CT evaluation of interstitial lung disease related to systemic sclerosis: visual versus automated assessment. A systematic review.

AIM: To identify similarities and differences between visual (VA) and automated assessment (AA) of systemic sclerosis-related interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD) at chest computed tomography (CT) in terms of clinical applicability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medline, Embase, and Web of Science were searched to identify all studies investigating VA and AA for SSc-ILD assessment, from inception to 31 July 2022. Exclusion criteria were manuscripts not in English, absence of full-text, reviews, diseases other than ILD in SSc, CT not analysed with both VA and AA, VA and AA not adopted for the same purpose or not compared, overlap syndromes, SSc-ILD data not extractable, and studies with <10 patients. RESULTS: Ten full-text studies (804 patients) were included. The most adopted VAs were the Warrick or Goh score (four studies each), while densitometry (eight studies) or lung texture analysis (LTA, two studies) were utilised as AAs. The main field of investigation was the correlation with baseline pulmonary function tests (PFT, six studies). Warrick VA showed lower correlations compared to densitometry, while Goh VA demonstrated more heterogeneous results. Compared to LTA, Goh VA obtained lower correlations with lung volumes but similar or stronger coefficients with alveolar diffusibility. CONCLUSIONS: VA and AA may show heterogeneous results comparing their correlations with PFT, probably depending on the specific analysis adopted for each method. More data are needed on VA versus LTA. Comparisons between VA and AA regarding correlation with PFT follow-up and as prognostic elements, or for disease monitoring, are lacking. AAs in progressive fibrosis diagnosis remain to be tested.

Electrocardiogram analysis in Anderson-Fabry disease: a valuable tool for progressive phenotypic expression tracking.

Background: Electrocardiogram (ECG) has proven to be useful for early detection of cardiac involvement in Anderson-Fabry disease (AFD); however, little evidence is available on the association between ECG alterations and the progression of the disease. Aim and Methods: To perform a cross sectional comparison of ECG abnormalities throughout different left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) severity subgroups, providing ECG patterns specific of the progressive AFD stages. 189 AFD patients from a multicenter cohort underwent comprehensive ECG analysis, echocardiography, and clinical evaluation. Results: The study cohort (39% males, median age 47 years, 68% classical AFD) was divided into 4 groups according to different degree of left ventricular (LV) thickness: group A ≤ 9 mm (n = 52, 28%); group B 10-14 mm (n = 76, 40%); group C 15-19 mm (n = 46, 24%); group D ≥ 20 mm (n = 15, 8%). The most frequent conduction delay was right bundle branch block (RBBB), incomplete in groups B and C (20%,22%) and complete RBBB in group D (54%, p < 0.001); none of the patients had left bundle branch block (LBBB). Left anterior fascicular block, LVH criteria, negative T waves, ST depression were more common in the advanced stages of the disease (p < 0.001). Summarizing our results, we suggested ECG patterns representative of the different AFD stages as assessed by the increases in LV thickness over time (Central Figure). Patients from group A showed mostly a normal ECG (77%) or minor anomalies like LVH criteria (8%) and delta wave/slurred QR onset + borderline PR (8%). Differently, patients from groups B and C exhibited more heterogeneous ECG patterns: LVH (17%; 7% respectively); LVH + LV strain (9%; 17%); incomplete RBBB + repolarization abnormalities (8%; 9%), more frequently associated with LVH criteria in group C than B (8%; 15%). Finally, patients from group D showed very peculiar ECG patterns, represented by complete RBBB + LVH and repolarization abnormalities (40%), sometimes associated with QRS fragmentation (13%). Conclusions: ECG is a sensitive tool for early identification and long-term monitoring of cardiac involvement in patients with AFD, providing "instantaneous pictures" along the natural history of AFD. Whether ECG changes may be associated with clinical events remains to be determined.

Post treatment imaging in patients with local advanced cervical carcinoma.

Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth leading cause of death in women worldwide and despite the introduction of screening programs about 30% of patients presents advanced disease at diagnosis and 30-50% of them relapse in the first 5-years after treatment. According to FIGO staging system 2018, stage IB3-IVA are classified as locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC); its correct therapeutic choice remains still controversial and includes neoadjuvant chemo-radiotherapy, external beam radiotherapy, brachytherapy, hysterectomy or a combination of these modalities. In this review we focus on the most appropriated therapeutic options for LACC and imaging protocols used for its correct follow-up. We explore the imaging findings after radiotherapy and surgery and discuss the role of imaging in evaluating the response rate to treatment, selecting patients for salvage surgery and evaluating recurrence of disease. We also introduce and evaluate the advances of the emerging imaging techniques mainly represented by spectroscopy, PET-MRI, and radiomics which have improved diagnostic accuracy and are approaching to future direction.

A Review of the EUSO-Balloon Pathfinder for the JEM-EUSO Program.

EUSO-Balloon is a pathfinder for JEM-EUSO, the mission concept of a spaceborne observatory which is designed to observe Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Ray (UHECR)-induced Extensive Air Showers (EAS) by detecting their UltraViolet (UV) light tracks "from above." On August 25, 2014, EUSO-Balloon was launched from Timmins Stratospheric Balloon Base (Ontario, Canada) by the balloon division of the French Space Agency CNES. After reaching a floating altitude of 38 km, EUSO-Balloon imaged the UV light in the wavelength range ∼290-500 nm for more than 5 hours using the key technologies of JEM-EUSO. The flight allowed a good understanding of the performance of the detector to be developed, giving insights into possible improvements to be applied to future missions. A detailed measurement of the photoelectron counts in different atmospheric and ground conditions was achieved. By means of the simulation of the instrument response and by assuming atmospheric models, the absolute intensity of diffuse light was estimated. The instrument detected hundreds of laser tracks with similar characteristics to EASs shot by a helicopter flying underneath. These are the first recorded laser tracks measured from a fluorescence detector looking down on the atmosphere. The reconstruction of the direction of the laser tracks was performed. In this work, a review of the main results obtained by EUSO-Balloon is presented as well as implications for future space-based observations of UHECRs.

Anterior uveal fungal abscess in an HIV positive patient.

Endogenous endophthalmitis (EE) accounts for approximately 2% to 8% of all cases of endophthalmitis. Candida albicans abscesses in the iris and ciliary body are a rare form of presentation, with only 3 cases reported up until now. The case is presented of a 27-year-old patient with an elevated lesion in the iris at the temporal zone of the left eye, with hypopyon, pupil membrane, and 4+ cells in the anterior chamber. Tests for syphilis and HIV were positive, and were associated with extraocular manifestations of secondary syphilis. Treatment with intravenous penicillin and HAART therapy were started, but the clinical course worsened after 7 days. Pars plana vitrectomy and an abscess aspiration were performed, and the intraocular fluids and the purulent content were sent for microbiological examination. Cultures were positive for Candida albicans. The case is presented of an anterior uveal abscess by Candida albicans in an HIV-positive patient not previously reported in the literature.

Evolving concepts and management of endoleaks after endovascular aneurysm repair: where do we stand in 2019?

In recent years, there has been tremendous progress in endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) techniques and devices. This process has seen a change in incidence, risk factors, and treatment of endoleaks as well as in follow-up protocols after EVAR. In particular, recent literature has highlighted new concepts in the evaluation and prevention/treatment of type I and II endoleak after standard EVAR. There is also recent evidence regarding new imaging protocols for follow-up after EVAR, which include magnetic resonance imaging and contrast-enhanced ultrasound. This comprehensive review aims to outline the most recent concepts on imaging follow-up, pathophysiology/risk factors, and management of endoleaks.

Magnetic resonance imaging findings of infectious sacroiliitis associated with iliopsoas abscess: a case report in a young male.

Infectious sacroiliitis is an infection of the sacroiliac joint, not easy to diagnose because of its non-specific signs, symptoms and laboratory abnormalities. We describe a case of a 16 year-old male with 5 days' history of fever, abdominal pain, constipation, low-back and left hip pain extended to the left knee associated with sudden inability to walk. In the first place, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination of his sacroiliac joint revealed an enlarged corpuscolated fluid collection near the left iliopsoas muscle, extended to homolateral paravertebral muscles and a little fluid at the left sacroiliac joint. Drainage by aspiration of the iliopsoas abscess was applied; Staphylococcus aureus was found in the aspirated fluid and isolated from the blood too. Therefore intravenous antibiotic therapy was begun. Follow-up MRI exams confirmed the muscle abscess and revealed also a spongy bone edema of the left sacroiliac joint, persisting despite the disappearance of symptoms and the normalization of inflammatory values. It is important to make an early diagnosis of infectious sacroiliitis in order to begin antibiotic therapy as soon as possible, because of the increasing morbidity of infection of sacroiliac joint. In our case MR findings have provided significant orientation towards the final diagnosis of infectious sacroiliitis.

Rotator cuff degeneration of the healthy shoulder in patients with unilateral arm amputation is not worsened by overuse.

PURPOSE: In order to evaluate whether overuse has a significant role in rotator cuff tear (RCT) aetiology, we evaluated both shoulders of patients with old unilateral arm amputation expecting a higher rate of RC degeneration in the healthy side. METHODS: Nineteen males and six females (mean age: 57.3 ± 10.1) with an old (>20 years) unilateral arm amputation were submitted to an MRI of both shoulders. Tendon status and muscle tropism were evaluated according to Sugaya and Fuchs classifications, respectively; the acromion humeral distance was measured. Statistical analysis was performed to verify the prevalence of Sugaya and Fuchs categories in each sides. RESULTS: A significant prevalence of Sugaya type II in the amputated side (p = 0.02) and of type I in the healthy side (p < 0.001) was found. Rotator cuff was healthy in 28 and 52% of amputated and non-amputated side, respectively. The mean acromio-humeral distances of the amputated and healthy side were 0.8 cm (SD: 0.1) and 0.9 cm (SD: 0.1), respectively, (p = 0.02). A significant prevalence of Fuchs type II category in the healthy side (p < 0.001) was found. Fuchs III/IV were observed in 40 and 12% of amputated and healthy side, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The present study resizes the role of overuse on the aetiology of RCT. Cuff tear prevalence in not amputated shoulders, inevitably submitted to functional overload, was not higher than that of coetaneous subjects with two functional upper limbs. Shoulder non-use is a risk factor for rotator cuff tear. As the prevalence of rotator cuff degeneration/tear is higher in the amputee side, non-use is a more relevant risk factor than overuse. In the daily clinical practice, patients with rotator cuff tear should be encouraged to shoulder movement because rotator cuff tendon status could be worsened by disuse. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

MRI and US in the evaluation of fetal anomalies: The need to work together.

PURPOSE: Real-time virtual sonography (RVS) is a new technique that synchronizes real-time ultrasonography (US) and multiplanar reconstructed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and ability of RVS to assess the main pathologies in fetuses with suspected US anomalies. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Real-time virtual sonography (Hitachi, HI VISION Ascendus) was offered to 30 patients who had undergone fetal MRI. The acquired MRI image dataset was loaded into the fusion system and displayed together with the real-time US image. The ability of RVS to assess the main anatomical sites and fetal anomalies was evaluated. RESULTS: Real-time virtual sonography was technically possible in all cases. From a total of 30 patients, RVS helped the diagnosis in 10 cases. In 15 cases of encephalic pathology, fusion imaging improved the accuracy of the diagnosis; in the other 5 cases, MRI was superior to US even when using the RVS. CONCLUSION: This is a study on the feasibility and practical use of RVS. Thanks to information from both US and MRI, RVS allowed better identification of the fetal pathologies and improved the performance of the ultrasound examination. In our experience, it was really helpful in pathologies that would benefit from US follow-up.

Analysis of CT features and quantitative texture analysis in patients with lung adenocarcinoma: a correlation with EGFR mutations and survival rates.

AIM: To investigate the correlation between conventional computed tomography (CT) features, quantitative texture analysis (QTA), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, and survival rates in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-eight patients were evaluated for conventional CT features and QTA in this retrospective study. A multiple logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis versus death and EGFR status was performed for CT features and QTA in order to assess correlation between CT features, QTA, EGFR mutations, and survival rates. A p-value <0.05 was regarded to indicate a statistically significant association. RESULTS: An EGFR mutation was identified in 26/68 tumours (38.2%). A negative association was found between EGFR mutation and emphysema (p < 0.0001) whereas a positive correlation was found with necrosis (p=0.017), air bronchogram (p=0.0304), and locoregional infiltration (p=0.0018). Mean, standard deviation, and skewness were found to have significant correlation with EGFR mutation (p=0.0001; p=0.0001; p=0.0459; Fig 3). The only parameter correlated with the event death was entropy (r=0.2708; p=0.0329). CONCLUSION: Both qualitative and quantitative analysis disclosed potential associations between CT features and QTA parameters, EGFR mutations and prognosis; these correlations need to be confirmed in larger studies to be used as imaging biomarkers in the management of patients affected by lung adenocarcinoma.

Unenhanced whole-body MRI versus PET-CT for the detection of prostate cancer metastases after primary treatment.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of unenhanced whole-body MRI, including whole-body Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI), used as a diagnostic modality to detect  pathologic lymph nodes and skeletal metastases in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) undergoing restaging after primary treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 152 male patients with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy (RP) or external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) underwent MRI at a 1.5 Tesla magnet with whole spinal sagittal T2-weighted, sagittal T1-weighted, sagittal STIR images, axial T1 and T2-weighted and STIR images of the pelvis and whole-body. 18Fcholine-PET/CT exam was used as the reference standard. RESULTS: MRI protocol including whole-body combined T1-weighted+T2-weighted+STIR+DWI showed a sensitivity (Se) of 99%, a specificity (Spe) of 98%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 98%, a negative predictive value (NPV) of 96%, an accuracy of 98% and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.971 for identification of bone metastatic lesion. The same protocol, displayed a Se of 98%, a Spe of 99%, a PPV of 97%, a NPV of 98%, an accuracy of 98 % and an AUC of 0.960 in the detection of pathologic lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS: Unenhanced whole-body MRI, including whole-body-DWI, is an accurate and cost-effective diagnostic tool which is able to detect lymph node involvement and bone metastases in patients with biochemically recurrent PCa after RP or EBRT. Thanks to its lack of ionizing radiation, excellent soft tissue contrast, high spatial resolution, no need of contrast agent, high Se and Spe, it could play a role in the restaging procedure of such patients.

Parotid Gland Lesions: Multiparametric Ultrasound and MRI Features.

High-resolution ultrasound (US), as a readily available, cost-effective and harmless imaging technique, is appropriately the initial imaging modality for salivary gland lesions. Benign tumors are reported to present with regular and well-defined margins, a homogeneous hypoechoic structure and demarcated vessel distribution, whereas malignant lesions are irregular, heterogeneous and diffusely perfused. Ultrasound and color Doppler features of benign and malignant salivary gland lesions overlap, and many benign tumors, particularly pleomorphic adenomas, may appear irregularly shaped, with a heterogeneous echo-structure indistinguishable from a malignant lesion. Often skilled US operators are not always able to differentiate benign from malignant lesions. The introduction of US contrast agents has allowed further perspectives in the possible improvement of lesion characterization, and the emergence of US elastography, an innovative tool for assessing lesion stiffness/elasticity characteristics, has been advocated for differentiating salivary gland lesions. When lesions are atypical on US, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is usually the definitive imaging modality. We present a current review of benign and malignant parotid gland tumors with emphasis on the role of multiparametric US and MR imaging.

MR appearance of parathyroid adenomas at 3 T in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: what radiologists need to know for pre-operative localization.

OBJECTIVES: To identify frequent MRI features of parathyroid adenomas (PTAs) in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) using a fast protocol with a 3 T magnet. METHODS: Thirty-eight patients with PHPT underwent a 3 T-MR. All patients had positive US and Tc-99 sestamibi, for a total number of 46 PTAs. T2-weighted IDEAL-FSE and T1 IDEAL-sequences, before and after contrast, were performed. Five features of PTAs were recognised: hyperintensity, homogeneous or "marbled" appearance and elongated morphology on T2-sequences; cleavage plane from thyroid gland on T2-outphase; rapid enhancement in post-contrast T1. Image quality for T2-weighted IDEAL FSE and usefulness for IDEAL post-contrast T1-weighted and T2-outphase sequences were also graded. RESULTS: PTAs were hyperintense in T2-sequences in 44/46 (95.7%), "marbled" in 30/46 (65.2%) and elongated in 38/46 (82.6%) patients. Cleavage plane was observed in 36/46 (78.3%), and rapid enhancement in 20/46 (43.5%) patients. T2-sequences showed both excellent fat suppression and image quality (average scores of 3.2 and 3.1). T2-outphase images demonstrated to be quite useful (score 2.8), whereas, post-contrast T1 images showed a lower degree of utility (score 2.4). CONCLUSIONS: A fast protocol with 3.0-T MRI, recognising most common features of PTAs, may be used as a second-line method in the preoperative detection of PTAs. KEY POINTS: 3 T MRI protocol based on T2-weighted IDEAL FSE sequences was used. T2-hyperintensity and elongated morphology are common features of PTAs. 3 T MRI could be used in the preoperative detection of PTAs.

Subacromial Space Width: Does Overuse or Genetics Play a Greater Role in Determining It? An MRI Study on Elderly Twins.

BACKGROUND: Age and peripheral microcirculation disorders are the main causes of rotator cuff degeneration. Acromion variants may affect subacromial space width, causing a pathological narrowing of the space that may compromise the cuff integrity. However, it is not clear if the subacromial space width is genetically determined or if it changes according to loading conditions. To clarify this unresolved question, we performed an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) study with the aim of evaluating the acromiohumeral distance in a group of elderly monozygotic and dizygotic twins, and we analyzed the obtained data using the twin design to separate the contributions of shared and unique environments. METHODS: We identified twenty-nine pairs of elderly twins. On MRI scans, we evaluated the acromiohumeral distance and health status of the rotator cuff tendons. Heritability, defined as the proportion of total variance of a specific characteristic in a particular population due to a genetic cause, was estimated as twice the difference between the intraclass correlation coefficients for monozygotic and dizygotic pairs. The influence of shared environment, due to environmental factors that contribute to twin and sibling similarity, was calculated as the difference between the monozygotic correlation coefficient and the heritability index. One-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) was used to estimate the differences among job categories, both in the total cohort and within zygosity groups. RESULTS: The intraclass correlation coefficient was substantially higher for monozygotic than for dizygotic twins, indicating a high degree of concordance of the acromiohumeral distance in pairs of individuals who shared 100% of their genes. The heritability index was 0.82, and shared and unique environmental contributions were both 0.09. There were no significant differences among subjects in different job categories, either in the total cohort (p = 0.685) or within the monozygotic (p = 0.719) and dizygotic groups (p = 0.957). CONCLUSIONS: The acromiohumeral distance is mainly genetically determined and only marginally influenced by external factors.

Quality of life and hormones after sex reassignment surgery.

BACKGROUND: Transpeople often look for sex reassignment surgery (SRS) to improve their quality of life (QoL). The hormonal therapy has many positive effects before and after SRS. There are no studies about correlation between hormonal status and QoL after SRS. AIM: To gather information on QoL, quality of sexual life and body image in transpeople at least 2 years after SRS,to compare these results with a control group and to evaluate the relations between the chosen items and hormonal status. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Data from 60 transsexuals and from 60 healthy matched controls were collected. Testosterone,estradiol, LH and World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-100) self-reported questionnaire were evaluated. Student's t test was applied to compare transsexuals and controls. Multiple regression model was applied to evaluate WHOQOL's chosen items and LH. RESULTS: The QoL and the quality of body image scores intranspeople were not statistically different from the matched control groups' ones. In the sexual life subscale,transwomen's scores were similar to biological women's ones, whereas transmen's scores were statistically lower than biological men's ones (P = 0.003). The quality of sexual life scored statistically lower in transmen than intranswomen (P = 0.048). A significant inverse relationship between LH and body image and between LH and quality of sexual life was found. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights general satisfaction after SRS. In particular, transpeople's QoL turns out to be similar to Italian matched controls. LH resulted inversely correlated to body image and sexual life scores.

Evaluation of image quality, radiation dose and diagnostic performance of dual-energy CT datasets in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

AIM: To evaluate image quality and diagnostic accuracy of different dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) datasets for identification of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), assess the reliability of virtual unenhanced (VU) images in replacing standard unenhanced (SU) images, and quantify effective dose (ED) at different tube voltages. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty cirrhotic patients underwent liver contrast-enhanced DECT. Two blinded observers retrospectively evaluated conventional unenhanced and VU images, 140 kVp/80 kVp/mixed tube potential arterial datasets and conventional portal-venous/late phases in consensus. Final diagnosis was based on pathological proof or imaging criteria. Image quality, ED, sensitivity, and specificity of arterial datasets were calculated. RESULTS: Thirty-eight HCC and 18 benign lesions were detected at 80 kVp, 33 HCC and 22 benign lesions were detected at 140 kVp, and 36 HCC and 20 benign lesions were detected at mixed tube potentials. Final diagnosis confirmed 37 HCC and 20 benign lesions. There was no significant difference in diagnostic confidence between 80 kVp, 140 kVp, and mixed tube potential arterial datasets (p>0.05). Image quality was adequate for all datasets, with increased quality at higher tube potential (80 versus 140 kVp, p=0.001; mixed versus 140 kVp, p=0.001; 80 kVp versus mixed, p=0.0024). Significant ED reduction was observed between 140 and 80 kVp datasets (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The 140 kVp dataset provided higher image quality. The 80 kVp images were more sensitive in detecting HCC. VU images are adequate in replacing SU images. The ED of the 80 kVp dataset was significantly lower.

Vulvar melanoma: a 33 years single Italian center experience.

AIM: Vulvar melanoma is a rare disease with a poor prognosis. The purpose of this study was to report our experience on vulvar melanoma. METHODS: This is a retrospective study on patients with primary melanoma of the vulva admitted to our hospital during the last 33 years. Clinical characteristics, surgical therapy and follow-up are reported. Patients were classified following the 2009 edition of the melanoma staging system. RESULTS: The predominant symptom was pain; five patients reported ulceration and one patient presented bleeding from the vulvar lesions. The average age at diagnosis was 61.4 years. Surgical treatment was performed: radical vulvectomy in five cases, emivulvectomy in three cases, large regional excision in one case. Average time to follow-up was 50.2 months. In four cases (44.4%), regional recurrence occurred and the patients died as a result of the tumor; one patient died of other causes; four patients were still alive at the time of the study. CONCLUSION: Current treatment protocols have moved towards less aggressive treatment in view of the current available evidence. Sentinel lymph node biopsy and adjuvant therapy are still under debate. Our study confirms the overall poor prognosis for vulvar melanoma.

Diagnostic accuracy and interobserver agreement of Quasistatic Ultrasound Elastography in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules.

PURPOSE: To assess the best technique and the diagnostic accuracy of Quasistatic Ultrasound Elastography (QUE) in thyroid nodules. Interobserver agreement was also evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A preliminary study of 50 patients with 54 thyroid nodules was performed with quantitative software in order to define the best cut-off value of different imaging methods. All patients underwent total thyroidectomy and histopathology findings served as the standard of reference. Thereafter, 154 nodules in 137 consecutive patients were prospectively evaluated by three operators. Findings at fine-needle aspiration cytology and histopathology (N = 60) served as the standard of reference. RESULTS: The most accurate technique was the axial peri-intranodular measurement method which achieved an area under the ROC curve of 0.961 (95 %CI 0.848 - 1.00) and had an optimal cut-off value of 3.00. QUE in the differentiation of thyroid nodules showed for operator 1: sensitivity 90 % (95 %CI 73.5 - 97.9 %), specificity 92.7 % (95 %CI 86.7 - 96.6 %), LR+ 12.40 (6.54 - 23.50), LR- 0.11 (0.04 - 0.32) and accuracy 91.4 % (95 %CI 85.4 - 97.3 %); for operator 2: sensitivity 86.7 % (95 %CI 69.3 - 96.2 %), specificity 87.1 % (95 %CI 79.9 - 92.4 %), LR+ 6.72 (4.16 - 10.80), LR- 0.15 (0.06 - 0.38) and accuracy 86.9 % (95 %CI 80.0 - 93.7 %); for operator 3: sensitivity 80 % (95 %CI 61.4 - 92.3 %), specificity 83.9 % (95 %CI 76.2 - 89.9 %), LR+ 4.96 (3.20 - 7.70), LR- 0.24 (0.12 - 0.49) and accuracy 81.9 % (95 %CI 74.0 - 89.9 %). Interobserver agreement values between operator 1 and operator 2 (k = 0.79) (p < 0.05, 95 %CI 0.684 - 0.904), between operator 1 and operator 3 (k = 0.73, 95 %CI: 0.607 - 0.854) and between operator 2 and operator 3 (k = 0.71, 95 %CI: 0.584 - 0.835) were significant. CONCLUSION: QUE provides accurate quantitative evaluation of thyroid nodules with low interobserver variability.

Cementing proteins provide extra mechanical stabilization to viral cages.

The study of virus shell stability is key not only for gaining insights into viral biological cycles but also for using viral capsids in materials science. The strength of viral particles depends profoundly on their structural changes occurring during maturation, whose final step often requires the specific binding of 'decoration' proteins (such as gpD in bacteriophage lambda) to the viral shell. Here we characterize the mechanical stability of gpD-free and gpD-decorated bacteriophage lambda capsids. The incorporation of gpD into the lambda shell imparts a major mechanical reinforcement that resists punctual deformations. We further interrogate lambda particle stability with molecular fatigue experiments that resemble the sub-lethal Brownian collisions of virus shells with macromolecules in crowded environments. Decorated particles are especially robust against collisions of a few kBT (where kB is the Boltzmann's constant and T is the temperature ~300 K), which approximate those anticipated from molecular insults in the environment.