RESUMO
Transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) signaling is an important pathway for promoting the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, including cancer. The roles of TGF-ß signaling are heterogeneous and versatile in cancer development and progression, both anticancer and protumoral actions are reported. Interestingly, increasing evidence suggests that TGF-ß enhances disease progression and drug resistance via immune-modulatory actions in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of solid tumors. A better understanding of its regulatory mechanisms in the TME at the molecular level can facilitate the development of precision medicine to block the protumoral actions of TGF-ß in the TME. Here, the latest information about the regulatory mechanisms and translational research of TGF-ß signaling in the TME for therapeutic development had been summarized.