Prenatally detected copy number variants in a national cohort: A postnatal follow-up study.

OBJECTIVE: Belgian genetic centers established a database containing data on all chromosomal microarrays performed in a prenatal context. A study was initiated to evaluate postnatal development in children diagnosed prenatally with a non-benign copy number variant (CNV). METHODS: All children diagnosed with a prenatally detected non-benign CNV in a Belgian genetic center between May 2013 and February 2015 were included in the patient population. The control population consisted of children who had undergone an invasive procedure during pregnancy, with no or only benign CNVs. Child development was evaluated at 36 months using three (3) questionnaires: Ages and Stages Questionnaire Third edition, Ages and Stages Questionnaire Social-Emotional Second Edition and a general questionnaire. RESULTS: A significant difference in communication and personal-social development was detected between children with a reported susceptibility CNV and both children with an unreported susceptibility CNV and the control population. The outcome of children with a particular CNV is discussed in a case-by-case manner. CONCLUSION: Our postnatal follow-up project of children with a prenatally detected non-benign CNV is the first nationwide project of its kind. A higher number of cases for each CNV category is however needed to confirm our findings.

The Belgian MicroArray Prenatal (BEMAPRE) database: A systematic nationwide repository of fetal genomic aberrations.

OBJECTIVE: With the replacement of karyotyping by chromosomal microarray (CMA) in invasive prenatal diagnosis, new challenges have arisen. By building a national database, we standardize the classification and reporting of prenatally detected copy number variants (CNVs) across Belgian genetic centers. This database, which will link genetic and ultrasound findings with postnatal development, forms a unique resource to investigate the pathogenicity of variants of uncertain significance and to refine the phenotypic spectrum of pathogenic and susceptibility CNVs. METHODS: The Belgian MicroArray Prenatal (BEMAPRE) consortium is a collaboration of all genetic centers in Belgium. We collected data from all invasive prenatal procedures performed between May 2013 and July 2016. RESULTS: In this three-year period, 13 266 prenatal CMAs were performed. By national agreement, a limited number of susceptibility CNVs and no variants of uncertain significance were reported. Added values for using CMA versus conventional karyotyping were 1.8% in the general invasive population and 2.7% in cases with an ultrasound anomaly. Of the reported CNVs, 31.5% would have remained undetected with non-invasive prenatal test as the first-tier test. CONCLUSION: The establishment of a national database for prenatal CNV data allows for a uniform reporting policy and the investigation of the prenatal and postnatal genotype-phenotype correlation.

Applicability of the Nordic Occupational Skin Questionnaire for Screening Contact Dermatological Disorders in Sea Fishers.

This survey aimed to evaluate the applicability of the Nordic Occupational Skin Questionnaire (NOSQ) as a preliminary screening tool to investigate the presence of contact dermatological disorders in sea fishermen. The Italian version of the NOSQ was administered to 143 male fishermen working at an Apulia (Southern Italy) Fisheries, and 136 male workers who had never worked as sea fishers (controls). A significantly higher rate of frequency of transient itchy wheals on the hands, wrists, and forearms was recorded in the fishermen as compared to the controls (49.6% vs. 8.1%; p < 0.001), while there was no significant difference in the frequency of eczema (8.4% vs. 6.6%). In 46.1% of the fishermen, the onset of transient itchy wheals was associated with contact with specific agents and the most common causes were algae and aquatic plants (49.3%) and seabed sludge (25.3%). In conclusion, the administration of the NOSQ can be useful in preliminary screening for dermatitis in fishermen, although it could show a possible overestimation of the prevalence of transient itchy wheals.

Gene copy number variation in male breast cancer by aCGH.

BACKGROUND: Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare disease and little is known about its etiopathogenesis. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) provides a method to quantitatively measure the changes of DNA copy number and to map them directly onto the complete linear genome sequences. The aim of this study was to investigate DNA imbalances by aCGH and compare them with a female breast cancer dataset. METHODS: We used Agilent Human Genome CGH Microarray Kit 44B and 44 K to compare genomic alterations in 25 male breast cancer tissues studied at NCC of Bari and 16 female breast cancer deposited with the Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE 12659). Data analysis was performed with Nexus Copy Number 5.0 software. RESULTS: All the 25 male and 16 female breast cancer samples displayed some chromosomal instability (110,93 alterations per patient in female, 69 in male). However, male samples presented a lower frequency of genetic alterations both in terms of loss and gains. CONCLUSION: aCGH is an effective tool for analysis of cytogenetic aberrations in MBC, which involves different biological processes than female. Male most significant altered regions contained genes involved in cell communication, cell division and immunological response, while female cell-cell junction maintenance, regulation of transcription and neuron development.

Gene copy number variation in male breast cancer by aCGH.

BACKGROUND: Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare disease and little is known about its etiopathogenesis. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) provides a method to quantitatively measure the changes of DNA copy number and to map them directly onto the complete linear genome sequences. The aim of this study was to investigate DNA imbalances by aCGH and compare them with a female breast cancer dataset. METHODS: We used Agilent Human Genome CGH Microarray Kit 44B and 44K to compare genomic alterations in 25 male breast cancer tissues studied at NCC of Bari and 16 female breast cancer deposited with the Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE12659). Data analysis was performed with Nexus Copy Number 5.0 software. RESULTS: All the 25 male and 16 female breast cancer samples displayed some chromosomal instability (110.93 alterations per patient in female, 69 in male). However, male samples presented a lower frequency of genetic alterations both in terms of loss and gains. CONCLUSION: aCGH is an effective tool for analysis of cytogenetic aberrations in MBC, which involves different biological processes than female. Male most significant altered regions contained genes involved in cell communication, cell division and immunological response, while female cell-cell junction maintenance, regulation of transcription and neuron development.

Identification of tumor evolution patterns by means of inductive logic programming.

In considering key events of genomic disorders in the development and progression of cancer, the correlation between genomic instability and carcinogenesis is currently under investigation. In this work, we propose an inductive logic programming approach to the problem of modeling evolution patterns for breast cancer. Using this approach, it is possible to extract fingerprints of stages of the disease that can be used in order to develop and deliver the most adequate therapies to patients. Furthermore, such a model can help physicians and biologists in the elucidation of molecular dynamics underlying the aberrations-waterfall model behind carcinogenesis. By showing results obtained on a real-world dataset, we try to give some hints about further approach to the knowledge-driven validations of such hypotheses.

Touch imprint cytology in tumor tissue banks for the confirmation of neoplastic cellularity and for DNA extraction.

CONTEXT: Learning the characteristics of frozen tissue samples stored in tumor banks for biological studies remains a problem. OBJECTIVE: To assess the use of touch imprint cytology on fresh tissue samples as a rapid and reliable method of determining the presence and quantity of neoplastic cells before freezing. DESIGN: Touch imprint cytology was performed on 259 specimens of operable breast cancer. Touch imprints were prepared from fresh tissue specimens before freezing samples for storage. Each tumor sample was imprinted on a glass slide and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Tumor cellularity was quantified as negative, poor, moderate, or rich. RESULTS: A significant correlation was found between samples with a tumor size greater than 2 cm and high tumor cellularity (P = .03; chi(2) test). Furthermore, 35% of ductal tumors showed higher tumor cellularity compared with lobular tumors (P < .001; chi(2) test). No association was found between lymph node status and tumor grade. When samples for which more than 2 imprints were available were examined, tumor cellularity among imprints of the same sample showed an overall agreement of 0.67 (P < .001; kappa statistic). It was also determined that the higher the cellularity, the higher the agreement. Our data also showed concordance of 0.87 (P < .001; kappa statistic) between touch imprint cytology imprints and histologic sections from contiguous tumor. Moreover, 11 randomly selected samples underwent DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction, and sequencing to verify the feasibility of DNA analyses. We found that DNA from touch imprint cytology was amplifiable and suitable for direct sequencing. CONCLUSIONS: Touch imprint cytology may represent an important step in the quality control of tumor cellularity of breast cancer specimens designed to be stored in tumor biobanks and a valid method for assessing the suitability of such tissue for further biomorphologic and biomolecular applications.

Genetic heterogeneity by comparative genomic hybridization in BRCAx breast cancers.

The chromosomal changes in eight familial BRCAx breast cancers (i.e., negative for BRCA1 or BRCA2) were analyzed by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to investigate intratumor heterogeneity. This was the first step in a study of most frequent chromosomal aberrations in BRCAx familial breast cancers. Laser microdissection analysis of paraffin tissue samples was followed by whole-genome amplification. CGH was performed on DNA isolated from two to three different cell groups per case to detect any cytogenetic aberrations in important clones that might have been missed when analyzing DNA extracted from large numbers of cells. The results were compared, to evaluate the influence of tumor heterogeneity on CGH, and the heterogeneity was confirmed comparing CGH with fluorescence in situ hybridization results. Different chromosomal aberrations were detected between adjacent clones within the same section, which highlights the utility of microdissection in addressing the problem of heterogeneity in whole-genome studies. Some chromosomal regions were more frequently altered in the eight BRCAx tumors; loss of 2q, 3p, 3q, 8p, 9p, and 15q and gains of 1p, 4p, 4q, 5p, 6q, 12q, and 19p were the most common. Further studies focusing on specific genes and sequences with more sensitive approaches, such as array-CGH, are warranted to confirm these findings.

Synergistic effects of fumonisin B1 and ochratoxin A: are in vitro cytotoxicity data predictive of in vivo acute toxicity?

Contamination of food and feeds by mycotoxins is a major problem of human and animals health concern which is also extremely detrimental to economy. Mycotoxins producing moulds may produce a diversity of toxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins, tremorgenic toxins and ergot alkaloids. Although toxicological, environmental and epidemiological studies have addressed the problem of these toxins one by one, more than one mycotoxin are found usually in the same contaminated commodities. That rises the incommensurable problem of multi-toxicosis in which the respective metabolites are also involved. These mycotoxins bear potential toxicity leading to acute and chronic effects in humans and animals, depending on species. The mechanisms that lead to toxic effects, such as immune toxicity, and carcinogenicity are complexe. The risk assessment for humans potentially exposed to multi-mycotoxins suffers very much from the lack of adequate food consumption data. Furthermore, for a given mycotoxin synergism and antagonism with other mycotoxins found in the same food commodities are not taken into account. The case of combination of ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) has been addressed in the present paper with the purpose of predicting the in vivo toxicity using a simple in vitro test, i.e. neutral red uptake, in three different cell-lines, C6 glioma cells, Caco-2 cells and Vero cells. Using the equation of [ATLA 27 (1999) 957], in vivo toxicity (LD50) is in adequation with the in vitro data, (IC50 values) for both toxins as well as for the combination of 10 microM OTA and variable concentrations of FB1 (10-50 microM). A synergistic effect is prouved in vitro that is in line with some in vivo data from the literature. Such simple in vitro test may thus help predicting in vivo toxicity of combinations of mycotoxins naturally occurring in foodstuffs.