Clinical outcome and prognosis of dogs with histopathological features consistent with epitheliotropic lymphoma: a retrospective study of 148 cases (2003-2015).

BACKGROUND: Limited information is available regarding the treatment and outcome of dogs with epitheliotropic lymphoma. The disease typically has a poor prognosis. OBJECTIVES: To characterize the clinical signs, identify prognostic factors and evaluate the treatment outcome of dogs with epitheliotropic lymphoma. METHODS: A retrospective review of medical records from 2003 to 2015. Treatment details, tumour response and survival time were recorded for 148 dogs. Potential prognostic factors were evaluated for their statistical effect on median survival time. RESULTS: The overall median survival time for dogs was 264 days (cutaneous: 130 days; mucocutaneous/mucosal: 491 days). On multivariate analysis, a shorter median survival time was associated with the cutaneous form (P < 0.001) and the presence of multiple lesions (P < 0.001). Among 80 dogs with cutaneous lesions, chemotherapy treatment (P < 0.001) and having a solitary lesion (P < 0.001) were associated with longer median survival. In 72 dogs with multiple cutaneous lesions, chemotherapy intervention (P < 0.001), retinoid treatment (P = 0.001) and complete remission (P = 0.001) were associated with longer median survival. In 68 dogs with mucocutaneous/mucosal lesions, decreasing age (P = 0.020) and a solitary lesion (P = 0.015) were associated with longer median survival. CONCLUSION: Canine epitheliotropic lymphoma may be divided into cutaneous and mucocutaneous/mucosal forms. Solitary lesions have a better prognosis. Dogs with multiple lesions appear to benefit from chemotherapy and retinoid treatment, with those attaining complete remission having longer survival times. Multi-agent chemotherapy could be considered in dogs with cutaneous lesions that fail to respond to single-agent chemotherapy.

Incidence of sterile hemorrhagic cystitis in tumor-bearing dogs concurrently treated with oral metronomic cyclophosphamide chemotherapy and furosemide: 55 cases (2009-2015).

OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of sterile hemorrhagic cystitis (SHC) in tumor-bearing dogs concurrently treated with oral metronomic cyclophosphamide chemotherapy and furosemide. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 55 dogs. PROCEDURES Record databases of 2 specialty practices were searched to identify dogs treated with oral metronomic cyclophosphamide chemotherapy in conjunction with furosemide for a minimum of 28 days between January 2009 and December 2015. Information extracted from the records included signalment, tumor diagnosis, cyclophosphamide and furosemide dosages, and concurrent medications. Confirmed SHC was defined as the presence of gross or microscopic hematuria and clinical signs associated with lower urinary tract disease in the absence of infection or neoplasia of the urinary tract; the definition for suspected SHC was the same, except the absence of infection or neoplasia of the urinary tract was not confirmed. RESULTS Cyclophosphamide dosage varied from 6.5 to 18.6 mg/m2 once daily to 6.3 to 49.2 mg/m2 every other day. Median duration of cyclophosphamide administration was 272 days (range, 28 to 1,393 days). Median cumulative dose of cyclophosphamide administered was 2,898 mg/m2 (range, 224 to 14,725 mg/m2). Median furosemide dose was 1.4 mg/kg (0.64 mg/lb). Confirmed or suspected SHC was identified in 2 of 55 (3.6%) dogs. Cyclophosphamide administration was discontinued for the dog with confirmed SHC but not the dog with suspected SHC. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that oral administration of furosemide in conjunction with oral metronomic cyclophosphamide chemotherapy was associated with a low incidence of SHC, which suggested that furosemide may protect against cyclophosphamide-induced SHC.

Primary nodal hemangiosarcoma in four dogs.

CASE DESCRIPTION 4 dogs with a slow-growing mass in the cervical region were evaluated. CLINICAL FINDINGS All dogs had no clinical signs at the time of the evaluation. There was no apparent evidence of visceral metastases or other primary tumor based on available CT or MRI data for any dog. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME For each dog, surgery to remove the mass was performed. Histologic examination of the excised tissue revealed a completely excised grade 1 or 2 lymph node hemangiosarcoma. All dogs received adjuvant chemotherapy; 2 dogs underwent curative intent chemotherapy, 1 dog underwent metronomic treatment with cyclophosphamide, and 1 dog underwent metronomic treatment with chlorambucil. The survival time was 259 days in 1 dog; 3 dogs were still alive 615, 399, and 365 days after surgery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Primary nodal hemangiosarcoma in dogs is a rare and, to the authors' knowledge, previously undescribed disease that appears to develop in the cervical lymph nodes as a slow-growing mass or masses. Surgical excision and adjunct treatment resulted in long survival times for 3 of the 4 dogs of the present report. Given the aggressive biologic behavior of hemangiosarcomas in other body locations, adjunct chemotherapy should be considered for affected dogs, although its role in the cases described in this report was unclear. Additional clinical information is required to further characterize the biologic behavior of this tumor type and determine the expected survival times and associated risk factors in dogs.

Canine Osteosarcoma Treated by Post-Amputation Sequential Accelerated Doxorubicin and Carboplatin Chemotherapy: 38 Cases.

Canine appendicular osteosarcoma is an important clinical problem in veterinary medicine. Current standard therapy includes amputation followed by chemotherapy, which improves outcomes; however the percentage of long-term survival is still relatively low at 15-20%. Established prognostic factors include serum alkaline phosphatase level, histologic grade, and lymphocyte and monocyte counts. We used a protocol with shorter inter-treatment intervals than standard, but which we expected to still be well-tolerated, based on drugs known to be active agents, with the aim of improving outcomes by increasing dose intensity. Thirty-eight dogs with confirmed appendicular osteosarcoma and no pulmonary metastases that underwent amputation followed by this chemotherapy protocol were retrospectively evaluated. The median survival time was 317 days and 1- and 2-yr survival percentages were 43.2% and 13.9%, respectively. Toxicity was comparable to that seen with other standard dose protocols, with 5.2% of dogs hospitalized for complications that resolved with supportive care and no chemotherapy-related mortality. Serum alkaline phosphatase level (normal or high) (p = 0.004) and whether or not chemotherapy was completed (p = 0.001) were found to significantly impact survival time on multivariate analysis. Outcomes were similar to those reported with most other published chemotherapy protocols for dogs with this disease.