Chemical Advances in Therapeutic Application of Exosomes and Liposomes.

Exosomes and liposomes are vesicular nanoparticles that can encapsulate functional cargo. The chemical similarities between naturally occurring exosomes and synthetic liposomes have accelerated the development of exosome mimetics as a therapeutic drug delivery platform under physiological and pathological environments. To maximise the applications of exosomes and liposomes in the clinical setting, it is essential to look into their basic chemical properties and utilise these characteristics to optimise the preparation, loading, modification and hybridisation. This review summarises the chemical and biological properties of both exosomal and liposomal systems as well as some of the challenges related to their production and application. This article concludes with a discussion on potential perspectives for the integration of exosomal and liposomal technologies in mapping better approaches for their biomedical use, especially in therapeutics.

Wound Healing Properties of Exosomes - A Review and Modelling of Combinatorial Analysis Strategies.

Wound healing is an elaborated process, well-regulated via cell migration and proliferation. Although the physiological basics of wound healing have been thoroughly investigated and reported, much remains to be studied. Particularly, various studies have demonstrated the immunomodulatory roles of exosomes derived from plant cells, mammalian cells, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the healing and repairing system. The paracrine and therapeutic effects of exosomes are mainly associated with the broad exosomal cargo content comprising growth factors, cytokines, enzymes, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipid signaling molecules. Nevertheless, the functional or mechanism pathway of exosomes with reference to overall exosomal cargo remains undetermined. To date, combinatorial analysis strategies employing Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID), STRING tools, Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes, Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis, as well as Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) have been applied in elucidating network interaction and functional pathway of exosomes. In this review paper, the application of combinatorial analysis strategies is demonstrated to better understand the therapeutic potentials of exosomes in the wound healing process. In conclusion, functional modulation of exosomal cargo for specific biological treatment is achievable, and modelling of combinatorial analysis strategies will hopefully bridge the research gap and provide a paradigm shift to regenerative processes.