Take a lame and decrepit female hyena...: a Genizah study of two additional fragments of Sabur ibn Sahl's al-Aqrabadhin al-saghir.

Sabur ibn Sahl's al-Aqrabdadhin al-saghir is the earliest Arabic pharmacopoeia known to have survived. Finding fragments of Sabur's pharmacopoeia in the Cairo Genizah shows that it was used by the medical practitioners of the Jewish community of Cairo, possibly long after it is supposed to have been superceded by other works. We present here a synoptic edition of two Arabic fragments, T-S Ar. 40.5 and Ar. 41.90. These fragments overlap to a large extent, but are not exactly the same. We suggest that one (T-S Ar. 41.90) may be the work of a professional scribe, while the other (T-S Ar. 40.5) was copied by a practitioner for his personal use.

The professional ethics of medieval pharmacists in the Islamic world.

Most work on Islamic medical ethics has been in relation to the physician, yet physicians are only one category of many health-related professionals. In view of its role as mediator between the layman and medication, pharmacy is of perhaps equal importance. In medieval Islam, there seems to have been a clear differentiation between the physician and the pharmacist. However, most of our sources reflect the physician's point of view. A text which uniquely reflects that of the pharmacist is the thirteenth-century Minhaj al-dukkan by al-Kuhin al-'Attar of Cairo. A comparison between the ethical contents of this book, and of similar works aimed at physicians, can indicate what the differences and similarities were between the "good physician" and the "good pharmacist." Interestingly, the language used to define the "go od" professional is religiously neutral--there is nothing to evince a particular identity, beyond a general monotheism, on the part of the writers.