RESUMO
Background: Congenital heart disease is the most common congenital condition worldwide, with a prevalence of 80 cases per 10 000 live births. In addition to perinatal morbidity and mortality, it entails long-term consequences such as multiple surgeries, prolonged hospitalizations, lifelong cardiac follow-up, reduced quality of life, risk of heart failure, and premature mortality in adulthood. This significant health and economic burden on healthcare systems and families highlights the relevance of evaluating the cost-effectiveness of methods for early detection of this condition. Objective: To conduct a systematic literature review (SLR) to identify and analyze existing economic evaluations on prenatal detection of congenital heart diseases through ultrasound, focusing on the reported cost-effectiveness results and the methodological quality of the evaluated studies according to established criteria. Methods: An SLR of economic evaluations was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. A quantitative synthesis of key methodological components of each economic evaluation was performed. The incremental medical costs, effectiveness measures, and cost-effectiveness ratios reported in each study were compiled and compared. The methodological quality was assessed according to compliance with the 24 CHEERS criteria. Results: We found 785 articles, of which only 7 met all inclusion criteria. Most were cost-effectiveness analyses, with the most common outcome being number of cases detected. Screening with only 4-chamber views interpreted by general practitioners or cardiologists were dominant strategies compared with screening with 4-chamber plus outflow views interpreted by a general practitioner. Fetal echocardiography was most effective but most expensive. Screening with 4-chamber and outflow view, followed by referral to a specialist, were recommended as the least expensive strategy per defect detected. On average, articles met 17 of the 24 CHEERS criteria. Discussion: While recent cost-effectiveness analyses demonstrated improved methodological quality, there was a lack of homogeneity due to differences in comparators and population subgroups analyzed. Despite this heterogeneity, fetal ultrasonography screening was consistently identified as a cost-effective strategy, with its cost-effectiveness heavily influenced by the expertise of the interpreting physician. Conclusion: Most studies recommend implementing obstetric ultrasonography screening, without routine fetal echocardiography, for detecting congenital heart diseases.
RESUMO
Objetivo: Conocer los costos directos (CD) e indirectos (CI) de la atención de pacientes con lesiones por accidentes de tránsito (AT) en el mundo. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática en PubMed, Embase, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, Journal Storage y Scielo de estudios de costos de atención de víctimas de AT mayores de 16 años, entre 2008 y 2013. La calidad de los estudios se evaluó con criterios extraídos de Drummond y col, y del " Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards statement (CHEERS)" y otros definidos por los autores. Se evaluaron los CD, los CI. La carga de la enfermedad (CE), se hizo con los Años de Vida Ajustados por Discapacidad (AVAD), y Años de Vida ajustados por Calidad (AVAC). Se analizaron los costos generados por discapacidad/rehabilitación y Trauma craneoencefálico (TEC). Los costos monetarios en dólares americanos (USD) de 2010 ajustados por inflación. Resultados: Se analizaron 14 estudios, seis de buena calidad. Se encontraron estudios con 567.000 pacientes y 10 años de duración, costos directos de 48.082 e indirectos de 29.706 USD por paciente; los costos indirectos superaron los directos. La carga de la enfermedad mostró amplia variabilidad; en un estudio el 60% de los pacientes con TEC grave y 20% moderado quedaron con discapacidad corto plazo y en otro el 4,6% quedó con discapacidad a largo plazo. Conclusiones: Existe gran heterogeneidad en los estudios, no hay consenso para evaluar la calidad de estos estudios. Los costos indirectos de accidentes de tránsito superan los directos. Los costos derivados de discapacidad y rehabilitación son poco evaluados.
Objective: to know the direct (DC) and indirect costs (IC) generated by the treatment of patients with moderate or severe injuries caused by traffic accidents (TA) in the world. Methodology: a systematic review of studies assessing the costs of treating victims of traffic accidents older than 16 between 2008 and 2013 was conducted using the PubMed, Embase, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, Journal Storage and Scielo databases. The quality of the studies was assessed using criteria from Drummond and col, as well as the "Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards statement (CHEERS)" and other mechanisms defined by the authors. DCs and ICs were assessed. The burden of disease (BD) was obtained with the disability-adjusted life year (DALY), and the quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). The costs generated by disability /rehabilitation and traumatic brain injury (TBI) were analyzed. The monetary costs were expressed in 2010 US dollars (USD) adjusted for inflation. Results: 14 studies were analyzed, 6 of which had a good quality. We found studies with up to 567.000 patients and a duration of 10 years. Direct costs were up to USD 48.082 and indirect costs up to USD 29.706 per patient; the direct costs were exceeded by the indirect costs. The burden of disease showed high variability. In one study, 60% of the patients with severe TBI and 20% with moderate TBI had short term disability; in another study 4.6% of the patients sustained long-term disability. Conclusions: there is great heterogeneity in the cost studies. There is no consensus for assessing the quality of these studies. The indirect costs incurred in traffic accidents are greater than direct costs. The costs of disability and rehabilitation are poorly assessed.
Objetivo: conhecer os custos diretos (cd) e indiretos (ci) do atendimento de pacientes com ferimentos por acidentes de trânsito (at) no mundo. Metodologia: realizou-se uma revisão sistemática em PubMed, Embase, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, Journal Storage e Storage de estudos de custos de atendimento de cítimas de at com mais de 16 anos, entre 2 e 2013. A qualidade dos estudos foi avaliada com critérios extraídos de Drummond y col e do "Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards statement (cheers)" e com outros definidos pelos autores. Avaliaram-se os DC, os CI. A carga da doença (cd) realizou-se com os Anos de Vida Ajustados por Deficiência (avad), e com Anos de Vida ajustados por Qualidade (avaq). Analisaram-se os custos gerados por Deficiência/reabilitação e Traumatismos cranioencefálicos (tce). Os custos monetários em dólares americanos (usd) de 2010 ajustados por inflação. Resultados : analisaram-se 14 estudos, seis de boa qualidade. Encontraram-se estudos com 567.000 pacientes e 10 anos de duração, custos diretos de 48.082 e indiretos de 29.706 usd por paciente. Os custos indiretos foram superiores aos diretos. A carga da doença mostrou gandre variabilidade. Em um estudo, 60% dos pacientes com tce sério e 20% moderado ficaram com deficiência de curto prazo e em outro, 4,6% ficou com Deficiência de longo prazo. Conclusão: existe grande heterogeneidade nos estudos, não há consenso para avaliar a qualidade destes estudos. Os custos indiretos de acidentes de trânsito são superiores os indiretos. Os custos derivados de Deficiência e de reabilitação são pouco avaliados.