RESUMO
It is known that the perception of bitterness is mediated by type 2 bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs). However, recent reports have suggested that the carbonic anhydrase 6 (CA6) gene may also influence bitterness sensing. Genetic variants in these genes could influence dietary intake of brassica vegetables, whose increased consumption has been observed in the literature, though inconsistently, to decrease breast cancer (BC) risk. We hypothesized that the estimated odds ratios (ORs) for the association between BC and taster diplotype (PAV/PAV) and/or genotype A/A, will be in the direction of increased BC risk, potentially due to reduced consumption of brassica vegetables. Using a case-control study of BC in Polish women in Poland (210 cases and 262 controls) and Polish immigrant women to USA (78 cases and 170 controls) we evaluated the association of the taster diplotypes in TAS2R38 gene and genotypes in the CA6 gene and BC risk in these two populations individually and jointly. No significant increase in risk was observed for the TAS2R38 PAV/PAV diplotype (tasters) in each population individually or in the joint population. For the CA6 gene, in the joint population, we observed an increased BC risk for the combined G/A and G/G genotypes (non-tasters) vs A/A (tasters), OR = 1.41 (95% CI 1.04-1.90, p = 0.026) which after adjustment for False Discovery Rate (FDR), was not significant at p≤0.05 level. However, for the joint population and for the combined genotype of the two genes AVI/AVI+G* (non-tasters) vs. PAV/*+A/A (tasters), we observed a significant increase in BC risk, OR = 1.77 (95%CI 1.47-2.74, p = 0.01), for the non-tasters, which remained significant after FDR adjustment. In conclusion for the joint population and the joint effect for the two bitter sensing genes, we observed an increase in BC risk for the bitterness non-tasters, association which is in the opposite direction to our original hypothesis.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Anidrases Carbônicas , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G , Humanos , Feminino , Polônia/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/genética , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Anidrases Carbônicas/genética , Adulto , Emigrantes e Imigrantes , Paladar/genética , Fatores de Risco , Idoso , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , GenótipoRESUMO
The purpose of this study was an assessment average daily intake of calcium and phosphorus by prepubertal adolescents (aged 11 and 12) during monitoring their diets in last 10 years. In 1989-1999 years, it was investigated 767 randomly selected girls and 817 boys, aged 11 and 12 in Warsaw. Information on dietary intake was obtained by 24-hour recall method, always spring, having representation of weekdays and weekends. Among environmental factors, nutrition, and particularly calcium intake is assumed to influence whether the genetically determined maximal peak bone mass is reached. However, near half of examined prepubertal adolescents have intake less than 600 mg calcium per day. It was also observed low calcium to phosphorus ratio in diets and stated Ca:P < 0.25 among 10% diet in different groups of girls and boys. Consequently, due to consider the activity educational efforts directed to prepubertal adolescent with reference to means realization of calcium RDA in daily diet through increase milk and dairy products consumption.