Estudo transversal, retrospectivo, que revisou 175 prontuários de pacientes menores de 6 anos, internados no HEPA, de 2008 a 2012, com diagnóstico de acidente doméstico. Foram anotados em fichas individuais: dados demográficos, tipo de acidente, estado de consciência no ato da admissão hospitalar, tempo de internação e desfecho dos casos. A estatística foi descritiva. Resultados: O sexo prevalente foi o masculino (68%) e a faixa etária predominante a de menores de 2 anos (43,4%). Os acidentes mais encontrados foram as queimaduras (77,7%), seguidas das intoxicações (8,6%) e das quedas (8%). O tempo médio de internação foi 6,7 dias. Dos participantes, 94,3% foram admitidos sem alteração do nível de consciência e 55,4% receberam alta hospitalar sem sequela física. A mortalidade foi de 0,6%. Conclusões: A constatação de que as crianças menores de 2 anos foram as principais vítimas dos acidentes domésticos e que as queimaduras representaram a maior parte do contingente de hospitalizações, demonstra a necessidade de desenvolver ações de sensibilização e orientação aos pais e à população em geral, por meio de programas educativos e campanhas de prevenção.

Automedicação em crianças atendidas nos ambulatórios de um Hospital Escola / Automedicación en niños atendidos en los ambulatórios de un Hospital Escuela / Self medication in children served in patient of a School Hospital

Introdução: A automedicação se caracteriza pela seleção e utilização de medicamentos isentos de prescrição médica. Objetivos: Investigar e descrever a conduta dos acompanhantes das crianças atendidas em ambulatórios de um hospital escola, frente à observação de alguns sinais e sintomas comuns na primeira infância. Material e Métodos: Estudo transversal, descritivo, prospectivo, realizado através da aplicação de um questionário presencial que foi respondido por 287 acompanhantes das 369 crianças de zero a cinco anos de idade, consultadas nos ambulatórios infantis do Hospital Escola Emílio Carlos, da cidade de Catanduva - SP, nos meses de novembro/2013 e fevereiro-março/2014. As variáveis analisadas foram: sexo, idade, grau de escolaridade, parentesco com a criança e conduta frente a febre, diarreia, vômito, tosse, dor de garganta e dor de cabeça. Resultados: 287 acompanhantes participaram da pesquisa (77,8% das consultas do período). A média de idade dos acompanhantes foi 29±9,4 anos, sendo 92,3% mulheres e 83,6% mães. A média de idade das crianças foi 2,4±1,7 anos, sendo 56,1% meninas. Referiram haver medicado por conta própria: febre (54,4%), diarreia (4,5%), vômito (9%), tosse (30,3%), dor de garganta (8,4%) e dor de cabeça (26,1%). Referiram insistir na automedicação frente à ineficácia da conduta inicial: febre (0,3%), vômito (9%) e dor de cabeça (0,4%). Conclusão: A automedicação é uma prática frequente na população investigada, sendo geralmente mais comum em casos de febre e realizada principalmente pelas mães; esse fato sugere a necessidade de promover educação em saúde que vise à promoção do uso responsável de medicamentos.

Introduction: Self-medication is characterized by the selection and use of drugs without medical prescription. Aims: to investigate and describe the conduct of the caregivers of children attended in the ambulatories of a teaching hospital, after the observation of some common signs and symptoms in early childhood; to compare the results with the data in the literature. Material and Methods: It was a cross-sectional descriptive, prospective study, performed by applying a face to face questionnaire which was answered by 287 caregivers of 369 children aged from zero to five years, attended in children's ambulatories of teaching Hospital Emilio Carlos, in the city of Catanduva-SP, in the months of November/2013 and February-March / 2014. The variables analyzed were: sex, age, education level, relationship with the child and conducts in case of fever, diarrhea, vomiting, cough, sore throat and headache. The results were expressed as the number, percentage and mean ± standard deviation. The comparison of the variables was taken by Z test for 2 proportions. Results: 287 caregivers participated in the survey (77.8% of the consultations during the period). The average age of caregivers was 29 ± 9.4 years, being 92.3% women and 83.6% mothers. The children mean age was 2.4 ± 1.7 years, being 56.1% girls. The caregivers reported a children medication by themselves in case of fever (54.4%), diarrhea (4.5%), vomiting (9%), cough (30.3%), neck pain (8.4%) and headache (26.1%). They mentioned to insist in self-medication despite the ineffectiveness of the initial conduct in case of fever (0.3%), vomiting (9%) and headache (0.4%). Conclusions: Self-medication is a common practice in the study population, being generally more common in cases of fever and being performed mainly by the mothers; these data suggest the need to improve health education in order to promote the responsible use of drugs.

Introducción: La automedicação se caracteriza por la selección y utilización de medicamentos exentos de prescripción médica. Objetivos: Investigar y describir la conducta de los acompañantes de los niños atendidos en ambulatórios de un hospital escuela, frente a la observación de algunas señales y síntomas comunes en la primera infancia. Material y Métodos: Estudio transversal, descriptivo, prospectivo, realizado a través de la aplicación de un cuestionario presencial que fue respondido por 287 acompañantes de los 369 niños de cero a cinco años de edad, consultadas en los ambulatórios infantiles del Hospital Escuela Emílio Carlos, de la ciudad de Catanduva – SP, los meses de noviembre/2013 y febrero-marzo/2014. Las variables analizadas fueron: sexo, edad, grado de escolaridad, parentesco con el niño y conducta frente la fiebre, diarreia, vômito, tos, dolor de garganta y dolor de cabeza. Resultados: 287 acompañantes participaron de la investigación (77,8% de las consultas del periodo). La media de edad de los acompañantes fue 29±9,4 años, siendo 92,3% mujeres y 83,6% madres. La media de edad de los niños fue 2,4±1,7 años, siendo 56,1% niñas. Refirieron haber medicado por cuenta propia: fiebre (54,4%), diarreia (4,5%), vômito (9%), tos (30,3%), dolor de garganta (8,4%) y dolor de cabeza (26,1%). Refirieron insistir en la automedicação frente a la ineficácia de la conducta inicial: fiebre (0,3%), vômito (9%) y dolor de cabeza (0,4%). Conclusión: La automedicação es una práctica frecuente en la población investigada, siendo generalmente más común en casos de fiebre...

Phylogeography of Tibouchina papyrus (Pohl) Toledo (Melastomataceae), an endangered tree species from rocky savannas, suggests bidirectional expansion due to climate cooling in the Pleistocene.

Many endemic species present disjunct geographical distribution; therefore, they are suitable models to test hypotheses about the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms involved in the origin of disjunct distributions in these habitats. We studied the genetic structure and phylogeography of Tibouchina papyrus (Melastomataceae), endemic to rocky savannas in Central Brazil, to test hypothesis of vicariance and dispersal in the origin of the disjunct geographical distribution. We sampled 474 individuals from the three localities where the species is reported: Serra dos Pirineus, Serra Dourada, and Serra de Natividade. Analyses were based on the polymorphisms at cpDNA and on nuclear microsatellite loci. To test for vicariance and dispersal we constructed a median-joining network and performed an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). We also tested population bottleneck and estimated demographic parameters and time to most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) using coalescent analyses. A remarkable differentiation among populations was found. No significant effect of population expansion was detected and coalescent analyses showed a negligible gene flow among populations and an ancient coalescence time for chloroplast genome. Our results support that the disjunct distribution of T. papyrus may represent a climatic relict. With an estimated TMRCA dated from ∼836.491 ± 107.515 kyr BP (before present), we hypothesized that the disjunct distribution may be the outcome of bidirectional expansion of the geographical distribution favored by the drier and colder conditions that prevailed in much of Brazil during the Pre-Illinoian glaciation, followed by the retraction as the climate became warmer and moister.