NIPAH Virus Encephalitis: Unveiling the Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Clinical Outcomes - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective: This study assessed Nipah virus (NiV) encephalitis epidemiology, clinical outcomes, and risk variables to inform treatment and prevention. Methodology: In a PubMed systematic search, 929 citations were found. After screening and eligibility, 22 studies were included. This study obtained age, gender, geographic regions, diagnostic methods, data collection methods, and bias risk. The case fatality rate (CFR) and NiV infection risk variables were evaluated by meta-analysis. Results: Southeast Asia, especially Bangladesh and Malaysia, had the most NiV cases. The major diagnostic method was blood and cerebrospinal fluid IgM and IgG antibody tests, and males predominated. Proxy respondents and matched controls were utilized for risk factor analyses when patients could not answer. The pooled CFR for NiV encephalitis was 61.0%, indicating severity. Risk factors included pigs, nighttime bats near homes, tree climbing, and male gender. Conclusion: Southeast Asian public health is plagued by NiV encephalitis. The high CFR calls for better diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. NiV's multiple risk factors must be understood for targeted therapy. Future research should fill knowledge gaps and improve NiV infection prevention.

Happiness among second year MBBS students and its correlates using Oxford Happiness Questionnaire.

OBJECTIVES: Inner happiness and the ability to fully receive joy is the utmost necessity to be healthy, to mature in professional life and eventually serving the mankind. Medical students are less ecstatic compared to other students in university because of concrete inculcation and work conditions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate happiness among medical students& its correlates. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY: The study was conducted among 115 medical students of MBBS (2nd year) of Subharti Medical College, Meerut. The information was gathered by using the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire which was distributed among the MBBS second year students present during the study at Subharti Medical College, Meerut. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used for the analysis. RESULTS: The happiness distribution in regards to baseline characteristic showed that 60.8% of the selected medical students were in happy group. It was found that male students (51.4%) were happier than females (48.6%). It was seen that 85.7% of medical students who were happy, had never consumed drugs and this association was found to be statistically significant. It was observed that comparatively younger siblings were happier. Those who believed in higher power or universal consciousness were found to be more contented and happier. CONCLUSION: Overall the medical students were found to be happy. To make a conducive environment for internal happiness, a belief in superpower was very helpful. All kind of drugs (alcohol and tobacco) should be discouraged as these may cause a temporary feeling of elation but not internal happiness.

Wound Healing in Dental Implant Surgery in Patients with or without Antibiotic Prophylaxis.

AIM: To assess the association of various clinical parameters and proinflammatory cytokines in the wound-healing process of dental implants with the presence or absence of antibiotic prophylaxis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study included evaluation of early wound-healing process in patients undergoing dental implant placement procedures with and without antibiotic prophylaxis. A total of 50 patients with partial edentulous arch were included in the present study. All the subjects were broadly divided into two study groups depending upon the presence or absence of prophylactic antibiotic therapy, with 25 patients in each group. One group consisted of subjects who were given prophylactic amoxicillin (2 gm), 1 hour before the starting of the surgery, followed by 500 mg 3 times a day for 1 week. Detection of interleukin (IL)-1ß and -8 cytokine levels in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF)/peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) was done immediately after the dental surgery. All the results were compiled and analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 17.0. RESULTS: A significant increase in the PICF IL-1ß concentration at postoperative follow-up time was observed in the antibiotic group in comparison with the baseline values. A significant increase in the IL-8 concentration postoperatively in comparison with the baseline values in the antibiotic group was also observed. At the time of surgery, the IL-8 concentrations were statistically lower in the antibiotic group in comparison with the other study group. Concentration of amoxicillin, as observed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), was lower than the minimum detection levels. CONCLUSION: Detection of amoxicillin is not feasible within the GCF samples immediately after dental surgery procedure. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Clinical usefulness of prophylactic use of amoxicillin is still doubtful.

Assessment of Lingual Concavities in Submandibular Fossa Region in Patients requiring Dental Implants-A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study.

AIM: The present study was aimed at assessing the lingual concavities in the submandibular fossa region in patients requiring dental implants with the help of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study included 140 patients who visited the department with the missing mandibular posterior teeth. CBCT images were obtained using planmeca machine. Cross sections of 1 mm of submandibular fossa in the region of 1st and 2nd molar were studied and Type I to III lingual concavities were analyzed by a radiologist. RESULTS: Type I lingual concavity (< 2 mm) was seen in 23%, type II (2-3 mm) in 62% and Type III (> 3 mm) in 15% of patients. The difference was significant (p < 0.05). Males had slightly higher mean ± S.D value at 1st molar (2.6 mm ± 0.94) and 2nd molar (2.8 mm ± 0.90) on the left side and (2.7 mm ± 0.92) at 1st molar and (2.9 mm ± 0.93) at 2nd molar on the right side. The difference was nonsignificant (p > 0.05). Females had mean ± S.D value at 1st molar (2.3 mm ± 0.90) and (2.5 mm ± 0.92) at 2nd molar on the left side and (2.4 mm ± 0.91) at 1st molar and (2.8 mm ± 0.93) at 2nd molar. The difference was nonsignificant (p > 0.05. The difference between both genders was statistically nonsignificant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Type I bone is the best for placing an implant. The chances of complications are more in type II and III bone. CBCT provides necessary information before planning implant in the edentulous area. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is the best radiographic aid which is effective in delineating different types of bone in the mandibular posterior region.