Anticipating Economic Market Crises Using Measures of Collective Panic.

Predicting panic is of critical importance in many areas of human and animal behavior, notably in the context of economics. The recent financial crisis is a case in point. Panic may be due to a specific external threat or self-generated nervousness. Here we show that the recent economic crisis and earlier large single-day panics were preceded by extended periods of high levels of market mimicry--direct evidence of uncertainty and nervousness, and of the comparatively weak influence of external news. High levels of mimicry can be a quite general indicator of the potential for self-organized crises.

Prediction of ordered phases of encapsulated C60, C70, and C78 inside carbon nanotubes.

We report the first detailed fully atomistic molecular dynamics study of the encapsulation of symmetric (C(60)) and asymmetric fullerenes (C(70) and C(78)) inside single-walled carbon nanotubes of different diameters. Different ordered phases have been found and shown to be tube diameter dependent. Rotational structural disorder significantly affecting the volume fraction of the packing was observed for the molecular arrangements of asymmetric fullerenes. Although these effects make more difficult the existence of ordered phases, our results showed that complex packing arrangements (very similar to the ones obtained for C(60)) are also possible for C(70) and C(78). Comparisons with results from continuum and hard-sphere models, ab initio electronic structure calculations, and simulations of the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images of the obtained fullerene packing phases are also presented.