Association of household language and vision screening among children in the United States.

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends annual testing in children beginning at 3 years of age to detect vision problems and prevent amblyopia. However, rates of vision testing in children from non-English primary language (NEPL) households are not well delineated. This study analyzed the 2018-2020 National Survey of Children's Health to examine patterns and predictors of vision testing among children from NEPL households. In this nationally representative cohort of 89,697 children 3-17 years of age, 70.9% of children received vision testing during the previous 12 months. Children from non-English-speaking households were less likely to undergo vision testing (64.3% vs 72.0%; aOR [95% CI] = 0.83 [0.72-0.95], P = 0.008). Decreased vision testing among children from NEPL households was driven by lower rates of testing at school (16.1% vs 21.0%; 0.72 [0.57-0.89], P = 0.009) or from an ophthalmologist or optometrist (49.0% vs 54.0%; 0.72 [0.61-0.85], P = 0.0004), whereas children from NEPL households were more likely to receive vision testing at health clinics (14.4% vs 3.1%; 3.25 [2.40-4.39], P < 0.0001). No differences were observed in rates of testing by a pediatrician (41.1% vs 44.0%; 1.05 [0.89-1.23], P = 0.69). Interventions to improve language services and health literacy are warranted to increase rates of vision testing among children from NEPL households.

Disease Awareness Among Patients With Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Patterns and Predictors.

Purpose: To examine the prevalence and predictors of patient awareness of their disease in adults with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: This study analyzed 5553 adults 40 years or older in the 2005-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey who underwent retinal imaging. AMD was determined based on retinal images. Patient awareness of their AMD was assessed by a self-reported AMD diagnosis. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to examine the association of patient awareness of their AMD with sociodemographic characteristics and specific AMD lesion types on retinal imaging. Results: AMD was identified in 425 of the adults surveyed (6.5%) (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.5%-7.5%), including 87.7% (95% CI, 82.9%-92.5%) with early AMD and 12.3% (95% CI, 7.5%-17.1%) with late AMD. Among adults with either type of AMD on retinal imaging, 17.5% (95% CI, 13.1%-22.0%) were aware of their disease, which included 11.6% (95% CI, 8.4%-14.9%) with early AMD and 59.2% (95% CI, 43.1%-75.3%) with late AMD (P < .0001). In the same group, those aged 60 years or older (odds ratio [OR], 33.46; 95% CI, 7.67-146.03) and with a best-corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or worse (OR, 4.63; 95% CI, 2.95-7.26) had higher awareness of their AMD diagnosis, whereas Hispanic (OR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.09-0.88) vs White adults and those who did not speak English at home (OR, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.01-0.41) had lower awareness of their diagnosis. Conclusions: Fewer than 1 in 5 adults with AMD were aware of their personal diagnosis, including fewer than 3 in 5 adults with late AMD. Older adults and those with worse vision were more likely to know they have AMD, whereas Hispanic adults and those who did not speak English at home were less likely. Efforts to increase patients' awareness of their AMD may improve rates of follow-up and prevent vision loss.

Swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography metrics of retinal ischaemic perivascular lesions in patients being evaluated for carotid artery stenosis and controls.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Retinal microvascular ischaemia may produce localised middle retinal disruption with corresponding scotoma, a phenomenon termed paracentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM). Small chronic middle retinal atrophic lesions termed retinal ischaemic perivascular lesions (RIPLs) appear qualitatively similar to PAMM lesions and have recently been hypothesised to result specifically from PAMM. However, no studies have quantitatively demonstrated an ischaemic origin of RIPLs. We quantitatively investigated the pathophysiology of RIPLs and their relationship with PAMM with swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA). METHODS: A total of 14 controls and 25 patients being evaluated for carotid artery stenosis (CAS) were enrolled. SS-OCTA imaging of each eye was taken. Projection-resolved en face 6 mm × 6 mm superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) images were quantitatively analysed with two algorithms for changes in vessel linear density (VLD) and vessel tortuosity (VT) at RIPLs relative to both the immediately surrounding macula and the entire macula, as well as between eyes with RIPLs and eyes without RIPLs. RESULTS: All controls and 22 of 25 CAS patients were included in the analysis. RIPLs demonstrated a localised decrease in DCP VLD in CAS patients and controls. RIPLs tended to show a localised decrease in SCP VLD in CAS patients but a localised increase in controls. No changes in VT were found. Eyes with RIPLs had VLD and VT similar to their RIPL-free fellow eyes. CONCLUSION: RIPLs are associated with quantifiable local, but not global, ischaemia, supporting the idea of shared pathophysiology with classic PAMM lesions along a continuum of ischaemia severity.

Characterizing the Accessibility and Content of Surgical and Medical Retina Fellowship Program Websites.

Purpose: To assess the accessibility and content of surgical and medical retina fellowship websites. Methods: The websites of all surgical and medical retina fellowship programs were examined. Each program's website was evaluated based on information available on 10 recruitment and 10 training criteria. The presence of the criteria was summed to calculate a total content score (range, 0-20). Also examined were the differences in website content score by number of fellows, geographic location, and Association of University Professors of Ophthalmology (AUPO) compliance. Results: This study identified 102 surgical and 25 medical retina programs. Overall, 91.2% of surgical and 88.0% of medical retina programs had an accessible website. The surgical retina program website contained a mean of 9.8 of the total criteria, including 4.9 recruitment criteria and 5.2 training criteria, with no significant differences by number of fellows, geography, or AUPO status. Medical retina websites contained a mean of 9.3 total criteria, including 4.5 recruitment criteria and 4.9 training criteria. Website content scores for medical retina programs were associated with geography and AUPO status, which was consistent when stratifyed by recruitment and training criteria. Conclusions: Most surgical and medical retina fellowships have an accessible program website. However, there are opportunities to improve the completeness and consistency of information on these websites. Improved websites can help programs attract well-suited candidates and might address multiple inefficiencies in the application process.

Delayed or Forgone Healthcare Due to COVID-19 among Adults with Vision Impairment.

INTRODUCTION: Decreased public transit, no­visitor policies, and other restrictions to reduce the spread of COVID­19 may limit healthcare access for vision impaired adults. This study aimed to assess rates of healthcare delayed or forgone due to COVID­19 among adults with low vision. METHODS: Data were analyzed from the 2021 National Health Interview Survey, a representative sample of US adults. Vision and hearing impairment were determined by self­report. The primary study outcome was delayed or canceled medical care due to COVID­19. Multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for gender, age, race, education, insurance, income, region, and chronic comorbidities were constructed to examine associations of medical care delayed due to COVID­19. RESULTS: Overall, 1.6% (n=457) of adults had vision impairment and 1.6% (n=438) had hearing impairment. Vision impairment was not associated with having taken a COVID­19 test (P=0.34) or previous COVID­19 infection (P=0.46). Adults with vs without low vision had higher rates of delayed (30.7% vs 19.2%, 1.86 [1.43-2.42], P<.0001) and cancelled care due to COVID-19 (23.9% vs 12.2%, 2.21 [1.66-2.94], P<.0001). Even compared to adults with hearing impairment, those with vision impairment were more likely to report canceled medical care due to COVID­19 (1.20 [1.02-1.41], P=0.03). CONCLUSION: Adults with low vision had increased risk of delayed and canceled medical care due to COVID­19, with increased rates of canceled medical care even when compared to those with hearing impairment. These results suggest COVID­19 and interventions to limit its spread have had a disproportionate impact on adults with low vision and place them at risk of poor health outcomes.

Hirsutism is associated with increased hospitalization for mental health disorders.

Hirsutism is a common condition characterized by excess hair growth and may lead to psychosocial distress and substantial mental health (MH) burden. These psychosocial manifestations may lead to MH emergencies and hospitalization. However, the prevalence and predictors of MH hospitalization associated with hirsutism are not well-understood. The objective of this study was to determine the likelihood and associations of MH hospitalization among females in the US with hirsutism. Data were analyzed from female inpatients in the 2005-2014 National Inpatient Sample, a representative sample of US hospitalizations. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to examine the association of MH hospitalization and comorbidities with hirsutism diagnosis. Patients with hirsutism were more likely to also have a comorbid MH disorder, compared to those without hirsutism (49.5% vs 27.5%, odds ratio [95% CI]: 3.33 [3.14-3.54]), including higher odds of having 14 of the 15 MH disorders studied. Moreover, those with hirsutism had higher odds of hospitalization for a MH disorder in multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for sex, age, and insurance coverage (14.0% vs 3.6%, 3.84 [3.50-4.21]). The mean length of hospital stay (LOS) for a MH disorder was greater among inpatients with vs without hirsutism (12.8 vs 7.1 days, ß [95% CI]: 5.71 [4.24-7.18]). There were two-way interactions of hirsutism and MH hospitalization as predictors of longer LOS. Among female inpatients with hirsutism, MH hospitalization was associated with younger age, having health insurance, and longer LOS, and inversely associated with elective admission. In conclusion, female inpatients with hirsutism have higher odds of comorbid MH disorders and MH hospitalizations, with much longer LOS. Patients may benefit from increased access to outpatient follow-up, as poor disease control may contribute to worse MH outcomes and more frequent hospitalization.

Association of Pediatric Strabismus and Functional Impairment: A Cross-sectional Nationwide Analysis.

PURPOSE: To examine the association of childhood strabismus with functional limitation to identify particular domains of impairment. METHODS: The authors analyzed 201 children ages 5 to 17 years with strabismus enrolled in the 1996-2015 Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys, representative annual surveys of the U.S. POPULATION: Functional impairment was assessed using the Columbia Impairment Scale (CIS), a validated measure of behavioral and psychosocial functioning. A CIS score of 16 or greater defined clinically significant functional impairment. Multivariate regression models adjusted for age, sex, race, ethnicity, household income, geographic location, and insurance type were constructed to examine the association of strabismus diagnosis with overall impairment and individual domains of function. RESULTS: Children diagnosed as having strabismus had higher rates of clinically significant functional impairment compared to those without strabismus (15.1% vs 9.1%, adjusted odds ratio [95% CI]: 1.82 [1.11 to 2.97], P = .02). Moreover, strabismus diagnosis was associated with higher rates of problems with getting along with their mother (1.70 [1.21 to 2.40], P = .003) and father (1.66 [1.16 to 2.38], P = .006), getting along with other children (1.67 [1.16 to 2.40], P = .006), behavior at home (1.94 [1.37 to 2.74], P = .0002), staying out of trouble (1.52 [1.04 to 2.23], P = .03), nervousness (1.49 [1.05 to 2.11], P = .02), and getting involved with sports and hobbies (1.55 [1.03 to 2.34], P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: Childhood strabismus is associated with 1.8-fold greater odds of clinically significant functional impairment, with greater dysfunction in specific relationship and behavioral domains. Functional burden may be an important consideration in management decisions. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2023;60(4):268-276.].

Association of Health Literacy and Health Care Utilization Among Glaucoma Patients.

PRCIS: Among 7846 adults with self-reported glaucoma, low health literacy (LHL) was associated with fewer outpatient ophthalmological follow-up visits, utilization of a greater number of ocular hypotensive medication classes, and higher costs for glaucoma medications. PURPOSE: Previous studies found LHL is associated with increased difficulty with treatment adherence among adults with glaucoma, which can lead to poor outcomes. This study examined patterns of glaucoma health care utilization associated with LHL. METHODS: We analyzed 7846 adults with self-reported glaucoma enrolled in the 1996-2017 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Adult glaucoma patients with LHL (defined by National Assessment of Adult Literacy score <226) were the compared with those with high health literacy. Multivariable regression models were constructed to examine the association of LHL with number of outpatient glaucoma visits, prescription medications, polypharmacy (≥2 ocular hypotensive classes prescribed), and associated costs. RESULTS: Self-reported glaucoma diagnosis was associated with higher rates of LHL [23.9% vs. 9.7%, odds ratio (95% CI): 2.43 (2.25-2.62), P <0.0001]. Among those with glaucoma, LHL was associated with fewer glaucoma outpatient visits [risk ratio: 0.94 (0.89-0.99), P =0.02] and the use of a greater number of ocular hypotensive medications [1.06 (1.01-1.12), P =0.03]. Moreover, those with LHL had higher health care spending on prescription medications [mean: $556.40 vs. $471.87, ß (95% CI): $57.05 ($30.22-$83.87)]. Adult glaucoma patients with LHL were also more likely to have polypharmacy [odds ratio (95% CI): 1.26 (1.01-1.59)]. CONCLUSION: LHL was more prevalent in patients with glaucoma, compared with those without. Glaucoma patients with LHL were prescribed more medications and had higher medication costs, however, they had fewer outpatient glaucoma visits. Improved glaucoma patient education to address LHL is needed, in addition to studies to understand the impact of these findings on treatment outcomes.

Patient Perspectives on the Drivers and Deterrents of Antibiotic Treatment of Acute Rhinosinusitis: a Qualitative Study.

BACKGROUND: Antibiotics are prescribed in >80% of outpatient acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) visits, despite the low incidence of bacterial infection. Previous studies have shown patient expectations are the most robust predictor of antibiotics prescription in ARS. However, patient perceptions are not well known or understood. OBJECTIVE: To understand patient perceptions regarding what drives or deters them from wanting, seeking, and taking antibiotic treatment of ARS. DESIGN: Iterative thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews. PARTICIPANTS: Nineteen adults diagnosed with ARS within the prior 60 days at the Northwestern Medicine General Internal Medicine clinic in Chicago, IL. MAIN MEASURES: Perceptions of patients with ARS. KEY RESULTS: We interviewed 19 patients, identifying the following drivers of antibiotic use: (1) symptoms, especially discolored rhinorrhea, and seeking relief, (2) belief that antibiotics are a convenient and/or effective way to relieve/cure sinusitis, and (3) desire for tangible outcomes of a clinic visit. For deterrents, the following themes emerged: (1) concern about antibiotic resistance, (2) preference for other treatments or preference to avoid medications, and (3) desire to avoid a healthcare visit. Patients identified that a trustworthy physician's recommendation for antibiotics was a driver, and a recommendation against antibiotics was a deterrent to taking antibiotics; a delayed antibiotic prescription also served as a deterrent. Antibiotic side effects were viewed neutrally by most participants, though they were a deterrent to some. CONCLUSIONS: Patients have misconceptions about the indications and effectiveness of antibiotics for ARS. Intimate knowledge of key antibiotic drivers and deterrents, from the perspective of patients with ARS, can be leveraged to engage and increase patients' knowledge, and set appropriate expectations for antibiotics for ARS.

Assessment of the Web Site Availability and Content of Pediatric Ophthalmology Fellowship Programs: A Cross-Sectional Nationwide Study.

Background Fellowship program Web sites are a crucial source of information for prospective pediatric ophthalmology applicants, especially in light of the restrictions on in-person interactions due to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Objective This study examined all pediatric ophthalmology fellowship Web sites for availability and presented recruitment and training content. Methods A full list of all pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus (POAS) fellowship programs were compiled from the Association of University Professors of Ophthalmology (AUPO) directory and the San Francisco Match (SFMatch) application listing. Each fellowship was queried by Google Internet search to identify the program's corresponding Web site. The content of Web sites was evaluated using 20 predetermined recruitment and training criteria. All data were collected in February 2022. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were constructed to examine differences by geographic location, program size, number of teaching faculty, and affiliation with a top ophthalmology residency program. Results There were 45 pediatric ophthalmology fellowships identified from the AUPO and SFMatch. All pediatric ophthalmology fellowships had an available program Web site. However, there was significant variability in content, and the average Web site had approximately half of the evaluated criteria. POAS Web sites reported a greater number of recruitment criteria than program training criteria. There were no differences by program size, number of faculty, affiliation with a top residency program, or geographic location in the number of observed criteria. Conclusions This study provides data to drive efforts to improve pediatric ophthalmology fellowship Web sites. Pediatric ophthalmology fellowship Web sites are missing important information, and there are opportunities to improve program Web sites, regardless of program size, number of faculty, affiliation with a top residency, and geographic location. Informative, accurate Web sites may attract qualified candidates, and as a result, elevate the likelihood that interviewed candidates are well-suited to the program. As such, improvements to fellowship Web sites can streamline the application process and increase a program's success rate in the match.

Neonatal eyelid penetration from insertion of a fetal scalp electrode: a case report.

BACKGROUND: A fetal scalp electrode (FSE), first described by Edward Hon in 1967, is an intrapartum monitoring device embedded directly into the fetal scalp for an accurate measure of fetal heart rate. Though use of an FSE is generally safe, complications can occur from misplacement, including ophthalmic injury. CASE PRESENTATION: Patient was a 28-year-old G6P5006 who presented for induction of labor at 39 weeks due to asymptomatic bilateral pulmonary embolism. Concerning findings on external fetal monitoring led to placement of a fetal scalp electrode for close monitoring. Upon delivery, the neonate was noted to have the FSE embedded in the left upper eyelid. Ophthalmology was consulted and could not rule out ocular injury on external examination at the bedside. Examination under anesthesia in the operating room demonstrated no penetration of the ocular globe, and the eyelid laceration was sutured. The laceration was well-healing at one-week follow-up with no further complications. CONCLUSION: Facial or brow presentation during delivery is rare but may increase the risk for misplacement of an FSE. Ultrasound verification of vertex position is warranted immediately prior to placing an FSE for patients at higher risk of facial or brow presentation. Periorbital edema of neonates may protect against damage to deeper structures. However, Ophthalmology should be consulted to rule out ocular injury if the FSE is placed in the periocular region.

Association of mental health outcomes and lower patient satisfaction among adults with alopecia: A cross-sectional population-based study.

Background: Previous studies have found the increasing use of patient satisfaction scores by patients and insurance payers. Less is known about how patient mental health affects health care satisfaction. Objective: To examine the association between baseline mental health and health care satisfaction among adults with alopecia. Methods: We examined 543 adults with alopecia in the 2004-2016 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Mental health burden was assessed by the 6-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6) and 2-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ2). Patient satisfaction was determined using the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems survey. Results: Adults with versus without alopecia had higher rates of positive PHQ2 (adjusted odds ratio [95% CI], 1.37 [1.05-1.78]); positive K6 (1.57 [1.02-2.41]), and comorbid anxiety (1.85 [1.30-2.63]) and depression (1.68 [1.19-2.39]). Positive PHQ2 (2.15 [1.13, 4.11]) and positive K6 (6.04 [2.60, 14.05]) were associated with low patient satisfaction. Whereas, there were no differences in the rates of low patient satisfaction associated with comorbid anxiety (0.74 [0.33-1.67]) and depression (1.42 [0.72-2.78]). Limitations: Data are unavailable on alopecia areata phenotypes and treatment. Conclusions: Adults with alopecia and greater mental health symptoms report lower patient satisfaction. Clinicians may wish to adapt their communication style to support these patients and improve overall health care satisfaction.

Retinal Vessel Density and Treatment Intensity among Adults with Retinal Vein Occlusion: A Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Study.

Previous studies have shown retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is associated with changes in vessel density visible on swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (ss-OCTA). This study aimed to characterize retinal changes on ss-OCTA among RVO patients stratified by the need for continuous anti-VEGF therapy. This cross-sectional study of 24 RVO patients ≥ 18 years were imaged with SS-OCT-A. Patients were categorized into continuous vs. limited therapy (≥1 vs. no injections in previous 12 months) based on recurrence of intraretinal fluid (IRF) on OCT. Images were analyzed using ImageJ. T-tests were used to compare vessel density of the macula and peripheral retina. Overall, RVO patients undergoing continuous therapy (n = 14) had higher diabetes prevalence, worse baseline visual acuity, and higher baseline macular thickness compared to the limited (n = 10) therapy group. Continuous therapy was associated with lower macular VD in the combined retina layer and the superficial capillary plexus (SCP), but not in the deep capillary plexus (DCP). Further, the continuous therapy group exhibited lower peripheral VD in the combined retina layer, and no difference in the SCP and DCP layers when analyzed separately. In conclusion, RVO patients requiring continuous anti-VEGF injections demonstrate reduced VD of the macula and in the periphery on SS-OCTA imaging. SS-OCTA may be valuable for monitoring and prognosticating treatment for RVO patients.

Readability of Online Patient Education Materials for Glaucoma.

PRCIS: We assessed the readability of online glaucoma patient education materials using seven validated instruments. Overall, glaucoma materials were written at a 10th to 11th grade level, above the recommended seventh grade reading level. PURPOSE: Online health information is increasingly used by patients, yet previous studies show online patient education materials are often difficult to understand. As such, the American Medical Association recommends that patient education materials are written at or below a seventh grade reading level. This study aimed to assess the readability of online glaucoma patient education materials. METHODS: Glaucoma was entered into the Google search engine, and the first 30 search results were assessed for readability using seven validated readability instruments. Scientific articles, forums, and dictionary entries were excluded. Single sample t tests were used to assess whether online glaucoma materials were written above the recommended seventh grade level. RESULTS: Overall, glaucoma materials were written at a mean grade level of 10.33 (SD: 2.02). Across 6 grade level readability instruments, these patient education materials were written above the recommended seventh grade reading level (P<0.0001 for all). Glaucoma education materials only on the first page of Google search results were of a similar reading level: mean 10.56 (SD: 2.13). The readability instruments used in this study showed strong consistency. CONCLUSIONS: Glaucoma patient education materials are written above the recommended reading level to promote accessibility of education materials. This may contribute to lower patient engagement, worse clinical outcomes, and greater racial and ethnic disparities in glaucoma management. There is a need for reliable, simple glaucoma information to improve patient outcomes.