The synergistic effect of high temperature and ozone on the number of deaths from circulatory system diseases in Shijiazhuang, China.

Introduction: Urban ozone pollution in China is becoming increasingly serious. Climate warming, high temperatures, and ozone pollution all have significant impacts on human health. However, the synergistic effects of high temperatures and ozone pollution in summer on human health are rarely studied. China is at a critical stage of environmental pollution control. Assessing the health impact of high temperatures and ozone exposure on the number of deaths from circulatory diseases is of great significance for formulating ozone-related prevention and control policies. Methods: This study uses daily data on deaths from circulatory system diseases in Shijiazhuang from June to August during the summer of 2013-2016, as well as concurrent meteorological data and concentration of O3 and PM2.5 pollution data. The generalized additive model (GAM) with Poisson distribution, smooth curve threshold effect, and saturation effect method is used to control for confounding effects. Results: The study evaluates the impact of short-term exposure to temperature and ozone on deaths from circulatory system diseases and the synergistic effect after controlling for confounding factors. The results show that the impact of temperature and ozone on deaths from circulatory system diseases in Shijiazhuang is nonlinear, with a temperature threshold of 27.5°C and an ozone concentration threshold of 100 µg/m3. With an increase of temperature by 1°C, the risk of deaths for total population, men and women are 6.8%, 4.6% and 9.3%, respectively. The increase in temperature and ozone concentration has a greater impact on women; in men, the increase has a lag effect of 2 to 3 days, but the lag did not affect women. Discussion: In conclusion, high temperatures and high ozone concentration have synergistic enhancement effects on circulatory system diseases. Prevention and scientific management strategies of circulatory system diseases in high temperatures and high ozone environments should be strengthened.

[Initial studies of microemulsion formulation for the delivery of a combination of Tanshiones and Salvianolic acids].

OBJECTIVE: To study influential factor on the microemulsion formulation for the delivery of a combination of Tanshiones and Salvianlic acids. METHODS: Area of oil-in-water microemulsion was investigated through pseudo-ternary phase diagrams that evalued the influence of different oliphase, Km-value and waterphase. Viscosity of microemulsions was measured to investigate the influence of oliphase and waterphase carrying different dose drugs respectively. Polydispersity index, intensity mean, volum mean and number mean of microemulsion particles were detected to value the particles diameter and their disposition. RESULTS: Different oliphase, K.-value and waterphase had noticeable influence on the area of microemulsions and formulation composed of ethyl oleate, Solutrol HS15-EtOH (8 : 2), and the solution of Salvianolic acids, was the best one Viscosity of microemulsions was slightly influenced by oliphase and waterphase carrying different dose drugs respectively, but significantly influenced by the ratio of waterphase. The particles diameter and their disposition were also influenced by the ratio of waterphase. When the ratio of waterphase was not less than 87.5%, the particles were well-distributed and very stable. CONCLUSION: The formulation is composed of ethyl oleate, Solutrol HS15-EtOH (8 : 2), and water can be used to delive the combination of Tanshiones and Salvianolic acids.