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An increasing number of studies demonstrate that biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramics can induce bone regeneration. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms involved are still poorly understood. This work was proposed to investigate how PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling influenced the osteogenesis mediated by BCP ceramics. The results showed that incubation with BCP ceramics promoted the proliferation of murine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in a time-dependent manner. The resulting cell proliferation was then suppressed by the selective inhibition of either PI3K, AKT, or mTOR signaling activation. Next, we confirmed that BCP ceramics up-regulated the phosphorylation levels of AKT and mTOR in BMSCs, suggesting the ability of BCP ceramics to drive the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in BMSCs. Furthermore, the blockade of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling prevented BCP ceramics-induced osteogenic differentiation and pro-angiogenesis of BMSCs by down-regulating the expression of genes encoding OPN, RUNX2 or VEGF. Moreover, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling blockade suppressed stem cell infiltration and new bone formation in the implants following intra-muscular implantation of BCP ceramics in mice. Therefore, our results suggested that PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling played a critical regulatory role in BCP ceramic-induced osteogenesis.
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Proliferação de Células , Cerâmica , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Osteogênese , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt , Transdução de Sinais , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR , Osteogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/metabolismo , Animais , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Cerâmica/química , Cerâmica/farmacologia , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Camundongos , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/efeitos dos fármacos , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/citologia , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Hidroxiapatitas/química , Hidroxiapatitas/farmacologia , Células Cultivadas , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , MasculinoRESUMO
The U-shaped fiber configuration represents the elementary form of micro-displacement sensing, characterized by its exceptional freedom and flexibility. The study proposes the U-shaped bent single-mode-multimode-single-mode (SMS) fiber structure that integrates the multimode interference (MMI) effect for enhanced mode dispersion and the Mach-Zönder interference (MZI) effect for spectral sensitivity improvement. The transmission spectral properties of the U-shaped SMS fiber structure with a bent radius over 1 cm are experimentally measured as the change in displacement varied within the range of 5 mm in this work. As the radius decreases, the spectrum shows redshift, which is related to the central wavelength of the peak or dips-a smaller wavelength results in a stronger redshift for the same displacement change. The average sensitivity of micro-displacement measurement within a range of 5 mm is 5.41 pm/µm, and the linearity is 99.62%. The maximum sensitivity of U-shaped SMS fiber structure is 34.46 pm/µm, with the minimum displacement change of approximately 5.804 nm. The transmission spectral properties of the U-shaped SMS fiber structure within the ranges of 50 µm, 500 µm, and 5 mm are experimentally measured in this work. This experiment observed a relatively uniform spectral drift pattern in a large range of micro-displacement sensing. The measurement range is limited by the limited spectral range of the light source and the discontinuous variation in the effective refractive index. This provides an experimental reference for further understanding the characteristics of U-shaped fiber structures and applying its application in micro-displacement sensing.
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The emergence of chemoresistance poses a significant challenge to the efficacy of DNA-damaging agents in cancer treatment, in part due to the inherent DNA repair capabilities of cancer cells. The Ku70/80 protein complex (Ku) plays a central role in double-strand breaks (DSBs) repair through the classical non-homologous end joining (c-NHEJ) pathway, and has proven to be one of the most promising drug target for cancer treatment when combined with radiotherapy or chemotherapy. In this study, we conducted a high-throughput screening of small-molecule inhibitors targeting the Ku complex by using a fluorescence polarization-based DNA binding assay. From a library of 11,745 small molecules, UMI-77 was identified as a potent Ku inhibitor, with an IC50 value of 2.3 µM. Surface plasmon resonance and molecular docking analyses revealed that UMI-77 directly bound the inner side of Ku ring, thereby disrupting Ku binding with DNA. In addition, UMI-77 also displayed potent inhibition against MUS81-EME1, a key player in homologous recombination (HR), demonstrating its potential for blocking both NHEJ- and HR-mediated DSB repair pathways. Further cell-based studies showed that UMI-77 could impair bleomycin-induced DNA damage repair, and significantly sensitized multiple cancer cell lines to the DNA-damaging agents. Finally, in a mouse xenograft tumor model, UMI-77 significantly enhanced the chemotherapeutic efficacy of etoposide with little adverse physiological effects. Our work offers a new avenue to combat chemoresistance in cancer treatment, and suggests that UMI-77 could be further developed as a promising candidate in cancer treatment.
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Antineoplásicos , Autoantígeno Ku , Humanos , Autoantígeno Ku/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Camundongos , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química , Dano ao DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto , Reparo do DNA por Junção de Extremidades/efeitos dos fármacos , Etoposídeo/farmacologia , Descoberta de Drogas , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Literature on osteoimmunology has demonstrated that macrophages have a great influence on biomaterial-induced bone formation. However, there are almost no reports clarifying the osteo-immunomodulatory capacity of macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). This study comprehensively investigated the effects of EVs derived from macrophages treated with biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramics (BEVs) on vital events associated with BCP-induced bone formation such as immune response, angiogenesis, and osteogenesis. It was found that compared with EVs derived from macrophages alone (control, CEVs), BEVs preferentially promoted macrophage polarization towards a wound-healing M2 phenotype, enhanced migration, angiogenic differentiation, and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and induced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Analysis of 15 differentially expressed microRNAs (DEMs) related to immune, angiogenesis, and osteogenesis suggested that BEVs exhibited good immunomodulatory, pro-angiogenic, and pro-osteogenic abilities, which might be attributed to their specific miRNA cargos. These findings not only deepen our understanding of biomaterial-mediated osteoinduction, but also suggest that EVs derived from biomaterial-treated macrophages hold great promise as therapeutic agents with desired immunomodulatory capacity for bone regeneration.
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Regeneração Óssea , Diferenciação Celular , Cerâmica , Vesículas Extracelulares , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana , Macrófagos , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , MicroRNAs , Osteogênese , Regeneração Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Vesículas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Humanos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Osteogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Cerâmica/química , Cerâmica/farmacologia , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Animais , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/citologia , Células RAW 264.7 , Materiais Biocompatíveis/química , Materiais Biocompatíveis/farmacologia , Hidroxiapatitas/química , Hidroxiapatitas/farmacologia , Neovascularização Fisiológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The poor mechanical properties, low water-resistance, and limited antimicrobial activity of chitosan (CS)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) based film limited its application in aquatic product preservation. Herein, bacterial cellulose (BC) was used to load ginger essential oil (GEO). The effects of the addition of BC and different concentrations of GEO on the physicochemical and antimicrobial activities of films were systematically evaluated. Finally, the application of sea bass fillets was investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) analysis indicated dense networks were formed, which was verified by enhanced physical properties. The mechanical properties, barrier properties, and antimicrobial activities enhanced as GEO concentration increased. CPB0.8 (0.8 % GEO) film had better tensile strength (TS) and barrier performance, improved the quality, and extended the shelf-life of sea bass for another 6 days at least. Overall, active films are potential packaging materials for aquatic products.
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Anti-Infecciosos , Bass , Quitosana , Óleos Voláteis , Zingiber officinale , Animais , Quitosana/química , Álcool de Polivinil/química , Celulose/química , Bactérias , Embalagem de Alimentos/métodos , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Natural antibacterials have stood out in the last decade due to the growing demand for reducing chemical preservatives in food. In particular, natural phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites produced by plants for numerous functions including antimicrobial defence. Polyphenol has significant antimicrobial activity, but its antimicrobial properties are affected by the cell structure difference of bacteria, the concentration, type, and extraction method of polyphenol, and the treatment time of bacteria exposed to polyphenol. Therefore, this paper analyzed the antibacterial activity and mechanism of polyphenol as an antimicrobial agent. However, there remained significant considerations, including the interaction of polyphenols and food matrix, environmental temperature, and the effect of color and odor of some polyphenols on sensory properties of aquatic products, and the additive amount of polyphenols. On this basis, the application strategies of polyphenols as the antimicrobial agent in aquatic products preservation were reviewed.
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Anti-Infecciosos , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Fenóis/farmacologia , Polifenóis/farmacologia , Polifenóis/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/química , Antioxidantes/químicaRESUMO
The strategy of coupling the micro-vibration mechanical field with Ca/P ceramics to optimize the osteogenic microenvironment and enhance the functional activity of the cells can significantly improve the bone regeneration of the graft. However, the regulation mode and mechanism of this coupling strategy are not fully understood at present. This study investigated the influence of different waveforms of the electrical signals driving Microvibration Stimulation (MVS) on this coupling effect. The results showed that there were notable variances in calcium phosphate dissolution and redeposition, protein adsorption, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and FAK signal pathways and activation of calcium channels such as TRPV1/Piezo1/Piezo2 in osteogenic microenvironment under the coupling action of hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramics and MVS driven by different electrical signal waveforms. Ultimately, these differences affected the osteogenic differentiation process of cells by a way of time-sequential regulation. Square wave-MVS coupled with HA ceramic can significantly delay the high expression time of characteristic genes (such as Runx2, Col-I and OCN) in MC3T3-E1 cells during in vitro the early, middle and late stage of differentiation, while maintain the high proliferative activity of MC3T3-E1 cells. Triangle wave signal-MVS coupled with HA ceramic promoted the osteogenic differentiation of cells in the early and late stages. Sine wave-MVS shows the effect on the process of osteogenic differentiation in the middle stage (such as the up-regulation of ALP synthesis and Col-I gene expression in the early stage of stimulation). In addition, Square wave-MVS showed the best coupling effect. The bone graft constructed under square wave-MVS formed new bone tissue and mature blood vessels only 2 weeks after subcutaneous implantation in nude mice. Our study provides a new non-invasive regulation model for precisely optimizing the osteogenic microenvironment, which can accelerate bone regeneration in bone grafts more safely, accurately and reliably.
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Oxaliplatin is a chemotherapy drug currently utilized in the treatment of advanced cancer patients. However, its tolerability poses a limitation to its clinical application. Studies have demonstrated that the presence of tumor-associated macrophages is positively correlated with poor prognosis in various solid tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and is a significant factor contributing to oxaliplatin resistance. Therefore, targeting tumor-associated macrophages may be an effective strategy to improve the efficacy of oxaliplatin in the treatment of HCC patients. CD24 is a novel target for tumor therapy that can interact with the inhibitory receptor Siglec-10 on tumor-associated macrophages, transmitting immune inhibitory signals and inhibiting macrophage phagocytosis function. In this study, we utilized RNAi technology to inhibit the expression of CD24 in tumor cells and combined it with oxaliplatin, resulting in reduced tumor invasion, migration, and proliferation, as well as increased cell apoptosis. Furthermore, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry results indicated that both the single treatment group and combination treatment group enhanced the infiltration of immune cells. This study presents a novel approach to identifying combination therapy and targets for the clinical treatment of HCC with oxaliplatin.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Humanos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Oxaliplatina/farmacologia , Oxaliplatina/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , Proteínas de Transporte , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Antígeno CD24/genética , Antígeno CD24/metabolismoRESUMO
The MUS81-EME1/2 structure-specific endonucleases play a crucial role in the processing of stalled replication forks and recombination intermediates, and have been recognized as an attractive drug target to potentiate the anti-cancer efficacy of DNA-damaging agents. Currently, no bioactive small-molecule inhibitors of MUS81 are available. Here, we performed a high-throughput small-molecule inhibitors screening, using the FRET-based DNA cleavage assay. From 7920 compounds, we identified dyngo-4a as a potent inhibitor of MUS81 complexes. Dyngo-4a effectively inhibits the endonuclease activities of both MUS81-EME1 and MUS81-EME2 complexes, with IC50 values of 0.57 µM and 2.90 µM, respectively. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) assays reveal that dyngo-4a directly binds to MUS81 complexes (KD â¼ 0.61 µM) and prevents them from binding to DNA substrates. In HeLa cells, dyngo-4a significantly suppresses bleomycin-triggered H2AX serine 139 phosphorylation (γH2AX). Together, our results demonstrate that dyngo-4a is a potent MUS81 inhibitor, which could be further developed as a potentially valuable chemical tool to explore more physiological roles of MUS81 in the cells.
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Proteínas de Ligação a DNA , Endodesoxirribonucleases , Humanos , Endodesoxirribonucleases/química , Endodesoxirribonucleases/genética , Endodesoxirribonucleases/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/química , Células HeLa , Transferência Ressonante de Energia de Fluorescência , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala , Endonucleases/metabolismo , Replicação do DNA , DNA/metabolismoRESUMO
Macrophages represent the most prevalent immune cells in the tumor micro-environment, making them an appealing target for tumor immunotherapy. One of our previous studies showed that hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HANPs) enhanced Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signal transduction in macrophages. This study was proposed to investigate how HANPs manipulated the phenotype and function of macrophage against 4T1 breast tumors in the presence or absence of MPLA, a low toxic Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist. The results demonstrated that the addition of HANPs to MPLA significantly promoted cytokine secretion and macrophage polarization toward a tumoricidal M1 phenotype. Further, the resulting supernatant from HANPs/MPLA co-stimulated macrophages enhanced 4T1 tumor cells apoptosis compared to that from macrophages treated with a single component or PBS control. In particular, we found HANPs elicited immunogenic cell death (ICD) indicated by the increased expression of "danger signals", including HMGB1, CRT and ATP in 4T1 cells. Subsequently, the ICD derivatives-containing supernatant from HANPs-treated 4T1 cells activated macrophage and shifted the phenotype of the cells toward M1 type. Moreover, in a tumor-bearing mice model, HANPs and MPLA synergistically delayed tumor growth compared to PBS control, which was positively associated with the promoted macrophage polarization and ICD induction. Therefore, our findings demonstrated a potential platform to modulate the function of macrophages, and shed a new insight into the mechanism involving the immunomodulatory effect of HANPs for tumor therapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Polarizing macrophage toward tumoricidal phenotype by harnessing Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists has been proven effective for tumor immunotherapy. However, the immunomodulatory potency of TLR agonists is limited due to immune suppression or tolerance associated with TLR activation in immune cells. Herein, we introduced hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HANPs) to MPLA, a TLR4 agonist. The results demonstrated that the addition of HANPs to MPLA promoted macrophage shift toward tumoricidal M1 phenotype, supported a "hot" tumor transformation, and delayed 4T1 tumor growth. Moreover, we found that HANPs elicited immunogenic cell death that produced "danger" signals from cancer cells thereby further facilitated macrophage polarization. This work is significant to direct the rational design of HANPs coupled with or without TLR agonists for tumor immunotherapy.
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Nanopartículas , Receptor 4 Toll-Like , Animais , Camundongos , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Durapatita/farmacologia , Durapatita/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Ativação de MacrófagosRESUMO
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are the most notable breakthrough in tumor treatment. ICIs has been widely used in tumor patients, but its wide range of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) should not be ignored. irAEs can be involved in any organ system, including immune-related cardiotoxicity. Although the cardiotoxicity induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors is rare, it is extremely lethal and has attracted increasing attention. PD-1 and PD-L1 are expressed in human cardiomyocytes, so the application of PD-1/PDL-1 inhibitors can cause many adverse reactions to the cardiovascular system. This review summarizes the latest epidemiological evidence on the cardiovascular toxicity of programmed cell death protein-1(PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand-1(PD-L1) inhibitors and the clinical manifestations, as well as the potential pathological mechanisms. These updates may provide a novel perspective for monitoring early toxicity and establishing appropriate treatment for patients with ICI-related cardiotoxicity.
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Nowadays, the three-dimensional (3D) printed calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics have well-designed geometric structure, but suffer from relative weak osteoinductivity. Surface modification by incorporating bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) onto scaffolds is considered as an efficient approach to improve their bioactivity. However, high dose and uncontrolled burst release of BMP2 may cause undesired side effect. In the present study, porous BCP ceramics with inverse face-centred cube structure prepared by digital light processing (DLP)-based 3D printing technique were used as the substrates. BMP2 proteins were loaded in the self-assembled Heparin/PEI nanogels (NP/BMP2), and then immobilized onto BCP substrates through the intermediate mussel-derived bioactive dopamine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DA/DOPAC) coating layers to construct functional BCP/layer/NP/BMP2 scaffolds. Our results showed that Heparin/PEI nanogel was a potent delivery system for BMP2, and BCP/layer/NP/BMP2 scaffolds exhibited the high loading capacity, controlled release rate, and sustained local delivery of BMP2. In vitro cell experiments with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) found that BCP/layer/NP/BMP2 could promote cell proliferation, facilitate cell spreading, accelerate cell migration, up-regulate expression of osteogenic genes, and improve synthesis of osteoblast-related proteins. Moreover, the murine intramuscular implantation model suggested that BCP/layer/NP/BMP2 had a superior osteoinductive capacity, and the rat femoral condyle defect repair model showed that BCP/layer/NP/BMP2 could enhance in situ bone repair and regeneration. These findings demonstrate that the incorporation of BMP2 loaded Heparin/PEI nanogels to 3D printed scaffolds holds great promise in fabricating bone graft with a superior biological performance for orthopedic application.
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Dopamina , Heparina , Ácido 3,4-Di-Hidroxifenilacético , Animais , Fosfatos de Cálcio , Cerâmica/química , Dopamina/farmacologia , Heparina/farmacologia , Camundongos , Nanogéis , Ratos , Alicerces Teciduais/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The mitochondrion is an important cellular component in plants and that functions in producing vital energy for the cell. However, the evolution and structure of mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) remain unclear in the Rosaceae family. In this study, we assembled 34 Rosaceae mitogenomes and characterized genome variation, rearrangement rate, and selection signal variation within these mitogenomes. RESULTS: Comparative analysis of six genera from the Amygdaloideae and five from the Rosoideae subfamilies of Rosaceae revealed that three protein-coding genes were absent from the mitogenomes of five Rosoideae genera. Positive correlations between genome size and repeat content were identified in 38 Rosaceae mitogenomes. Twenty repeats with high recombination frequency (> 50%) provided evidence for predominant substoichiometric conformation of the mitogenomes. Variations in rearrangement rates were identified between eleven genera, and within the Pyrus, Malus, Prunus, and Fragaria genera. Based on population data, phylogenetic inferences from Pyrus mitogenomes supported two distinct maternal lineages of Asian cultivated pears. A Pyrus-specific deletion (DEL-D) in selective sweeps was identified based on the assembled genomes and population data. After the DEL-D sequence fragments originally arose, they may have experienced a subsequent doubling event via homologous recombination and sequence transfer in the Amygdaloideae; afterwards, this variant sequence may have significantly expanded to cultivated groups, thereby improving adaptation during the domestication process. CONCLUSIONS: This study characterizes the variations in gene content, genome size, rearrangement rate, and the impact of domestication in Rosaceae mitogenomes and provides insights into their structural variation patterns and phylogenetic relationships.
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Genoma Mitocondrial , Pyrus , Rosaceae , Domesticação , Evolução Molecular , Genoma de Planta , Filogenia , Pyrus/genética , Rosaceae/genéticaRESUMO
To explore how strontium influences osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis during material-induced ectopic bone formation, porous strontium-substituted biphasic calcium phosphate (Sr-BCP) and BCP ceramics with equivalent pore structures and comparable grain size and porosity were prepared. In vitro results showed that compared with BCP, Sr-BCP inhibited the osteoclastic differentiation of osteoclast precursors by delaying cell fusion, down-regulating the expression of osteoclast marker genes, and reducing the activity of osteoclast specific proteins, possibly due to the activated ERK signaling pathway but the suppressed p38, JNK and AKT signaling pathways. Meanwhile, Sr-BCP promoted the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by up-regulating the osteogenic gene expression. Sr-BCP also mediated the expression of important osteoblast-osteoclast coupling factors, as evidenced by the increased Opg/Rankl ratio in mMSCs, and the reduced Rank expression and enhanced EphrinB2 expression in osteoclast precursors. Similar results were observed in an in vivo study based on a murine intramuscular implantation model. The sign of ectopic bone formation was only seen in Sr-BCP at 8 weeks. Compared to BCP, Sr-BCP obviously hindered the formation of TRAP- and CTSK-positive multinucleated osteoclast-like cells during the early implantation time up to 6 weeks, which is consistent with the in vivo PCR results. This suggested that Sr-BCP could clearly accelerate the ectopic bone formation by promoting osteogenesis but suppressing osteoclastogenesis, which might be closely related to the expression of osteoblast-osteoclast coupling factors regulated by Sr2+. These findings may help in the design and fabrication of smart bone substitutes with the desired potential for bone regeneration through modulating both osteoclastic resorption and osteoblastic synthesis.
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Substitutos Ósseos , Osteogênese , Animais , Substitutos Ósseos/metabolismo , Cálcio/metabolismo , Fosfatos de Cálcio/química , Diferenciação Celular , Cerâmica/química , Cerâmica/farmacologia , Hidroxiapatitas , Camundongos , Osteoclastos , Fosfatos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Estrôncio/químicaRESUMO
The potency of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist to drive innate immune response was limited due to immune suppression or tolerance during TLR9 signaling activation in immune cells. Herein we addressed this problem by introducing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HANPs) to CpG ODN (CpG), a TLR9 agonist. The study revealed that HANPs concentration and duration-dependently reprogramed the immune response by enhancing the secretion of immunostimulatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) or IL-6) while reducing the production of immunosuppressive cytokine (IL-10) in macrophages in response to CpG. Next, the enhanced immune response benefited from increased intracellular Ca2+ in macrophage by the addition of HANPs. Further, we found exposure to HANPs impacted the mitochondrial function of macrophages in support of the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence or absence of CpG. In vaccinated mice model, only one vaccination with a mixture of CpG, HANPs, and OVA, a model antigen, allowed the development of a long-lasting balanced humoral immunity in mice without any histopathological change in the local injection site. Therefore, this study revealed that HANPs could modulate the intracellular calcium level, mitochondrial function, and immune response in immune cells, and suggested a potential combination adjuvant of HANPs and TLR9 agonist for vaccine development. Electronic Supplementary Material: Supplementary material (TEM image, LDH activity, the Ca2+ release in PBS, qRT-PCR analysis, H&E staining, and IL-6 level in the injection site and serum) is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s12274-022-4683-x.
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Digital light processing (DLP)-based 3D printing technique holds promise in fabricating scaffolds with high precision. Here raw calcium phosphate (CaP) powders were modified by 5.5% monoalcohol ethoxylate phosphate (MAEP) to ensure high solid loading and low viscosity. The rheological tests found that photocurable slurries composed of 50 wt% modified CaP powders and 2 wt% toners were suitable for DLP printing. Based on geometric models designed by computer-aided design (CAD) system, three printed CaP ceramics with distinct macroporous structures were prepared, including simple cube, octet-truss and inverse face-centered cube (fcc), which presented the similar phase composition and microstructure, but the different macropore geometries. Inverse fcc group showed the highest porosity and compressive strength. The in vitro and in vivo biological evaluations were performed to compare the bioactivity of three printed CaP ceramics, and the traditional foamed ceramic was used as control. It suggested that all CaP ceramics exhibited good biocompatibility, as evidence by an even bone-like apatite layer formation on the surface, and the good cell proliferation and spreading. A mouse intramuscular implantation model found that all of CaP ceramics could induce ectopic bone formation, and foam group had the strongest osteoinduction, followed by inverse fcc, while cube and octet-truss had the weakest one. It indicated that macropore geometry was of great importance to affect the osteoinductivity of scaffolds, and spherical, concave macropores facilitated osteogenesis. These findings provide a strategy to design and fabricate high-performance orthopedic grafts with proper pore geometry and desired biological performance via DLP-based 3D printing technique.
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BACKGROUND: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the synergistic effects of tea polyphenol-ozonated slurry ice on the quality, physicochemical and protein characteristics of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) during chilled (4 °C) storage. To 0.3% tea polyphenol combined with ozone water was added sodium chloride until the salt concentration reached 3.3% and with the use of an ice machine the mixture formed the tea polyphenol-ozonated slurry ice. Microbial [total viable count (TVC)], physicochemical [total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), K value], myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI), Ca2+ -ATPase activity, total sulfhydryl content, intrinsic fluorescence intensity (IFI), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) were analyzed during chilled (4 °C) storage for up to 20 days. RESULTS: The results showed that tea polyphenol-ozonated slurry ice could effectively inhibit the increase of TVC and TVB-N, reduce the degree of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) degradation. In addition, the tea polyphenol-ozonated slurry ice treatment could protect the integrity of myosin in myofibrillar proteins (MPs) by inhibiting the decrease of Ca2+ -ATPase activity and the content of total sulfhydryl. Furthermore, the tea polyphenol-ozonated slurry ice presented a superiorly protective effect on protein structure in MPs as manifested by the results of IFI, FTIR and SDS-PAGE. It was possible that due to the addition of tea polyphenol, the antioxidant activity of this complex was significantly improved. CONCLUSION: The tea polyphenol-ozonated slurry ice treatment can maintain the quality of large yellow croaker by decreasing the damage of MP caused by the interaction between microorganisms and endogenous enzymes. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Perciformes , Polifenóis , Animais , Polifenóis/metabolismo , Gelo , Perciformes/metabolismo , Chá/metabolismo , Adenosina Trifosfatases/metabolismoRESUMO
So far, how to achieve the optimal regenerative repair of large load-bearing bone defects using artificial bone grafts is a huge challenge in clinic. In this study, a strategy of combining osteoinductive biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) bioceramic scaffolds with intramedullary nail fixation for creating stable osteogenic microenvironment was applied to repair large segmental bone defects (3.0 cm in length) in goat femur model. The material characterization results showed that the BCP scaffold had the initial compressive strength of over 2.0 MPa, and total porosity of 84%. The cell culture experiments demonstrated that the scaffold had the excellent ability to promote the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). The in vivo results showed that the intramedullary nail fixation maintained the initial stability and structural integrity of the implants at early stage, promoting the osteogenic process both guided and induced by the BCP scaffolds. At 9 months postoperatively, good integration between the implants and host bone was observed, and a large amount of newborn bones formed, accompanying with the degradation of the material. At 18 months postoperatively, almost the complete new bone substitution in the defect area was achieved. The maximum bending strength of the repaired bone defects reached to the 100% of normal femur at 18 months post-surgery. Our results demonstrated the good potential of osteoinductive BCP bioceramics in the regenerative repair of large load-bearing bone defects. The current study could provide an effective method to treat the clinical large segmental bone defects.
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A brain-computer interface (BCI) is a non-muscular communication technology that provides an information exchange channel for our brains and external devices. During the decades, BCI has made noticeable progress and has been applied in many fields. One of the most traditional BCI applications is the BCI speller. This article primarily discusses the progress of research into P300 BCI spellers and reviews four types of P300 spellers: single-modal P300 spellers, P300 spellers based on multiple brain patterns, P300 spellers with multisensory stimuli, and P300 spellers with multiple intelligent techniques. For each type of P300 speller, we further review several representative P300 spellers, including their design principles, paradigms, algorithms, experimental performance, and corresponding advantages. We particularly emphasized the paradigm design ideas, including the overall layout, individual symbol shapes and stimulus forms. Furthermore, several important issues and research guidance for the P300 speller were identified. We hope that this review can assist researchers in learning the new ideas of these novel P300 spellers and enhance their practical application capability.
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A key challenge for the discrete distribution-based Förster resonance energy transfer system (D-FRET) is the reduced intensity and stability of signal probes in complex biological matrices. Here, we present a spatially confined FRET (SC-FRET) probe with a stable structure and strong signal output. It consists of multivalent FRET pairs labeled with FAM or TAMRA. In this assay, p53 DNA was chosen as a model hairpin probe (HP), and two kinds of branched DNA probes (ssDNA-FAM, ssDNA-TAMRA) were involved. Under the action of p53 DNA, the unfolded HP acts as a primer to initiate polymerization extension of KFP polymerase and cleavage of Nb.BbvCI endonuclease, which produces plenty of ssDNA (primer-DNA). The branched DNA is designed to have the same binding core and different sticky ends, the core part of which can self-assemble to form X-shaped branched DNA (X-FAM or X-TAMRA), and the sticky ends of which are complementary to the primer-DNA. Therefore, the primer-DNAs released during the polymerization cleavage process will combine a large number of X-FAM and X-TAMRA in a limited space through complementary base pairing. Fluorescence was transferred from FAM to TAMRA, and a strong FRET response was generated by the locational effects. The proposed SC-FRET system based on the multivalent assembly of branched DNA exhibited a strong FRET response with an LOD of 0.01394 pM. Importantly, it also showed a high-contrast and stable FRET response in HeLa cells. Its superior biological stability is attributed to the large steric hindrance of the compact and rigid frame of the SC-FRET probe, which helps prevent intracellular degradation and provides a powerful tool for biomedical research.