The Impact of a Junior Faculty Fellowship Award on Academic Advancement and Retention.

PURPOSE: Academic faculty experience barriers to career development and promotion. In 1996, Harvard Medical School (HMS) initiated an intramural junior faculty fellowship to address these obstacles. The authors sought to understand whether receiving a fellowship was associated with more rapid academic promotion and retention. METHOD: Junior faculty fellowship recipients and all other instructor and assistant professors at HMS between 1996 and 2011 were identified. Using propensity score modeling, the authors created a matched comparison group for the fellowship recipients based on educational background, training, academic rank, department, hospital affiliation, and demographics. Time to promotion and time to leaving were assessed by Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS: A total of 622 junior faculty received fellowships. Faculty who received fellowships while instructors (n = 480) had shorter times to promotion to assistant professor (P < .0001) and longer retention times (P < .0001) than matched controls. There were no significant differences in time to promotion for assistant professors who received fellowships (n = 142) compared with matched controls, but assistant professor fellowship recipients were significantly more likely to remain longer on the faculty (P = .0005). Women instructors advanced more quickly than matched controls, while male instructors' rates of promotions did not differ. CONCLUSIONS: Fellowships to support junior faculty were associated with shorter times to promotion for instructors and more sustained faculty retention for both instructors and assistant professors. This suggests that relatively small amounts of funding early in faculty careers can play a critical role in supporting academic advancement and retention.

Low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia and methotrexate resistance: predictors of response to treatment with actinomycin D and need for combination chemotherapy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether any clinical parameters predict the need for multiagent chemotherapy for treatment of low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) after the development of methotrexate (MTX) resistance. STUDY DESIGN: We retrospectively analyzed clinical data from the New England Trophoblastic Disease Center from women with post-molar GTN between 1973 and 2003. RESULTS: We analyzed data from 150 women (40 with partial mole, 110 with complete mole) who received single-agent MTX for low-risk GTN using FIGO and WHO scoring systems. Of the 45 women who developed MTX resistance, the majority (37/45) of these patients received actinomycin D, with 10 patients ultimately requiring multiagent chemotherapy. The requirement for multiagent chemotherapy following MTX resistance was associated with a beta-hCG > 600 mlU/mL 1 week following initial MTX therapy (p < 0.03). Conversely, a beta-hCG < 600 mlU/mL 1 week following initial MTX therapy was as-sociated with a 93% probability of remission with actinomycin D alone. All patients went into durable remission. CONCLUSION: The prognosis for patients with low-risk GTN following molar gestation is excellent, with 100% remission rate, though a small but significant proportion (7%) required multiagent chemotherapy. The need for multiagent chemotherapy was associated with beta-hCG levels 1 week following initial MTX therapy.

Evaluating methotrexate treatment in patients with low-risk postmolar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.

OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical factors associated with requiring more than a single course of Methotrexate (MTX) to achieve remission among women with low-risk postmolar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). METHODS: We studied 150 women with persistent GTN after diagnosis of complete (n=110) or partial mole (n=40) to identify possible predictors of requiring additional treatment after a single treatment of methotrexate (MTX). All women had low-risk disease using FIGO and WHO scoring systems. RESULTS: Seventy women (47%) required additional courses of chemotherapy, of whom 45 (64%) received chemotherapy other than MTX. Multivariate analysis revealed that complete mole histology, presence of metastasis, single day MTX infusion and any increase in serum beta human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) level 1 week after MTX therapy were independent predictors of requiring additional MTX or alternative chemotherapy. Dilatation and curettage (D+C) within 1 week after the diagnosis of persistence did not affect future chemotherapy requirements (p>0.64). Following complete mole, beta-hCG levels >2000 mIU/mL at 1 week post MTX were associated with a 89% risk of additional cycles chemotherapy including MTX and a 65% risk of alternative chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Metastatic disease, MTX infusion protocol and complete mole histology were independently associated with the need for additional chemotherapy after an initial course of MTX for women with low risk GTN. D+C at persistence did not alter the chemotherapy requirement. Elevated beta-hCG level at 1 week after the initial course of MTX was also an independent factor predicting the need for additional courses of MTX or alternative chemotherapy.

El sobrepeso es el factor determinante en la presentación de síndrome coronario agudo en adultos jóvenes colombianos / Overweight is a determinant factor in the presentation of acute coronary syndrome in colombian young adults

Antecedentes: la obesidad es un factor de riesgo para un primer infarto agudo del miocardio. La enfermedad coronaria prematura genera gran impacto socioeconómico por los años productivos perdidos, lo que hace importante su prevención y tratamiento. Objetivo: evaluar el impacto de la obesidad y otros factores de riesgo convencionales en la presentación de un primer evento coronario agudo en sujetos menores de 50 años.Métodos: estudio transversal que incluyó pacientes con diagnóstico de síndrome coronario agudo que ingresaron a la institución entre febrero de 2002 y febrero de 2007. La población se dividió en: sujetos menores y mayores de 50 años, estos últimos seleccionados de manera aleatoria en relación 1:1. La información demográfica, la historia cardiovascular y los factores de riesgo se identificaron en la historia clínica electrónica de la institución y y se corroboraron por vía telefónica. Se empleó la prueba t de student o Wilcoxon rank-sum, según la distribución de las variables. Se realizó un análisis multivariado para determinar los factores de riesgo independientes. Un valor de p < 0,05 se consideró significativo. Resultados: en el período de estudio ingresaron 942 sujetos con diagnóstico de síndrome coronario agudo. 16,1 porciento (152) correspondió a sujetos menores de 50 años y 90,79 porciento (132) presentaban un primer evento. El promedio de edad en el grupo joven fue 44,3 más/menos 5,1 y en el grupo mayor (n=132) fue 65,6 más/menos 8,3 años. El sobrepeso (OR 1.095; IC 1,01-1,18 p=0,019) y el recuento leucocitario (OR 1,00; IC 1.001-1.005 p=0,001) fueron los dos criterios independientes que predijeron el síndrome coronario agudo en adultos menores de 50 años, luego de realizar el análisis multivariado no condicional. Los otros factores de riesgo convencionales no mostraron diferencia significativa.Conclusión: el sobrepeso y la inflamación estimada por el conteo leucocitario, fueron los factores de riesgo independientes para la presentación de un primer episodio de síndrome coronario agudo en adultos colombianos menores de 50 años. Estos resultados confirman la importancia del sobrepeso y la inflamación en los mecanismos fisiopatológicos de la enfermedad cardiovascular en nuestra población.

Papel del óxido nítrico en la fisiología normal de la vía aérea y sus implicaciones en la fisiopatología de la hipertensión pulmonar / The role of nitric oxide (no) in the normal physiology of the airway and its implications on the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension / Papel do óxido nítrico na fisiología normal da via aérea e seus implicações na fisiopatología da hipertensão pulmonar

La hipertensión pulmonar es una patología de la microvasculatura pulmonar, caracterizada por un estado de vasoconstricción, proliferación endotelial, proliferación de músculo liso y trombosis. Se han implicado diversas moléculas en su etiología, demostrándose una producción elevada de agentes vasoconstrictores, mitogénicos, protrombóticos y mediadores proinflamatorios como tromboxano A2, endotelina (ET), el inhibidor del activador del plasminógeno y una menor producción de sustancias vasodilatadoras como la prostaciclina (PGI2) y el óxido nítrico (ON), que en condiciones fisiológicas actúa modulando el tono basal de los vasos pulmonares y también como mediador inflamatorio e inmunomodulador. La histopatología de las lesiones en la hipertensión pulmonar sugiere que el daño en el endotelio y los estímulos proliferativos son procesos fundamentales de su desarrollo, desencadenados por alteraciones en la producción o en la actividad del ON, ocasionados por acumulación de radicales libres que lleva a menor biodisponibilidad del ON. En el presente artículo se revisa el papel que juega el ON en la fisiología normal de la vía aérea y sus implicaciones en la fisiopatología de la hipertensión pulmonar...

Pulmonary hypertension is a disease of the pulmonary microvasculature characterized by vasoconstriction, smooth muscle and endothelial proliferation, and thrombosis. Many molecules have been implicated in the etiology, demonstrating an increased production of vasoconstrictor agents as well as mitogenic, prothrombotic and inflammatory mediators such as tromboxano A2, endothelin (ET), and the inhibitor of the plasminogen activator, together with a low production of vasodilator substances such as prostacyclin (PGI2) and nitric oxide (NO), which in physiological conditions, acts as a modulator of the basal tones of the pulmonary vessels, an inflammatory mediator, and an immunomodulator. The histopathology of the injuries in pulmonary hypertension, triggered by the alteration in the production or activity of NO, which is caused by an accumulation of free radicals that leads to lower bioavailability of NO, suggests that the damage in the endothelium and the proliferative stimulus are fundamental processes for their development. This article reviews the role played by NO in the normal physiology of the airway and its implications on the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension...

A hipertensão pulmonar é uma patologia da microvasculatura pulmonar, caracterizada por um estado de vasoconstrição, proliferação endotelial, proliferação de músculo liso e trombose. Implicaram-se diversas moléculas na sua etiologia, demonstrando-se uma produção elevada de agentes vasoconstrictores, miogênicos, pro trombóticos e mediadores proinflamatorios como tromboxano A2, endotelina (ET), o inhibidor do ativador do plasminógeno e uma menor produção de substâncias vasodilatadoras como a prostaciclina (PGI2) e o óxido nítrico (ON), que em condições fisiológicas atua modulando o tom basal dos copos pulmonares e também como mediador inflamatório e inmunomodulador. A histopatológica das lesões na hipertensão pulmonar sugere que o dano no endotélio e os estímulos proliferativos são processos fundamentais de seu desenvolvimento, desencadeados por alterações na produção ou na atividade do ON, ocasionados por acumulação de radicais livres que leva a menor biodisponibilidade do ON...

Postevacuation hCG levels and risk of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia among women with partial molar pregnancies.

OBJECTIVE: To develop human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) criteria that determine a patient's risk of developing persistent gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) or achieving remission after partial mole evacuation. STUDY DESIGN: We used a database from the New England Trophoblastic Disease Center to analyze hCG levels from 284 women with partial molar pregnancies diagnosed between 1973 and 2003. RESULTS: An hCG level >199 mIU/mL in the third through eighth week following molar evacuation was associated with at least a 35% risk of GTN. CONCLUSION: Women with partial mole who have elevated hCG levels within the first few weeks after molar evacuation are at increased risk for developing GTN.

Clinical characteristics of persistent gestational trophoblastic neoplasia after partial hydatidiform molar pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical characteristics associated with developing persistent gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) after partial hydatidiform molar pregnancy (PHM). STUDY DESIGN: Utilizing the Donald P. Goldstein in patients who developed persistence between 1973 and 1989. CONCLUSION: Older age at diagnosis and history of prior mole were significantly more common in women who developed persistence after partial molar pregnancy in referral of patients the earlier cohort but not in idefined clinical the recent cohort. In recent years no clinical factor was at increase their risk significantly associated with rsistence. database at the New England Trophoblastic Disease Center, 284 women with partial molar pregnancy diagnosed between 1973 and 2003 were characteristics identified. Clinical charac- for pe teristics, such as gravidity, parity, age, uterine size, gestational age at diagnosis, human chorionic gonadotropin levels at presentation and time to development of persistence (GTN) were analyzed. Data were also divided into 2 cohorts, an earlier one (1973-1989) and a later one (1990-2003), in order to look at potential changes over time. RESULTS: GTN developed in 5.6% of partial molar pregnancies. Older maternal age was significantly associated with development of persistent GTN in the earlier cohort but not in the recent cohort. Previous molar pregnancy was also statistically significantly more common the development of +/-after PHM.

Características clínicas, electrocardiográficas y ecocardiográficas de la cardiomiopatía chagásica en la población santandereana / Clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic characteristics of Chagas’ cardiomyopathy in Santander’s State (Colombia) population

Introducción: la enfermedad de Chagas es una infección parasitaria ocasionada por el Trypanosoma cruzi. En Latinoamérica esta enfermedad es endémica, y la cardiomiopatía chagásica es su manifestación más frecuente en Colombia. Este artículo describe las principales características clínicas, electrocardiográficas y ecocardiográficas de la cardiomiopatía chagásica en el Departamento de Santander, Colombia.Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, de sujetos provenientes de Santander, entre los 18 y 80 años, seropositivos para T. cruzi, con síntomas de falla cardiaca no terminal. A estos pacientes se les realizó examen físico, electrocardiograma y ecocardiograma bidimensional.Resultados: se evaluaron 119 pacientes, 62 mujeres y 57 hombres, con edad promedio de 58,5 +/- 10,7 años. Los antecedentes más frecuentes fueron: hipertensión arterial (49,6 porciento), implantación de marcapaso (8,4 porciento) y dislipidemia (7,6 porciento). En 34,3 porciento de los sujetos se encontró hipertrofia ventricular izquierda en asociación con trastornos de repolarización. De las anormalidades de conducción, el bloqueo de rama derecha fue el más frecuente (11,8 prociento). La valvulopatía más común fue la insuficiencia mitral (61,5 prociento). Ninguna de estas variables se asoció con un peor estado de clase funcional.Discusión: las características electrocardiográficas de la cardiomiopatía chagásica en Colombia, parecen tener un comportamiento diferencial por regiones, y para la zona del Departamento de Santander lo más usual es el hallazgo de hipertrofia ventricular izquierda, trastornos de repolarización y bloqueo de rama derecha. Las intervenciones tempranas en este grupo de pacientes son necesarias dado el alto costo social y económico que conlleva la cardiomiopatía chagásica.

Background: Chagas’ disease (CD) is a parasitic infection caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi. In Latin America the disease is endemic and Chagas’ cardiomyopathy(CCM) is the main clinical presentation of CD in Colombia. This article describes the main clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic characteristics of the CCM in Santander, Colombia. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study of patients of ages between 18 and 80 years, from the Department of Santander, Colombia, with positive serology for T. cruzi, and symptoms of non-terminal heart failure was performed. Physical examination, 12-lead electrocardiogram and 2D echocardiogram were carried out.Results: The study included 62 women and 57 men, mean age 58.5±10.7 years. Hypertension (49.6%), pacemaker implantation (8.4%) and dyslipidemia (7.6%) were the most frequent antecedents. Left ventricular hypertrophy was seen in 34.3% of the subjects and it was associated to abnormalities in re-polarization. Right bundle branch block was determined in 11.8% of the subjects. Mitral insufficiency was identified by echocardiogram in 61.5% of the participants. None of these variables were associated with a worse functional class state.Discussion: The electrocardiographic characteristics in patients with CCM in Colombia seem to have a different behaviour according to the regions, and for Santander the most frequent findings were left ventricular hypertrophy, abnormalities in repolarization and right bundle branch block. Early interventions on this group of patients are necessary in order to reduce the social and economic impact associated to the CCM.

Low risk of relapse after achieving undetectable HCG levels in women with partial molar pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the risk of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) for women with partial molar pregnancy whose human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels fall spontaneously to undetectable levels using a sensitive hCG assay. METHODS: We analyzed data from the New England Trophoblastic Disease Center to estimate the risk of GTN among 284 women with partial molar pregnancy and at least 6 months of gonadotropin follow-up. RESULTS: None of the 238 women with complete gonadotropin follow-up and a spontaneous decline in serum hCG levels to undetectable levels subsequently developed GTN (95% confidence interval 0-1.6%). CONCLUSION: If these results are replicated at other institutions with longstanding experience managing partial molar pregnancies, it may be reasonable to abbreviate clinical follow-up for women with partial molar pregnancy whose serum hCG levels spontaneously decline to an undetectable level.