Carbon emission assessment of lithium iron phosphate batteries throughout lifecycle under communication base station in China.

The demand for lithium-ion batteries has been rapidly increasing with the development of new energy vehicles. The cascaded utilization of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries in communication base stations can help avoid the severe safety and environmental risks associated with battery retirement. This study conducts a comparative assessment of the environmental impact of new and cascaded LFP batteries applied in communication base stations using a life cycle assessment method. It analyzes the influence of battery costs and power structure on carbon emissions reduction. Results indicate: When consuming the same amount of electricity in a cascaded battery system (CBS), LFP batteries with a retirement state of health (SOH) range between 76.5 % and 90.0 % can reduce 30.3 % of the global warming potential (GWP) compared to new batteries. From the perspective of battery costs, when the price ratio of new to old batteries is greater than 31.0 %, the GWP of batteries retired at 70.0 % SOH is higher than that of new batteries. As the proportion of renewable energy sources in the power structure increases, the GWP of new batteries in 2035 is 15.0 % lower than in 2020. For batteries retired at 80.0 % SOH, their GWP decreases by 12.3 % compared to 2020. This study offers a new approach to determining the retirement point for LFP batteries from an environmental perspective, promoting carbon emission reduction throughout the entire battery life cycle and the sustainable development of the transportation sector.

Chemical-Free Recycling of Cathode Material and Aluminum Foil from Waste Lithium-Ion Batteries by Combining Plasma and Ultrasonic Technology.

With the rapid demand for lithium-ion batteries due to the widespread application of electric vehicles, a significant amount of battery electrode pieces requiring urgent treatment are generated during battery production and disposal. The strong bonding caused by the presence of binders makes it challenging to achieve thorough separation between the cathode active materials and Al foil, posing difficulties in efficient battery material recycling. To address this issue, a plasma-ultrasonically combined physical separation method is proposed in this study. This method utilizes plasma-generated excited-state radicals assisted by ultrasonic waves to separate active materials and current collectors. The results indicate that the binders are effectively decomposed under plasma treatment at 13.56 MHz, 100 W, and 10 min in an oxygen atmosphere, resulting in a separation efficiency of 96.8 wt % for the cathode materials. Characterization results demonstrate that the morphology, crystal structure, and chemical composition of the recycled cathode active materials remain unchanged, facilitating subsequent direct restoration and hydrometallurgical recycling. Simultaneously, the Al foil is also completely recycled for subsequent reuse. Compared with traditional methods of separating cathode active materials and aluminum foil, the method proposed in this study has significant economic and environmental potential. It can promote the recycling of battery materials and the development of sustainable transportation.

Design and synthesis of highly TRAIL expression HDAC inhibitors based on ONC201 to promote apoptosis of colorectal cancer.

Activation of the TRAIL proapoptotic pathway can promote cancer cell apoptosis. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) also are promising drug targets for cancers, and their synergistic effect with TRAIL can improve the inhibitory effect on cancer cells. Therefore, the development of highly TRAIL-sensitive HDAC inhibitors might be a promising strategy for the treatment of cancers. We synthesized a series of HDAC inhibitors by introducing effective fragments sensitive to TRAIL. Compound IIc showed good inhibitory activity against HDAC1 and HCT116 cells and showed higher sensitivity to activating the expression of the TRAIL protein and promoting the apoptosis of HCT-116 cells compared with ONC201. The inhibitory activity of compound IIc (25 mg/kg) in the HCT-116 xenograft model was significantly greater than those of the positive control drugs (ONC201, chidamide). These findings suggested that development of highly TRAIL-sensitive HDAC inhibitors as colorectal tumor cancer drugs.

Design and synthesis of dual inhibitors targeting snail and histone deacetylase for the treatment of solid tumour cancer.

Snail and histone deacetylases (HDACs) have an important impact on cancer treatment, especially for their synergy. Therefore, the development of inhibitors targeting both Snail and HDAC might be a promising strategy for the treatment of cancers. In this work, we synthesized a series of Snail/HDAC dual inhibitors. Compound 9n displayed the most potent inhibitory activity against HDAC1 with an IC50 of 0.405 µM, potent inhibition against Snail with a Kd of 0.180 µM, and antiproliferative activity in HCT-116 cell lines with an IC50 of 0.0751 µM. Compound 9n showed a good inhibitory effect on NCI-H522 (GI50 = 0.0488 µM), MDA-MB-435 (GI50 = 0.0361 µM), and MCF7 (GI50 = 0.0518 µM). Docking studies showed that compound 9n can be well docked into the active binding sites of Snail and HDAC. Further studies showed that compound 9n increased histone H4 acetylation in HCT-116 cells and decreased the expression of Snail protein to induce cell apoptosis. These findings highlight the potential for the development of Snail/HDAC dual inhibitors as anti-solid tumour cancer drugs.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 1H-indazole derivatives as novel ASK1 inhibitors.

Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1, MAP3K5), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, is involved in cell survival, differentiation, stress response, and apoptosis. ASK1 kinase inhibition has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for inflammatory disease. A series of novel ASK1 inhibitors with 1H-indazole scaffold were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their ASK1 kinase activity and AP1-HEK293 cell inhibitory effect. Systematic structure-activity relationship (SAR) efforts led to the discovery of promising compound 15, which showed excellent in vitro ASK1 kinase activity and potent inhibitory effects on ASK1 in AP1-HEK293 cells. In a tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced HT-29 intestinal epithelial cell model, compound 15 exhibited a significantly protective effect on cell viability comparable to that of GS-4997; moreover, compound 15 exhibited no obvious cytotoxicity against HT-29 cells at concentrations up to 25 µM. Mechanistic research demonstrated that compound 15 suppresses phosphorylation in the ASK1-p38/JNK signaling pathway in HT-29 cells, and regulates the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins. Altogether, these results show that compound 15 may serve as a potential candidate compound for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Structure-based discovery of 1H-indole-2-carboxamide derivatives as potent ASK1 inhibitors for potential treatment of ulcerative colitis.

Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, is implicated in many human diseases. Here, we describe the structural optimization of hit compound 7 and conduct further structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies that result in the development of compound 19 with a novel indole-2-carboxamide hinge scaffold. Compound 19 displays potent anti-ASK1 kinase activity and stronger inhibitory effect on ASK1 in AP1-HEK293 cells than previously described ASK1 inhibitor GS-4997. Besides improved in vitro activity, compound 19 also exhibits an appropriate in vivo PK profile. In a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse model of ulcerative colitis (UC), compound 19 shows significant anti-UC efficacy and markedly attenuates DSS-induced body weight loss, colonic shortening, elevation in disease activity index (DAI) and inflammatory cell infiltration in colon tissues. Mechanistically, compound 19 represses the phosphorylation of ASK1-p38/JNK signaling pathways and suppresses the overexpression of inflammatory cytokines. Together, these findings suggest that ASK1 inhibitors can potentially be used as a therapeutic strategy for UC.

[Chemical constituents of Cudrania cochinchinensis].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of Cudrania cochinchinensis. METHODS: Compounds were isolated and purified by silica gel column, sephadex LH-20 chromatography and recrystallization. Their structures were elucidated by physicochemical properties and spectral data. RESULTS: Thirteen compounds were isolated from the 70% ethanol extract of the root of Cudrania cochinchinensis and identified as beta-sitosterol (1), butyrospermol (2), butyrospermol acetate (3), (+) syringarenol (4), 1, 3, 6-trihydroxy-7-methoxy xanthone (5), 1, 3, 6, 7-tetrahydroxy-8-prenylxanthone (6), kaempferol (7), dihydrokaempferol (8), umbelliferone (9),4-hydroxybenzyl ethyl ether (10), 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (11), 4-hydrox-ybenzaldehyde (12) and vanillin (13). CONCLUSION: Compounds 2 - 6, 10 - 13 are isolated from Cudrania cochinchinensis for the first time.