Evaluation of ferritin and TfR level in plasma neural-derived exosomes as potential markers of Parkinson's disease.

Introduction: Early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains challenging. It has been suggested that abnormal brain iron metabolism leads to excessive iron accumulation in PD, although the mechanism of iron deposition is not yet fully understood. Ferritin and transferrin receptor (TfR) are involved in iron metabolism, and the exosome pathway is one mechanism by which ferritin is transported and regulated. While the blood of healthy animals contains a plentiful supply of TfR-positive exosomes, no studies have examined ferritin and TfR in plasma neural-derived exosomes. Methods: Plasma exosomes were obtained from 43 patients with PD and 34 healthy controls. Neural-derived exosomes were isolated with anti-human L1CAM antibody immunoabsorption. Transmission electron microscopy and western blotting were used to identify the exosomes. ELISAs were used to quantify ferritin and TfR levels in plasma neural-derived exosomes of patients with PD and controls. Receivers operating characteristic (ROC) curves were applied to map the diagnostic accuracy of ferritin and TfR. Independent predictors of the disease were identified using logistic regression models. Results: Neural-derived exosomes exhibited the typical exosomal morphology and expressed the specific exosome marker CD63. Ferritin and TfR levels in plasma neural-derived exosomes were significantly higher in patients with PD than controls (406.46 ± 241.86 vs. 245.62 ± 165.47 ng/µg, P = 0.001 and 1728.94 ± 766.71 vs. 1153.92 ± 539.30 ng/µg, P < 0.001, respectively). There were significant positive correlations between ferritin and TfR levels in plasma neural-derived exosomes in control group, PD group and all the individuals (rs = 0.744, 0.700, and 0.752, respectively). The level of TfR was independently associated with the disease (adjusted odds ratio 1.002; 95% CI 1.000-1.003). ROC performances of ferritin, TfR, and their combination were moderate (0.730, 0.812, and 0.808, respectively). However, no relationship was found between the biomarkers and disease progression. Conclusion: It is hypothesized that ferritin and TfR in plasma neural-derived exosomes may be potential biomarkers for PD, and that they may participate in the mechanism of excessive iron deposition in PD.

The predictive utility of atherosclerosis-related risk factors as predictors of the prognosis of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss in older adults.

BACKGROUND: There have been few studies to date exploring prognostic outcomes associated with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) in order adults. OBJECTIVE: This investigation was designed to explore the relationship between atherosclerosis-related risk factors and ISSNHL outcomes among older individuals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In total, 172 older adults diagnosed ISSNHL from 2016 to 2021 were retrospectively evaluated to compare demographic and clinical test results. RESULTS: Relative to healthy controls, ISSNHL patients exhibited significant differences in hypertension incidence and factors related to coagulation. With respect to prognosis, age, onset days, hypertension, the degree of hearing loss, type of hearing curve, fibrinogen and D-dimer levels were significant univariate prognostic factors, whereas multivariate logistic analysis showed that hypertension (p = .005) and D-dimer concentration (p = .000) were related to the treatment outcome of older ISSNHL patients. The area under the curve (AUC) for D-dimer levels was 0.795 (95% CI: 0.724-0.866). When using a D-dimer cut-off threshold value of 107.5 ng/mL, the sensitivity and specificity values of 77.0% and 76.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The present results indicate that hypertension incidence and D-dimer levels may be presented as an important prognostic indicator in older affected ISSNHL individuals.

Corrigendum: Evaluation of ferritin and TfR level in plasma neural-derived exosomes as potential markers of Parkinson's disease.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1216905.].

Generation of an induced pluripotent stem cell line, FJMUUHi001-A, from a hereditary Parkinson's disease patient with homozygous mutation of c.189dupA in PARK7.

PARK7 mutations are accountable for the inherited Parkinson's disease. An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line FJMUUHi001-A was generated by expressing five reprogramming factors, OCT3/4, SOX2, c-MYC, KLF4 and BCL-XL, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a 32-year old patient carrying a homozygous mutation of c.189dupA in PARK7. The iPSCs with a normal karyotype had the abilities to differentiate into three germ layers and expressed pluripotency markers without detectable residual plasmids. The cell line FJMUUHi001-A carrying the truncating protein PARK7 could be a useful tool to help comprehend the function of PARK7 in the iPSCs and differentiated cells from them.

Impact of Cold Ischemic Time and Freeze-Thaw Cycles on RNA, DNA and Protein Quality in Colorectal Cancer Tissues Biobanking.

Tissue-derived RNA, DNA and protein samples become more and more crucial for molecular detection in clinical research, personalized and targeted cancer therapy. This study evaluated how to biobanking colorectal tissues through examining the influences of cold ischemic time and freeze-thaw cycles on RNA, DNA and protein integrity. Here, 144 pairs of tumor and normal colorectal tissues were used to investigate the impact of cold ischemic times (0-48h) on RNA, DNA and protein integrity at on ice or room temperature conditions. Additionally, 45 pairs of tissues experienced 0-9 freeze-thaw cycles, and then the RNA, DNA and protein quality were analyzed. On ice, RNA, DNA and protein from colorectal tumor and normal tissues were all stable up to 48h after surgery. At room temperature, RNA in colorectal tumor and normal tissues began to degrade at 8h and 24h, respectively. Meanwhile, the tumor tissues DNA degradation occurred at 24h after surgery at room temperature. Similarly, the protein expression level of tumor and normal tissues began to change at 24h after the surgery at room temperature. Interestingly, tissue RNA and DNA remained stable even after 9 freeze-thaw cycles, whereas the proteins levels were remarkably changed after 7 freeze-thaw cycles. This study provided a useful evidence on how to store human colorectal tissues for biobanking. Preserving the surgical colorectal tissue on ice was an effective way to prevent RNA, DNA and protein degradation. Importantly, more than 7 repeated freeze-thaw cycles were not recommended for colorectal tissues.

Efficacy of intratympanic corticosteroid, intravenous batroxobin and combined treatment for sudden sensorineural hearing loss with type-2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Intratympanic corticosteroid (IC), intravenous batroxobin (IB) as the treatment for sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) has been reported. However, the data on combination therapy (CT) was scarce. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this retrospective study was to compare the efficacy of IC, IB, and CT in the treatment of SSNHL with diabetes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 212 SSNHL patients with diabetes, who were initially treated within 14 days of onset of disease, were divided into three groups by treatment modality. The hearing recovery was evaluated by the results of pure-tone test after completion of treatment. The prognostic factors, including age, severity of initial hearing loss, duration to onset of treatment, and audiometric curve type, were further compared. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in hearing recovery by the treatment (p < .05). Recovery rates in the CT group were significantly higher in patients with early treatment than with delayed treatment (p = .021). However, duration and recovery rate was not significantly correlated in IC and IB group (p > .05). In patients recieving early treatment, the recovery rate in CT group was significantly higher than that in IC (p = .013) and IB group (p = .029). Regardless of treatment, the recovery rates were higher in patients with flat and ascending audiograms (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE: Patients receiving combined therapy, especially in the early stage of SSNHL, could achieve significantly superior recovery in the treatment of SSNHL with diabetes, compared with those using IC or IB alone.

KRAS G12V Mutation is an Adverse Prognostic Factor of Chinese Gastric Cancer Patients.

This study aims to investigate the molecular characteristics of Chinese gastric cancer patients. In our study, the KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutation status of 485 GC patients were analyzed by Sanger sequencing. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to plot survival curves according to different genotypes. The results show that the frequency of KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA mutations were 4.1%, 1.2% and 3.5%, respectively. BRAF mutations were significantly concentrated in stage III and IV gastric cancer (P=0.009). KRAS G12V mutation carriers have much shorter OS than other mutation carriers and wild-type group patients (P=0.013). In conclusion, only the KRAS G12V mutation has an adverse effect on patient survival.

A Chinese pedigree with a novel mutation in GJB1 gene and a rare variation in DHTKD1 gene for diverse Charcot­Marie­Tooth diseases.

Charcot­Marie­Tooth (CMT) disease is a group of motor and sensory neuropathies with a high degree of pathological and genetic heterogenicity. The present study described 2 patients with CMT in a Chinese Han pedigree. The proband exhibited the classic manifestation of CMT with slowly progressing muscular atrophy and weakness. Electrophysiological examination highlighted axonal and demyelinating features. His mother did not have any symptoms, but did exhibit abnormal electrophysiological results. Next­generation sequencing technology was employed to screen mutations in the genes associated with inherited motor never diseases. A novel mutation, c.528_530delAGT, in the gap junction protein beta 1 (GJB1) gene for CMTX, and a rare variation, c.2369C>T, in the dehydrogenase E1 and transketolase domain containing 1 (DHTKD1) gene for CMT disease type 2Q (CMT2Q), were identified in the proband and his mother. The results were verified by Sanger sequencing. Although the in silico analysis predicted no change in the 3­dimensional structure, the clinical and electrophysiological presentation in the pedigree and the high evolutionary conservation of the affected amino acid supported the hypothesis that the c.528_530delAGT mutation in the GJB1 gene may be pathogenic in this pedigree. In silico analysis and high evolutionary conservation suggested the pathogenicity of the c.2369C>T mutation in the DHTKD1 gene; however, the clinical and electrophysiological performances of the proband and his mother did not conform to those of CMT2Q caused by the DHTKD1 gene. The present study provided additional information concerning the range of mutations of the GJB1 gene, which facilitated the understanding of the genotype­phenotype association of CMT.

Increased DJ-1 and α-Synuclein in Plasma Neural-Derived Exosomes as Potential Markers for Parkinson's Disease.

The diagnosis of PD might be in difficulty, especially in the early stages. Therefore, the identification of novel biomarkers is imperative for the diagnosis and monitoring disease progression in PD. DJ-1 and α-synuclein, are two proteins that are critically involved in the pathogenesis of PD, and they have been examined as disease biomarkers in studies. However, no study exists regarding DJ-1 in plasma neural-derived exosomes. In the present study, the levels of DJ-1 and α-synuclein in plasma neural-derived exosomes were studied together in order to investigate novel biomarkers for PD. DJ-1 and α-synuclein in plasma and plasma neural-derived exosomes of the patients with PD and controls were quantified by ELISAs. The data revealed that the levels of DJ-1 and α-synuclein in plasma neural-derived exosomes and the ratio of plasma neural-derived exosomal DJ-1 to total DJ-1 were significantly higher in patients with PD, compared with controls, while levels of the two proteins in plasma exhibited no difference between the patients with PD and controls. However, no relationship was identified between biomarkers and disease progression. In addition, significant positive correlations between DJ-1 and α-synuclein in plasma neural-derived exosomes were found in the patients with PD and in healthy individuals. We hypothesize that DJ-1 in plasma neural-derived exosomes may be used as a potential biomarker as α-synuclein in PD and they might participate in the mechanism of PD together.

DL-3-n-butylphthalide protects endothelial cells against advanced glycation end product-induced injury by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation responses.

Endothelial dysfunction, regarded as a key step in the pathophysiological course of diabetic vascular complications, is initiated and deteriorated by advanced glycation end products (AGEs). DL-3-n-butylphthalide (DL-NBP) has been proven to have protective effects on neurons and vascular endothelial cells against ischemic and anoxic damage. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether NBP is able to attenuate AGE-induced endothelial dysfunction in vitro, and also elucidate the possible underlying mechanism. An injury model of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by AGEs (200 µg/ml) was established. The results demonstrated that pretreatment with NBP (1-100 µM) significantly increased HUVEC viability and inhibited the apoptosis induced by AGEs. In addition, AGEs stimulated the expression levels of the receptor for AGEs protein and the downstream protein nuclear factor-κB in HUVECs, which were inhibited by pretreatment with NBP. Furthermore, it significantly reduced reactive oxygen species generation and the level of the inflammatory cytokines, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1, in HUVECs mediated by AGEs. The current findings indicated that NBP attenuated AGE-induced endothelial dysfunction by ameliorating inflammation and oxidative stress responses.

Risk factors associated with acute/subacute cerebral infarction in HIV-negative patients with cryptococcal meningitis.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the risk factors associated with acute/subacute cerebral infarction (ASCI) in HIV-negative patients with cryptococcal meningitis (CM). METHODS: This case-control study included 10 HIV-negative CM patients with ASCI and 30 age- and sex-matched HIV-negative control (1:3) CM patients without ASCI. The clinical manifestations and neuroimaging findings were collected. Risk factors for ASCI in the HIV-negative CM patients were confirmed by conditional logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Among the 10 HIV-negative CM patients with ASCI, all cases had lacunar infarctions. Single infarctions were found in 6 patients, and multiple infarctions in 4. Hydrocephalus (p=0.020, OR=23.77, 95% CI, 1.67-339.33) and smoking (p=0.039, OR=11.63, 95% CI, 1.14-118.96) were found to be independently associated with the occurrence of ASCI. CONCLUSIONS: Hydrocephalus and smoking may increase the risk of ASCI in HIV-negative CM patients. In the clinical course, cerebral infarction should be strongly suspected in CM patients with hydrocephalus or smoking histories.

Phosphorylated p38, a negative prognostic biomarker, complements TNM staging prognostication in colorectal cancer.

Phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) played a pivotal role in the regulation of disease progression and correlated with tumor prognosis. Here, we characterized the prognostic effect of p-p38 in colorectal cancer (CRC). Three hundred and sixteen CRC patients in stages I-III were recruited in this study. P-p38 expression was semi-quantitatively evaluated using tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry staining. Overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), local failure-free survival (LFFS), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) of patient subgroups, segregated by p-p38 expression level and clinical stage, were compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis. We found that p-p38 was overexpressed in 48.1 % (152/316) CRC tissues, whereas low or deficiently expressed in normal adjacent epithelia. Overexpression of p-p38 predicted poor OS (P < 0.001), DFS (P = 0.002), LFFS (P = 0.016), and DMFS (P = 0.025) in CRC. Importantly, patient subgroups in the early stage (stages I + II) and with low p-p38 had similar OS, PFS, LFFS, and DMFS probabilities to that of stage I, whereas those with high p-p38 were similar to stage III disease. In addition, for stage III disease, the subgroup with low p-p38 had a similar survival probability to that of stage I, whereas the subgroup with high p-p38 had the worst survival. Multivariate Cox analysis confirmed that p-p38 was indeed a significantly independent factor for death, recurrence, and distant metastases in CRC. Our results demonstrated that p-p38 was a negative independent prognostic factor for CRC. Complementing TNM staging with p-p38 might refine the risk definition more accurately for a subset of patients.

In vivo delivery of Atoh1 gene to rat cochlea using a dendrimer-based nanocarrier.

Gene therapy is a promising clinical solution to hearing loss. However suitable gene carriers for the auditory system are currently unavailable. Given the unique structure of the inner ear, the route of delivery and gene transfer efficiency are still not optimal at present. This study presented a non-viral delivery system of in vivo delivery of Atoh1 gene (a potentially therapeutic gene for hearing loss) to rat cochlea. We treated polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers by activating and modifying with Na-carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrins (CM-beta-CD) in sequence. A novel gene carrier (CM-beta-CD modified activated PAMAM dendrimers, CMAP) was then constructed. CMAP nanoparticles could bind pRK5-Atoh1-EGFP plasmids to form vector-DNA complexes (dendriplexes) with a mean particle size of 132 +/- 20 nm and zeta potential of 31 +/- 3 mV. These dendriplexes were locally applied on the round window membrane and delivered to the inner ear by passive gradient permeation. Results showed that the Atoh1 gene was successfully transferred into the cells as indicated by the green fluorescence detected in the inner ear. A relatively selective gene transfer with high efficiency was achieved in the auditory hair cells but not much in other cell types in the cochlea. Auditory brainstem response was determined seven days after inoculation, indicating good tolerance. This approach may provide a novel tool for inner ear gene therapy and initiate the applications of biomaterials to treat auditory disorders.

Migration and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells transplanted into mature cochlea of rats with aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss.

CONCLUSION: Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) transplanted into the scala tympani are able to migrate in the cochlea of rats deafened with aminoglycoside and partly restore the structure of sensory epithelia of the inner ear. OBJECTIVES: To explore the migration and differentiation of enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP)-expressing ESCs by transplanting them into the scala tympani of rats with amikacin sulfate-induced hearing loss. METHODS: Adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were deafened with amikacin sulfate. Mouse ESCs expressing EGFP (EGFP-ESCs) were transplanted into the scala tympani. The migration and differentiation were observed at different time points. RESULTS: EGFP-ESCs transplanted into normal cochlea did not migrate, but those in the amikacin-damaged cochlea could survive and migrate into the scala media and the vestibular cisterna. For the first time, we observed that the EGFP-ESCs migrated into the scala media, took the place of the organ of Corti, and formed a structure just like the cochlear tunnel. Some grafted stem cells even expressed myosin VIIa, the molecular marker of hair cells. Some nerve fibers reached to the bottom of the hair cell-like cells. The ESCs migrated into the vestibule and restored the sensory epithelia of the ampullary crest. The number of the transplanted ESCs reduced over the 6 week period of the study.

[Analysis of CLCN1 gene mutations in 2 patients with myotonia congenita].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate chloride channel 1 (CLCN1) gene mutation and clinical features of 2 Chinese patients with myotonia congenita. METHODS: Clinical data of a patient from a family affected with myotonia congenita in addition with a sporadic patient from Fujian province were analyzed. Exons of CLCN1 gene were amplified and sequenced. RESULTS: The proband from the affected family was found to carry a c.1024G>A heterozygous missense mutation in exon 8, whilst the sporadic patient has carried a c.1292C>T heterozygous missense mutation in exon 11. CONCLUSION: Detection of CLCN1 gene mutation is an effective method for the diagnosis of myotonia congenita. Exon 8 of CLCN1 gene may be a mutational hotspot in Chinese patients with myotonia congenita.