Twenty-four-week oral dosing toxicities of Herba Siegesbeckiae in rats.

BACKGROUND: Herba Siegesbeckiae (HS), the dried aerial parts of Siegesbeckia orientalis L., S. pubescens Makino, or S. glabrescens Makino, is traditionally used for treating chronic diseases in China. However, there is no information about the chronic toxicity of HS. The objective of this study is to evaluate the 24-week oral dosing toxicities of HS aqueous extract (HSE) in rats. METHODS: S. orientalis-originated HS was reflux-extracted with distilled water. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups, with 10 males and 10 females in each group. The rats were intragastrically administered with HSE at 5, 1.67 and 0.56 g/kg (experimental groups) or an equal volume of distilled water (control group), 6 days a week, for 24 weeks. The high dose of HSE (5 g/kg) was its maximum tolerated dose. Body weight was recorded every 2 days during the experimental period. Chemical, hematological and histopathological parameters, as well as organ weights, were measured at the end of the experiment. RESULTS: Decreased body weight gain; increased liver and lung relative weights; histopathological alterations in liver and lung tissues; elevated serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase were found after HSE treatments. In liver tissues, HSE treatment upregulated levels of three pro-inflammatory cytokines: IL-6, IL-1ß and TNF-α. In lung tissues, HSE treatment caused oxidative stress and activated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). CONCLUSION: Long-term oral administration of HSE caused toxicities in rats evidenced by decreased body weight gain, as well as liver and lung damage. Treatment-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and MAPK activation are involved in HSE's toxicities. Caution should be taken when using HS to treat chronic diseases.

A patent herbal drug Yi-Shen-Hua-Shi granule ameliorates C-BSA-induced chronic glomerulonephritis and inhabits TGFß signaling in rats.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE: Yi-Shen-Hua-Shi (YSHS) granule is a modern Chinese patent drug for treating chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN). It is derived from a traditional Chinese medicine formula Sheng-Yang-Yi-Wei decoction that is used to treat CGN in ancient China. Pharmacological activities of YSHS granule have not been reported. In this work, we investigated the anti-CGN effects and TGFß signaling-related mechanism of action of this herbal drug. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The rat model of CGN was established by injection of cationization-bovine serum albumin (C-BSA) for five weeks. After finishing C-BSA injection, drugs were intragastrically administered to the rats once daily for four weeks. Clinical signs were recorded daily. Serum and urine biochemical parameters were analyzed by respective kits. Protein levels were examined by Western blotting. Pathological changes of renal tissues were evaluated by HE and Masson's trichrome staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences in clinical signs and body weights were found among normal, model and drug treatment groups. Proteinuria; albuminuria; increased urine volume; elevated urea nitrogen, creatinine, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in sera; decreased serum total protein and albumin; as well as renal pathological damage and fibrosis were observed in CGN model rats. YSHS granule ameliorated all the abnormal behavioral and biochemical changes in the model rats. Mechanical investigations showed that YSHS granule down-regulated proteins levels of TGFß1, phospho-Smad2/3 (Thr 8) and Smad4 in rat renal tissues. In conclusion, YSHS granule demonstrates therapeutic effects in a rat model of CGN, and inhibition of the TGFß/Smad signaling pathway is involved in the mechanism of action of the granule. This study provides a pharmacological basis for the use of modern YSHS granule and ancient Sheng-Yang-Yi-Wei decoction in treating CGN.

A TCM formula comprising Sophorae Flos and Lonicerae Japonicae Flos alters compositions of immune cells and molecules of the STAT3 pathway in melanoma microenvironment.

A traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula (SL) comprising Sophorae Flos and Lonicerae Japonicae Flos was used for treating melanoma in ancient China. We have previously shown that an ethanolic extract of SL (SLE) possesses anti-melanoma effects and suppresses STAT3 signaling in vitro and in vivo. STAT3 has been linked to the development of melanoma immunosuppressive microenvironment. In this work, we investigated whether SLE inhibits melanoma growth by reprogramming the tumor microenvironment in mouse and co-culture cell models. In B16F10 melanoma-bearing mice, we found that intragastric administration of SLE (1.2 g/kg) dramatically inhibited tumor growth. This observation was associated with the downregulation of protein levels of phospho-STAT3 (Tyr 705) and STAT3-regulated immunosuppressive cytokines, and mRNA levels of STAT3-targeted genes involved in tumor growth and immune evasion. We also observed increased Th, Tc and dendritic cells in the melanomas and spleens in SLE-treated mice compared to that in control mice. In a co-culture system composed of B16F10 cells and mouse primary splenic lymphocytes, it was found that SLE not only inhibited STAT3 activation in B16F10 cells, but also downregulated mRNA levels of STAT3-targeted genes in the splenic lymphocytes. In this co-culture setting, SLE decreased the levels of STAT3-regulated immunosuppressive cytokines, increased the percentages of Th, Tc and dendritic cells as well. Furthermore, effects of SLE on STAT3 phosphorylation, cytokine levels and immune cell subtype percentages were significantly weaker in the B16STAT3C cells (stable cells harboring a constitutively active STAT3 variant STAT3C)/splenic lymphocytes co-culture system than in the B16V cells (cells stably transfected with the empty vector)/splenic lymphocytes co-culture system, indicating that STAT3 over-activation diminishes SLE's effects. In summary, our findings indicate that reprograming the immune microenvironment, partially mediated by inhibiting STAT3 signaling, contributes to the anti-melanoma mechanisms of SLE. This study provides further pharmacological groundwork for developing SLE as a modern agent for melanoma prevention/treatment, and supports the notion that reprograming immunosuppressive microenvironment is a viable anti-melanoma strategy.

Comparison of the chemical profiles and inflammatory mediator-inhibitory effects of three Siegesbeckia herbs used as Herba Siegesbeckiae (Xixiancao).

BACKGROUND: Herba Siegesbeckiae (HS, Xixiancao in Chinese) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicinal herb for soothing joints. In ancient materia medica books, HS is recorded to be the aerial part of Siegesbeckia pubescens Makino (SP) which is also the only origin of HS in the 1963 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopeia (ChP). The aerial parts of Siegesbeckia orientalis L. (SO) and Siegesbeckia glabrescens Makino (SG) have been included as two additional origins for HS in each edition of ChP since 1977. However, chemical and pharmacological comparisons among these three species have not been conducted. METHODS: An HPLC with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) method combined with similarity analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) was developed for comparing the fingerprint chromatograms of the three species. The inhibitory effects of the three species on NO production and IL-6 secretion in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages were compared. RESULTS: Fingerprint chromatograms of the three species showed different profiles, but had 13 common peaks. Results from HCA and PCA of the common peaks demonstrated that all 14 herbal samples of the three species tended to be grouped and separated species dependently. The extents of inhibition on NO production and IL-6 secretion of the three species were different, with SG being the most and SP the least potent. CONCLUSIONS: Both chemical profiles and inflammatory mediator-inhibitory effects of the three species were different. These findings provide a chemical and pharmacological basis for determining whether the three species can all serve as the origins of HS.