Cigarette Smoking and Risk of Hospitalization With Acute Kidney Injury: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Smoking is a modifiable risk factor for various adverse events. However, little is known about the association of smoking with the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in the general population. This study investigated the association of cigarette smoking with the risk of AKI. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 14,571 participants (mean age 55±6 years, 55% women, and 25% Black participants) from the ARIC study visit 1 (1987-1989) followed through December 31, 2019. EXPOSURE: Smoking parameters (status, duration, pack-years, intensity, and years since cessation). OUTCOME: Incident hospitalization with AKI, defined by a hospital discharge with a diagnostic code relevant to AKI. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Multivariable Cox regression models. RESULTS: Over a median follow-up period of 26.3 years, 2,984 participants had an incident hospitalization with AKI. Current and former smokers had a significantly higher risk of AKI compared to never smokers after adjusting for potential confounders (HR, 2.22 [95% CI, 2.02-2.45] and 1.12 [1.02-1.23], respectively). A dose-response association was consistently seen for each of smoking duration, pack-years, and intensity with AKI (eg, HR, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.16-1.22] per 10 years of smoking). When years since cessation were considered as a time-varying exposure, the risk of AKI associated with smoking compared with current smokers began to decrease after 10 years, and became similar to never smokers at 30 years (HR for≥30 years, 1.07 [95% CI, 0.97-1.20] vs never smokers). LIMITATIONS: Self-reported smoking measurements and missing outpatient AKI cases. CONCLUSIONS: In a community-based cohort, all smoking parameters were robustly associated with the risk of AKI. Smoking cessation was associated with decreased risk of AKI, although the excess risk lasted up to 30 years. Our study supports the importance of preventing smoking initiation and promoting smoking cessation for the risk of AKI. PLAIN-LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Smoking is a behavior that is associated with many negative health effects. It is not well understood how smoking relates to the occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in the community. In this study, we looked at data from a group of 14,571 adults who were followed for 26 years to see how different aspects of smoking (such as whether someone smoked, how long they smoked for, how many cigarettes they smoked per day, and whether they quit smoking) were related to AKI. We found that smoking was strongly linked to an increased risk of AKI. This risk decreased after 5-10 years of quitting smoking, but the excess risk lasted up to 30 years. This study shows the importance of preventing people from starting smoking and to encourage smokers to quit to reduce their risk of AKI.

Diagnostic Yield of Computed Tomography for Cancer Detection in a Tertiary Referral Population of Idiopathic Inflammatory Myositis Patients.

OBJECTIVE: To inform guidance for cancer detection in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM), we evaluated the diagnostic yield of computed tomography (CT) imaging for cancer screening/surveillance within distinct IIM subtypes and myositis-specific autoantibody strata. METHODS: We conducted a single-center, retrospective cohort study in IIM patients. Overall diagnostic yield (number of cancers diagnosed/number of tests performed), percentage of false positives (number of biopsies performed not leading to cancer diagnosis/number of tests performed), and test characteristics were determined on CT of the chest and abdomen/pelvis. RESULTS: Within the first 3 years since IIM symptom onset, a total of 9 of 1,011 (0.9%) chest CT scans and 12 of 657 (1.8%) abdomen/pelvis CT scans detected cancer. Diagnostic yields for both CT of the chest and CT of the abdomen/pelvis were highest in dermatomyositis, specifically anti-transcription intermediary factor 1γ (2.9% and 2.4% for CT of the chest and abdomen/pelvis, respectively). The highest percentage of false positives was in patients with antisynthetase syndrome (ASyS) (4.4%) and immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (4.4%) on CT of the chest, and ASyS (3.8%) on CT of the abdomen/pelvis. Patients ages <40 years old at IIM onset had both low diagnostic yields (0% and 0.5%) and high false-positive rates (1.9% and 4.4%) for CT of the chest and abdomen/pelvis, respectively. CONCLUSION: In a tertiary referral cohort of IIM patients, CT imaging has a wide range of diagnostic yield and frequency of false positives for contemporaneous cancer. These findings suggest that cancer detection strategies targeted according to IIM subtype, autoantibody positivity, and age may maximize cancer detection while minimizing the harms and costs of over-screening.

Subsets of Idiopathic Inflammatory Myositis Enriched for Contemporaneous Cancer Relative to the General Population.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigates cancer risk in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) relative to the general population. METHODS: We conducted a single-center, retrospective cohort study of IIM patients and malignancy. Myositis-specific and -associated autoantibodies were determined by Euroimmun line blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunoprecipitation. We calculated standardized prevalence ratios (SPRs) and adjusted for calendar year, age, sex, race, and ethnicity by comparing observed cancers in IIM patients versus expected cancers in the general population using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry. RESULTS: Of 1,172 IIM patients, 203 (17%) patients with a cancer history were studied. Over a median follow-up of 5.2 years, the observed number of IIM patients diagnosed with cancer was increased 1.43-fold (SPR 1.43 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.15-1.77]; P = 0.002). Within 3 years of IIM symptom onset, an increased SPR was observed for anti-transcription intermediary factor 1γ (anti-TIF1γ)-positive patients for ovarian and breast cancer (ovarian SPR 18.39 [95% CI 5.01-47.08], P < 0.001; breast SPR 3.84 [95% CI 1.99-6.71], P < 0.001). As expected, anti-TIF1γ positivity was associated with a significantly elevated SPR; however, only 55% (36 of 66) of all cancers within 3 years of dermatomyositis onset were observed in anti-TIF1γ-positive patients. Other myositis-specific autoantibodies, including anti-Mi-2, anti-small ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme (SAE), and anti-nuclear matrix protein 2 (NXP-2), accounted for 26% (17 of 66) of cancers diagnosed within 3 years of dermatomyositis onset. No cancer association, positive or negative, was observed for patients with antisynthetase, anti-melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (anti-MDA-5), or anti-hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (anti-HMGCR) antibodies. CONCLUSION: In a tertiary referral center population, anti-TIF1γ was most strongly associated with breast and ovarian cancer. Patients with antisynthetase, anti-MDA-5, or anti-HMGCR antibodies had the same cancer risk as the general population.

Deep learning on reflectance confocal microscopy improves Raman spectral diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma.

SIGNIFICANCE: Raman spectroscopy (RS) provides an automated approach for assisting Mohs micrographic surgery for skin cancer diagnosis; however, the specificity of RS is limited by the high spectral similarity between tumors and normal tissues structures. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) provides morphological and cytological details by which many features of epidermis and hair follicles can be readily identified. Combining RS with deep-learning-aided RCM has the potential to improve the diagnostic accuracy of RS in an automated fashion, without requiring additional input from the clinician. AIM: The aim of this study is to improve the specificity of RS for detecting basal cell carcinoma (BCC) using an artificial neural network trained on RCM images to identify false positive normal skin structures (hair follicles and epidermis). APPROACH: Our approach was to build a two-step classification model. In the first step, a Raman biophysical model that was used in prior work classified BCC tumors from normal tissue structures with high sensitivity. In the second step, 191 RCM images were collected from the same site as the Raman data and served as inputs for two ResNet50 networks. The networks selected the hair structure and epidermis images, respectively, within all images corresponding to the positive predictions of the Raman biophysical model with high specificity. The specificity of the BCC biophysical model was improved by moving the Raman spectra corresponding to these selected images from false positive to true negative. RESULTS: Deep-learning trained on RCM images removed 52% of false positive predictions from the Raman biophysical model result while maintaining a sensitivity of 100%. The specificity was improved from 84.2% using Raman spectra alone to 92.4% by integrating Raman spectra with RCM images. CONCLUSIONS: Combining RS with deep-learning-aided RCM imaging is a promising tool for guiding tumor resection surgery.

Growth Differentiation Factor 15 and the Subsequent Risk of Atrial Fibrillation: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.

BACKGROUND: Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a stress-responsive biomarker associated with several types of cardiovascular diseases. However, conflicting results have been reported regarding its association with incident atrial fibrillation (AF) in the general population. METHODS: In 10 234 White and Black Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study participants (mean age 60 years, 20.5% Blacks) free of AF at baseline (1993 to 1995), we quantified the association of GDF-15 with incident AF using Cox regression models. GDF-15 concentration was measured by an aptamer-based proteomic method. AF was defined as AF diagnosis by electrocardiogram at subsequent ARIC visits or AF diagnosis in hospitalization records or death certificates. Harrell's c-statistic and categorical net reclassification improvement were computed for risk discrimination and reclassification. RESULTS: There were 2217 cases of incident AF over a median follow-up of 20.6 years (incidence rate 12.3 cases/1000 person-years). After adjusting for potential confounders, GDF-15 was independently associated with incident AF, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.42 (95% CI, 1.24-1.62) for the top vs bottom quartile. The result remained consistent (HR 1.23 [95% CI, 1.07-1.41]) even after further adjusting for 2 cardiac biomarkers, cardiac troponin T and natriuretic peptide. The results were largely consistent across demographic subgroups. The addition of GDF-15 modestly improved the c-statistic by 0.003 (95% CI, 0.001-0.006) beyond known risk factors of AF. CONCLUSIONS: In this community-based biracial cohort, higher concentrations of GDF-15 were independently associated with incident AF, supporting its potential value as a clinical marker of AF risk.

The effectiveness of diet intervention in improving the metabolism of overweight and obese women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Dietary therapy may improve glucose and lipid metabolism function in women. However, there is no systematic review to investigate the association between metabolic effects and different dietary interventions in obese women. The main purpose of this study is to summarize the current literature and investigate whether different dietary interventions have an effect on glucose and metabolic indicators of overweight or obese women. METHODS: We conducted a scoping review of randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies from 1991 to 2022 by adopting a systematic review and meta-analysis. The database includes Google Scholar, PubMed, Embase and Web of Science. Literature screening, data extraction, and quality assessment were independently completed by 2 researchers. Meta-analysis was performed with RevMan. RESULTS: Twelve articles were extracted and the meta-analysis results showed that the mean difference of metabolic indexes of obese women before and after dietary intervention, including fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR (Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance), TG (triglyceride), TC (total cholesterol), LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) are -0.13 [-0.15, -0.10], -2.41 [-3.44, -1.38], -0.13 [-0.15, -0.10], -21.71 [-24.19, -19.22], -21.71 [-24.19, -19.22], -13.29 [-17.86, -8.72], 3.31 [2.22, 4.40], respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Different dietary interventions benefit glucose and lipid metabolism of overweight or obese women. Further study is needed to determine which specific dietary effects have the greatest effect on improving metabolic indicators.

The Relationship of COVID-19 Severity with Cardiovascular Disease and Its Traditional Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Whether cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its traditional risk factors predict severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is uncertain, in part, because of potential confounding by age and sex. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of studies that explored pre-existing CVD and its traditional risk factors as risk factors of severe COVID-19 (defined as death, acute respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical ventilation, or intensive care unit admission). We searched PubMed and Embase for papers in English with original data (≥10 cases of severe COVID-19). Using random-effects models, we pooled relative risk (RR) estimates and conducted meta-regression analyses. RESULTS: Of the 661 publications identified in our search, 25 papers met our inclusion criteria, with 76,638 COVID-19 patients including 11,766 severe cases. Older age was consistently associated with severe COVID-19 in all eight eligible studies, with RR >~5 in >60-65 versus <50 years. Three studies showed no change in the RR of age after adjusting for covariate(s). In univariate analyses, factors robustly associated with severe COVID-19 were male sex (10 studies; pooled RR = 1.73, [95% CI 1.50-2.01]), hypertension (8 studies; 2.87 [2.09-3.93]), diabetes (9 studies; 3.20 [2.26-4.53]), and CVD (10 studies; 4.97 [3.76-6.58]). RR for male sex was likely to be independent of age. For the other three factors, meta-regression analyses suggested confounding by age. Only four studies reported multivariable analysis, but most of them showed adjusted RR ~2 for hypertension, diabetes, and CVD. No study explored renin-angiotensin system inhibitors as a risk factor for severe COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the potential for confounding, these results suggest that hypertension, diabetes, and CVD are independently associated with severe COVID-19 and, together with age and male sex, can be informative for predicting the risk of severe COVID-19.

Uterine endosalpingiosis: Case report and review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: Endosalpingiosis rarely occurs in the uterus. We report a case and review literature to explore its current clinical diagnosis and treatment. CASE REPORT: A 31-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital for suspected uterine leiomyoma with cystic degeneration based on ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging and surgical treatment. Laparoscopy revealed a large cystic mass protruding from the posterior uterine wall. The mass was resected, and a histologic examination showed that the cyst wall was lined with benign fallopian tube-type ciliated epithelium surrounded by normal myometrium, consistent with the diagnosis of endosalpingiosis of the uterus (also known as a Müllerian cyst). Currently, there are 18 cases (including ours) in the literature. Of these, two had a uterine malignancy, one endometrioid endometrial carcinoma, and another cervical adenocarcinoma. The age at diagnosis varied from 31 to 73, with a mean of 47 ± 8. The typical clinical manifestations were a palpable low abdominal mass, abnormal menstrual bleeding, and pelvic pain. Overall, 75% (12 of 16) of patients underwent a total hysterectomy, while 62.5% (10 in 16) had a concomitant bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for nonmalignancy. No recurrence was reported. CONCLUSION: We describe the youngest patient with tumor-like uterine endosalpingiosis. The preoperative diagnosis is challenging because of its rarity. Most patients had a hysterectomy with castration, which may have resulted in overtreatment. Awareness of this lesion is necessary for the differential diagnosis of uterine and adnexal tumors. Review of relevant literature has shown a relationship between endosalpingiosis progression and cancer development, indicating an uncertain and complicated pathology.

Fluorescence guided photothermal/photodynamic ablation of tumours using pH-responsive chlorin e6-conjugated gold nanorods.

Photothermal/photodynamic therapies (PTT/PDT) have been widely accepted as non-invasive therapeutic modalities to erase tumours. However, both therapies face the problem of precisely locating tumours and reducing their side effects. Herein, chlorin e6 conjugated gold nanorod, (Ce6-PEG-AuNR), a type of gold nanorod-photosensitizer conjugate, is designed as a kind of nano-therapeutic agent to simultaneously realize combined PTT/PDT. Compared to free Ce6, the fluorescence of Ce6 adhered to the conjugate is effectively quenched by the longitudinal surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of in the Ce6-PEG-AuNR. However, the specific fluorescence of Ce6 can be recovered in tumour tissue when Ce6 is separated from the conjugate owing to the cleavage of hydrazone bond between Ce6 and PEG caused by intracellular acidic conditions in tumour tissue. Based on this effect, we can precisely locate tumours and further kill cancer cells by combined PTT/PDT. In addition, the combined therapy (PTT/PDT) function is more efficient in cancer treatment than that of PTT or PDT alone. Therefore, Ce6-PEG-AuNR can serve as a promising dual-modal phototherapeutic agent as well as a tumour-sensitive fluorescent probe to diagnose and treat cancer.

Hypotoxic and Rapidly Metabolic PEG-PCL-C3-ICG Nanoparticles for Fluorescence-Guided Photothermal/Photodynamic Therapy against OSCC.

The development of agents for noninvasive photothermal/photodynamic therapies (PTT/PDT) against cancer remains challenging because most PTT agents cause side effects on normal tissues due to their high cytotoxicity and slow metabolism rate. We successfully synthesized an organic compound (C3), encapsulated in PEG-PCL with indocyanine green (ICG), to form hybrid nanoparticles (PEG-PCL-C3-ICG NPs) for use as a new PPT/PDT agent to treat cancer with a single irradiation. Compared with conventional PPT agents, such as Au nanorods, C3 showed better photothermal conversion stability, lower cytotoxicity and a faster metabolic rate, ensuring promising PTT efficacy in eliminating tumors during in vivo application, while ICG was used as a PDT agent. With 808 nm laser irradiation at tumor sites, the PEG-PCL-C3-ICG NPs were able to simultaneously produce hyperthermia through C3 and produce reactive oxygen species as well as a fluorescence-guided effect through ICG to kill oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. The combination of these hypotoxic and metabolic hybrid nanoparticles with radiation therapy has potential for the future treatment of OSCC.

Pretreatment platelet count improves the prognostic performance of the TNM staging system and aids in planning therapeutic regimens for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a single-institutional study of 2,626 patients.

INTRODUCTION: Thrombocytosis has been identified as an unfavorable prognostic factor in several types of cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of pretreatment platelet count in association with the TNM staging system and therapeutic regimens in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). METHODS: A total of 2,626 patients with NPC were retrospectively analyzed. Platelet count >300 × 10(9)/L was defined as thrombocytosis. Matched-pair analysis was performed between patients receiving chemoradiotherapy and radiotherapy. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis showed that platelet count was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for overall survival (OS) [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.810, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.531-2.140, P < 0.001] and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) (HR = 1.873, 95% CI = 1.475-2.379, P < 0.001) in the entire patient cohort. Further subgroup analysis revealed that increased platelet count was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for OS and DMFS in patients with NPC stratified by early and advanced T category, N category, or TNM classification (all P ≤ 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves verified that the predictive value of TNM classification for OS was improved when combined with pretreatment platelet count (P = 0.030). Matched-pair analysis showed that chemoradiotherapy significantly improved OS only in advanced-stage NPC with thrombocytosis (HR = 0.416, 95% CI = 0.226-0.765, P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Pretreatment platelet count, when combined with TNM classification, is a useful indicator for metastasis and survival in patients with NPC. It may improve the predictive value of the TNM classification and help to identify patients likely to benefit from more aggressive therapeutic regimens.

Pretreatment platelet count as a predictor for survival and distant metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the prognostic value of different pretreatment platelet (PLT) counts on the treatment outcome in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients receiving concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) or radiotherapy (RT) alone. A total of 1,501 NPC patients, including 412 receiving CCRT and 1,089 receiving RT, were enrolled in the present study. The PLT count cut-off points for the CCRT and RT groups were 150 and 300×109/l, respectively, and the PLT counts were categorized it into three groups: Low (PLT≤150×109/l), moderate (150×109/l300×109/l). To identify independent predictors of overall survival (OS), the Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine local-regional recurrence-free survival (LRFS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) rates in the CCRT and RT patients. Furthermore, univariate and multivariate analysis indicated that compared with a moderate PLT count, a low PLT count was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for OS rate in CCRT patients [hazard ratio (HR), 2.024; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.165-3.516], and a high PLT count was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for OS and DMFS rates in CCRT (OS: HR, 1.742; 95% CI, 1.090-2.786; DFMS: HR, 2.110; 95%CI, 1.084-4.108) and RT (OS: HR, 1.740; 95%CI, 1.283-2.362; DMFS: HR, 2.819; 95% CI, 1.766-4.497) patients. Compared with a low PLT count, a high PLT count was significantly and independently associated with a poor DMFS rate in the RT patients (P=0.025; HR, 2.454; 95% CI, 1.121-5.372). Therefore, the present study indicates that low and high PLT counts may be useful indicators of survival and distant metastasis in NPC patients who have undergone radiation treatment.