Investigation of relationships between metabolic chemical reporter structures and S-glyco-modification effects.

The approach of metabolic chemical reporters (MCRs) for labeling proteins has been widely used in the past several decades. Nevertheless, artificial side reaction generated with fully protected MCRs, termed S-glyco-modification, occurs with cysteine residues through base-promoted ß-elimination and Michael addition, leading to false positives in the proteomic identification. Therefore, next generation of MCRs, including partially protected strategy and modifications on the backbone of monosaccharides, have emerged to improve the labeling efficiency. In this paper, we prepared fifteen kinds of unnatural monosaccharides to investigate the relationships of structures and S-glyco-modification labeling. Our results demonstrated that Ac4GlcNAz and Ac4GalNAz exhibited the most remarkable labeling effects among the detected compounds. Of note, Ac4ManNAz, Ac46AzGlucose and Ac46AzGalactose containing similar structures but did not show similar robust signals as them. Moreover, other modifications on the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 6-site indicated minimal side reactions of S-glyco-modification, raising a possibility that subtle modifications of monosaccharide substrate may alter its role in the process of biosynthesis, for example, by change of electronegativity or enhancement of steric hindrance effects. In conclusion, our discoveries provide a new avenue to choose appropriate probe for selective label proteins in vitro and in vivo without undesired S-glyco-modification.

Longer fatty acid-protected GalNAz enables efficient labeling of proteins in living cells with minimized S-glyco modification.

Metabolic glycoengineering provides a powerful tool to label proteins with chemical tags for cell imaging and protein enrichment. The structures of per-O-acetylation on unnatural sugars facilitate membrane permeability and increase cellular uptake and are widely used for metabolic glycan labeling. However, unexpected S-glyco modification was discovered via a non-enzymatic reaction with protein cysteines, which was initially conducted with the hydrolysis of anomeric acetate by esterase. Herein, we synthesized a series of GalNAz derivatives that were protected with various lengths of short-chain fatty acid, including acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate and pivalate, to detect differences in labeling efficiencies and occurrence of S-glyco modification. Our results demonstrate that all the GalNAz derivatives could effectively label proteins in HeLa cells, except the pivalate group. Of note, But4GalNAz exhibited excellent labeling abilities compared with Ac4GalNAz from the results for western blot, flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Moreover, the results for the S-glyco-modification assay by western blot and chemoproteomic analysis indicated that But4GalNAz generated negligible unexpected labeling signals compared to Ac4GalNAz. Our study uncovers the distinct labeling efficiency of different protected groups on unnatural sugars, which provides an alternative strategy to explore novel glycan probes.