Autoimmune, Autoinflammatory Disease and Cutaneous Malignancy Associations with Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a debilitating cutaneous disease characterized by severe painful inflammatory nodules/abscesses. At present, data regarding the epidemiology and pathophysiology of this disease are limited. OBJECTIVE: To define the prevalence and comorbidity associations of HS. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of EPICTM Cosmos© examining over 180 million US patients. Prevalences were calculated by demographic and odds ratios (OR) and identified comorbidity correlations. RESULTS: All examined metabolism-related, psychological, and autoimmune/autoinflammatory (AI) diseases correlated with HS. The strongest associations were with pyoderma gangrenosum [OR 26.56; confidence interval (CI): 24.98-28.23], Down syndrome (OR 11.31; CI 10.93-11.70), and polycystic ovarian syndrome (OR 11.24; CI 11.09-11.38). Novel AI associations were found between HS and lupus (OR 6.60; CI 6.26-6.94) and multiple sclerosis (MS; OR 2.38; CI 2.29-2.48). Cutaneous malignancies were largely not associated in the unsegmented cohort; however, among Black patients, novel associations with melanoma (OR 2.39; CI 1.86-3.08) and basal cell carcinoma (OR 2.69; CI 2.15-3.36) were identified. LIMITATIONS: International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-based disease identification relies on coding fidelity and diagnostic accuracy. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to identify correlations between HS with melanoma and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) among Black patients as well as MS and lupus in all patients with HS.

Debridement options for the interprofessional team.

ABSTRACT: Debridement is a core component of chronic wound management. Although various debridement methods exist, each carries a unique patient risk level. This article discusses the different normal tissue components that are critical to safe debridement practice, various methods of wound debridement for nurses, and the importance of an interprofessional team and consulting a wound specialist.

Safety and utility of panniculectomy in renal transplant candidates and end stage renal disease patients.

BACKGROUND: As the obesity crisis in the United States continues, some renal transplantation centers have liberalized their BMI criteria necessary for transplant eligibility. More individuals with larger body-habitus related comorbidities with End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) now qualify for renal transplantation (RT). Surgical modalities from other fields also interact with this patient population. METHODS: In order to assess surgical outcomes of panniculectomy in the context of renal transplantation and ESRD, the authors performed a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. Due to a paucity of existing primary studies, we retrospectively collected data on patients with ESRD undergoing panniculectomy from the American College of Surgeons' National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) to evaluate outcomes of body contouring in this patient population. RESULTS: From the systematic review, a total of 783 ESRD patients underwent panniculectomy among the studies identified. Of these, 91 patients underwent panniculectomy simultaneously to RT while 692 had their pannus resected prior to kidney transplant. The most common complication was hematoma followed by wound dehiscence. From the NSQIP database, 24 868 patients met the inclusion criteria for analysis. In the setting of renal transplant status, patients with diabetes, hypertension requiring medication, and requiring dialysis were more likely to suffer postoperative complications (OR 1.31, 1.15, and 2.2, respectively). However, upon sub-analysis of specific types of complications, the only retained association was between diabetes and wound complication. CONCLUSION: Preliminary data show that panniculectomy in ESRD patients appears to be safe, though with a nominal increased risk for complications. Pannus resection does not appear to impact post-transplantation outcomes, including long-term allograft survival. Larger, higher powered, randomized studies are needed to confirm the safety, utility, and medical benefit of panniculectomy in the context of renal transplantation.

Severe Contour Deformity of the Hip Following Corticosteroid Injection.

A 50-year-old woman developed severe soft tissue atrophy of the hip following a triamincolone acetonide injection to the greater trochanteric bursa. Saline injection therapy was initially attempted without improvement and the defect was ultimately treated effectively with serial fat grafting. Adverse soft tissue reactions are rare but potentially devastating complications of corticosteroid injections, and the use of soluble steroid preparations and proper injection techniques can minimize the risk to surrounding tissue. Serial fat grafting represents a promising treatment option for severe cases of steroid-induced soft tissue atrophy.

The Impact of Body Mass Index on Adverse Outcomes Associated with Panniculectomy: A Multimodal Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Overhanging pannus may be detrimental to ambulation, urination, sexual function, and social well-being. Massive weight loss patients often have high residual body mass index (BMI) and comorbidities presenting a unique challenge in panniculectomy patient selection. This study aims to better characterize the role of BMI in post-operative complications following panniculectomy. METHODS: A meta-analysis attempted to assess the impact of BMI on complications following panniculectomy. Cochrane Q and I 2 test statistics measured study heterogeneity, with subsequent random effects meta-regression investigating these results. After this, all panniculectomy patients in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) years 2007-2019, were analyzed. Univariate and multivariable tests assessed the relative role of BMI on 30-day postoperative complications. RESULTS: Thirty-four studies satisfied inclusion criteria, revealing very high heterogeneity (Cochrane Q = 2453.3; I 2 = 99.1%), precluding further meta-analysis results. Receiver operator curves demonstrated BMI was a significant predictor of both all causes (area under the curve (AUC): 0.64, 95%CI:0.62-0.66) and wound complications (AUC:0.66, 95%CI:0.63-0.69). BMI remained significant following multivariable regression analyses. Restricted cubic spines demonstrated marginal increases in complication incidence above 33.2 and 35 for all-cause and wound complications respectively. CONCLUSION: Reported literature regarding postoperative complications in panniculectomy patients is highly heterogeneous, and may limit evidence-based care. Complication incidence positively correlated with BMI, though ROC demonstrated its limitations as the sole predictive variable. Further, RSC demonstrated diminishing marginal predictive capacity of BMI for incremental increases in BMIs above 33.2-35 kg/m 2. These findings support a re-evaluation of the role of BMI cut-offs in panniculectomy patient selection.

The Role of Radiation Therapy in Adult and Pediatric Keloid Management: A National Survey of Radiation Oncologists.

INTRODUCTION: Radiation therapy is a promising modality for treating keloids after surgical excision. However, it is currently not standard practice among physicians because of concern surrounding the risk of radiation-induced secondary cancers, especially among pediatric patients. There is minimal research assessing the complications for radiation therapy in keloid management. AIM: The goal of this study was to determine radiation oncologists' perspectives about the utility and appropriateness of radiation therapy for keloid management in both adult and pediatric patients. This study also aimed to characterize radiation modality, dose, fractionation, and secondary complications observed by providers. METHODS: An electronic survey was delivered to 3102 members of the American Society for Radiation Oncology. The survey subjects were radiation oncologists who are currently practicing in the United States. Rates of responses were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 114 responses from practicing radiation oncologists were received. Of these, 113 providers (99.1%) supported radiation therapy for keloid management in adults, whereas only 54.9% supported radiation therapy for pediatric patients. Of 101 providers that treated adults in the past year, the majority used external beam: electrons (84.2%), applied 3 fraction regimens (54.4%), and delivered radiation within 24 hours postexcision (45.5%). In pediatric patients, only 42 providers reported treating at least 1 patient. The majority used electron beam radiation (76.2%), applied 3 faction regimens (65%), and delivered radiation on the same day of keloid excision (50.0%) The main concern when treating pediatric patients were risk of secondary malignancy (92.1%). CONCLUSION: Although radiation therapy appears to be a widely accepted adjuvant treatment option for adults with keloids, the use of radiation therapy for pediatric patients is less widely accepted because of concerns regarding secondary malignancy. The findings suggest additional studies need to be carried out to assess the risk of those complications.

Supraclavicular Artery Island Flap for Head and Neck Oncologic Reconstruction: 15-year Experience, Past, Present, Future.

Head and neck reconstruction poses unique challenges due to the complex structure of the region. Primary goals include soft-tissue coverage, adequate color and texture match, and minimal donor-site morbidity. Local and musculocutaneous regional flaps have largely been replaced with fasciocutaneous free flaps (FFF) over recent years. The supraclavicular artery island flap (SCAIF), a locoregional, fasciocutaneous, axially-based flap, has been shown to produce similar outcomes to FFF. We present our 15-year experience using the SCAIF for head and neck reconstruction, discuss its evolution, and provide case examples for its range of indications. Methods: Retrospective chart review identified 128 patients who underwent reconstruction of the head and neck with the SCAIF between the years 2006-2021 at Tulane University Medical Center. Patient demographics, lengths of stay, operative times, surgical indications, and complications were recorded. Results: The cohort mean age was 66.9 years. Mean lengths of stay and follow-up times were 6.9 days and 9.1 months, respectively. The most common indications for SCAIF reconstruction were recurrent radiated neck disease (n=27, 21.1%), pharyngeal wall defects (n=23, 18.0%), and parotidectomy defects (n=21, 16.4%). Overall complication rate was 17.2%. Partial thickness flap loss (5.5%), contained pharyngeal leak (3.2%), and distal tip necrosis (2.4%) were the most common complications. No functional donor site morbidity was encountered. Conclusions: The SCAIF is a versatile, fasciocutaneous, axially-based flap able to produce similar outcomes to FFF in the reconstruction of the head and neck region while reducing costs, lengths of stay, operative times, and donor site morbidity.

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Threatened Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy Flaps: An Adjunct for Flap Salvage.

BACKGROUND: Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) is emerging as the standard of care for treatment of breast cancer because of its oncologic safety and superior aesthetic outcomes. However, ischemia or necrosis of the skin flap and/or nipple-areola complex remain frequent complications. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has emerged as a potential adjunct for flap salvage, although it is not currently a widely accepted practice. Here we review our institution's experience using a protocol of HBOT in patients with signs of flap ischemia or necrosis after NSM. METHODS: Retrospective review identified all patients treated with HBOT at our institution's hyperbaric and wound care center because of signs of ischemia after NSM. Treatment parameters consisted of 90-minute dives at 2.0 atmosphere once or twice daily. Patients unable to tolerate dives were considered a treatment failure, whereas those lost to follow-up were excluded from analysis. Patient demographics, surgical characteristics, and treatment indications were recorded. Primary outcomes assessed were flap salvage (no operative revision), need for revision procedures, and treatment complications. RESULTS: A total of 17 patients and 25 breasts met the inclusion criteria. The mean ± SD time to initiation of HBOT was 9.47 ± 12.7 days. The mean ± SD age was 46.7 ± 10.4 years, and mean ± SD follow-up time was 36.5 ± 25.6 days. Indications for NSM included invasive cancer (41.2%), carcinoma in situ (29.4%), and breast cancer prophylaxis (29.4%). Initial reconstruction included tissue-expander placement (47.1%), autologous reconstruction with deep inferior epigastric flaps (29.4%), and direct-to-implant reconstruction (23.5%). Hyperbaric oxygen therapy indications included ischemia or venous congestion for 15 breasts (60.0%) and partial thickness necrosis for 10 breasts (40.0%). Flap salvage was achieved in 22 of 25 breasts (88.0%). Reoperation was required for 3 breasts (12.0%). Hyperbaric oxygen therapy-related complications were observed in 4 patients (23.5%), which included 3 patients with mild ear pain and 1 patient with severe sinus pressure leading to treatment abortion. CONCLUSIONS: Nipple-sparing mastectomy is an invaluable tool for breast and plastic surgeons to achieve oncologic and cosmetic goals. However, ischemia or necrosis of the nipple-areola complex or mastectomy skin flap remains frequent complications. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy has emerged as a possible intervention for threatened flaps. Our results demonstrate the utility of HBOT in this population to achieve excellent NSM flap salvage rates.

Debridement: Technical Considerations and Treatment Options for the Interprofessional Team.

GENERAL PURPOSE: To enhance the learner's chronic wound debridement competence as an interprofessional team member. TARGET AUDIENCE: This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care. LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES: After participating in this educational activity, the participant will:1. Differentiate healable, maintenance, and nonhealable wounds to create a holistic debridement treatment plan using the Wound Bed Preparation paradigm.2. Evaluate active debridement options including the potential need for an interprofessional referral or specialized investigations.3. Assess chronic wound debridement options.4. Analyze case studies for appropriate clinical application of debridement modalities.

Debridement is a critical component in the management of both acute and chronic wounds. Six reviewed methods of debridement exist, and specific techniques are more appropriate to match patient needs with available clinical resources. Accurate differentiation between healable, maintenance, and nonhealable wounds is paramount when determining whether a wound would benefit from debridement. Clinical assessment includes review of the patient's underlying medical conditions/ previous surgeries along with the history and progression of the wound. Awareness of the physiologic wound bed preparation components that contribute to the current wound status will direct treatment of the abnormal components. Optimal wound status includes complete healing or reduced abnormal wound-related symptoms or signs. Debridement competency requires an awareness of the six types of debridement, their clinical utility, and appropriate patient selection. Providers need to assess patients' wounds, triage them, and refer them as necessary to an interprofessional setting. For stalled but healable wounds, specialized testing may be necessary when managing patients who would benefit from more invasive or advanced forms of wound care. This article informs providers on the training and experience required for specific debridement techniques depending on the wound etiology.

Second-Degree Burns and Aloe Vera: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: Aloe vera is a cost-effective, accessible wound care adjunct with a minimal risk profile. Despite its centuries-long history being used to treat varying wound types, published reports remain inconclusive on its efficacy. In this article, the authors report the results of a systematic review assessing the efficacy of topical aloe vera products in wound care applications, as well as a meta-analysis of its utility in burn healing where data are most robust. DATA SOURCES: In accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, the authors searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL for randomized controlled trials assessing the use of aloe vera in healing various wound types. STUDY SELECTION: The database search identified 91 articles. After duplicates were removed, 74 articles were screened, and of those, 47 were assessed for eligibility. Ultimately, 28 articles were included in the qualitative synthesis, and 4 studies assessing second-degree burns were included in the meta-analysis. DATA EXTRACTION: The following data points were collected from each study: number of participants/wounds, treatment type, adjunctive therapy (if any), and primary outcomes. DATA SYNTHESIS: Risk-of-bias analysis was conducted on included articles, and results were compiled. A meta-analysis was undertaken for studies focusing on the treatment of burns. Cumulatively, these studies had a total of 133 patients with 163 wounds being assessed. Analysis revealed a statistically significant mean difference in time to healing of 4.44 days in favor of aloe vera treatment (P = .004). CONCLUSIONS: Topical aloe vera usage for second-degree burn wound healing demonstrated significantly faster time to healing compared with other treatments.

Pneumothorax, Pneumomediastinum, and Pneumoperitoneum After Combined Abdominoplasty and Liposuction: Rare Adverse Events.

ABSTRACT: Liposuction is a relatively safe surgical procedure, with most complications being minor in nature. However, there are a few life-threatening complications that should not be underestimated. We present a case of a patient who developed bilateral pneumothoraces, pneumomediastinum, and pneumoperitoneum after combined liposuction and abdominoplasty. Although this presentation is rare, clinicians should keep a high index of suspicion in patients presenting with shortness of breath, chest pain, and/or abdominal pain after liposuction.

Radiation therapy modalities for keloid management: A critical review.

OBJECTIVE: To provide a critical overview of current radiation modalities for keloid management. BACKGROUND: Despite multimodal therapies, keloids that can develop following injury are poorly controlled. A number of studies have suggested that post-excisional radiation therapy can reduce rates of keloid recurrence. However, existing reports span multiple radiation modalities, including brachytherapy, electron beam radiation, and photon radiation. In this review, we describe the advantages and disadvantages of commonly used radiation techniques and highlight their efficacy in keloid management. RESULTS: Electron beam radiation and high-dose rate brachytherapy are the two most commonly used modalities for adjuvant radiotherapeutic management of keloids and can provide effective keloid control but may be suited for different kinds of keloid growth patterns. Increasing biologically equivalent dose (BED) likely improves rates of control, though the clinical significance of this finding remains to be elucidated. Though radiation treatments are associated with acute and chronic side effects, the risk of developing a secondary malignancy is minimal. CONCLUSIONS: While radiation therapy is a promising modality for treating keloids, more studies of a prospective, randomized nature are needed to standardize its utility.

Development of a Method for Clinical Evaluation of Artificial Intelligence-Based Digital Wound Assessment Tools.

Importance: Accurate assessment of wound area and percentage of granulation tissue (PGT) are important for optimizing wound care and healing outcomes. Artificial intelligence (AI)-based wound assessment tools have the potential to improve the accuracy and consistency of wound area and PGT measurement, while improving efficiency of wound care workflows. Objective: To develop a quantitative and qualitative method to evaluate AI-based wound assessment tools compared with expert human assessments. Design, Setting, and Participants: This diagnostic study was performed across 2 independent wound centers using deidentified wound photographs collected for routine care (site 1, 110 photographs taken between May 1 and 31, 2018; site 2, 89 photographs taken between January 1 and December 31, 2019). Digital wound photographs of patients were selected chronologically from the electronic medical records from the general population of patients visiting the wound centers. For inclusion in the study, the complete wound edge and a ruler were required to be visible; circumferential ulcers were specifically excluded. Four wound specialists (2 per site) and an AI-based wound assessment service independently traced wound area and granulation tissue. Main Outcomes and Measures: The quantitative performance of AI tracings was evaluated by statistically comparing error measure distributions between test AI traces and reference human traces (AI vs human) with error distributions between independent traces by 2 humans (human vs human). Quantitative outcomes included statistically significant differences in error measures of false-negative area (FNA), false-positive area (FPA), and absolute relative error (ARE) between AI vs human and human vs human comparisons of wound area and granulation tissue tracings. Six masked attending physician reviewers (3 per site) viewed randomized area tracings for AI and human annotators and qualitatively assessed them. Qualitative outcomes included statistically significant difference in the absolute difference between AI-based PGT measurements and mean reviewer visual PGT estimates compared with PGT estimate variability measures (ie, range, standard deviation) across reviewers. Results: A total of 199 photographs were selected for the study across both sites; mean (SD) patient age was 64 (18) years (range, 17-95 years) and 127 (63.8%) were women. The comparisons of AI vs human with human vs human for FPA and ARE were not statistically significant. AI vs human FNA was slightly elevated compared with human vs human FNA (median [IQR], 7.7% [2.7%-21.2%] vs 5.7% [1.6%-14.9%]; P < .001), indicating that AI traces tended to slightly underestimate the human reference wound boundaries compared with human test traces. Two of 6 reviewers had a statistically higher frequency in agreement that human tracings met the standard area definition, but overall agreement was moderate (352 yes responses of 583 total responses [60.4%] for AI and 793 yes responses of 1166 total responses [68.0%] for human tracings). AI PGT measurements fell in the typical range of variation in interreviewer visual PGT estimates; however, visual PGT estimates varied considerably (mean range, 34.8%; mean SD, 19.6%). Conclusions and Relevance: This study provides a framework for evaluating AI-based digital wound assessment tools that can be extended to automated measurements of other wound features or adapted to evaluate other AI-based digital image diagnostic tools. As AI-based wound assessment tools become more common across wound care settings, it will be important to rigorously validate their performance in helping clinicians obtain accurate wound assessments to guide clinical care.

Surgical Management of Occipital Neuralgia: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: Occipital neuralgia (ON) is a primary headache disorder characterized by severe, paroxysmal, shooting or stabbing pain in the distribution of the greater occipital, lesser occipital, and/or third occipital nerves. Both medical and surgical options exist for treating headaches related to ON. The purposes of this study are to summarize the current state of surgical ON management through a systematic review of the literature and, in doing so, objectively identify future directions of investigation. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of primary literature on surgical management for ON of at least level IV evidence. Included studies were analyzed for level of evidence, therapeutic intervention, study design, sample size, follow-up duration, outcomes measured, results, and risk of bias. RESULTS: Twenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria. All 22 studies used patient-reported pain scores as an outcome metric. Other outcome metrics included complication rates (7 studies; 32%), patient satisfaction (7 studies; 32%), quality of life (7 studies; 18%), and analgesic usage (3 studies; 14%). Using the ROBINS-I tool for risk of bias in nonrandomized studies, 7 studies (32%) were found to be at critical risk of bias, whereas the remaining 15 studies (68%) were found to be at serious risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS: Greater occipital nerve decompression seems to be a useful treatment modality for medically refractory ON, but further prospective, randomized data are required.

Clinical Outcomes of 2019 COVID-19 Positive Patients Who Underwent Surgery: A New York City Experience.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic has led to a halt in elective surgeries throughout the United States and many other countries throughout the world. Early reports suggest that COVID-19 patients undergoing surgery have an increased risk of requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission and overall mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of all COVID-19, positive with polymerase chain reaction confirmation, patients who had surgery between February 17, 2020 and April 26, 2020 at a major New York City hospital. Clinical characteristics and outcomes including ICU admission, ventilator requirement, and mortality were analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty-nine COVID-19 surgical patients were identified. Mean age was 53.9 y, and there were more men than women in the cohort (56.4% versus 43.6%). Twenty-two patients (56.4%) had a confirmed positive COVID-19 test preoperatively, and the remainder tested positive after their procedure. The majority (59%) of patients had an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class of 3 or higher. Postoperatively, 7 patients (17.9%) required ICU level care with a mean length of stay of 7.7 d. There were 4 deaths (10.3%) in this patient population, all of which occurred in patients who were ASA class 3 or 4. CONCLUSIONS: This study represents the largest study to date, that objectively analyzes the outcomes of COVID-19 positive patients who underwent surgery. Overall, ICU admission rates and mortality are similar to reported rates in the literature for nonsurgical COVID-19 patients. Notably, in COVID-19 patients with ASA 1 or 2, there was a 0% mortality rate in the postoperative period.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 State Guidelines on Elective Surgery: Considerations for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons.

Vague recommendations regarding elective surgery have been proposed by national organizations in an attempt to conserve personal protective equipment and to protect healthcare workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. In response, some states have attempted to provide more clear guidance. METHODS: An internet search was performed to identify and analyze what guidance each state published through government websites through April 10, 2020. RESULTS: Thirty-five states and the District of Columbia published guidance in the form of either a recommendation or a mandate. Procedures relating to cosmetics and malignancy were found to be mentioned in 4 and 12 states, respectively, but ultimately lacked case-specific information. CONCLUSIONS: Current government and state recommendations do not provide clear guidance on how plastic and reconstructive surgeons should approach elective surgeries. Ultimately, it is the responsibility of all plastic and reconstructive surgeons to operate under appropriate law while individualizing their practices to best suit the needs of their patients while being mindful of resource limitations and exposure risks.

The Impact of COVID-19-based Suspension of Surgeries on Plastic Surgery Practices: A Survey of ACAPS Members.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to a drastic decline in the number of elective surgeries performed in the United States. Many national societies and local governments provided recommendations for surgeons to initially suspend and progressively resume elective surgery. The authors used a survey to the American Council of Academic Plastic Surgeons (ACAPS) to assess the effect on plastic surgeons. METHODS: An electronic survey questionnaire was distributed to 532 members of ACAPS. Data on individual and plastic surgery practice demographics, COVID-19 prevention measures, and procedures or services that were being performed or delayed were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: An estimated 161 members (30.2%) completed the survey. Changes in hospital policy were cited as the most common reason (89%) for determining which procedures were currently offered. Results vary by specialty. Notably, <10% of respondents who normally offered aesthetic procedures currently offered any procedures during the survey. Subspecialty-specific results and prevention measures when seeing clinic patients are further summarized and discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Plastic surgeons have seen a drastic decrease in the variety of procedures and services they are allowed to offer during the COVID-19 pandemic. To help plan a return to normalcy, surgeons should create and implement plans to protect patients and staff from coronavirus transmission, assure financial solvency, and consider the effects of delayed surgeries on both the physical and mental health of their patients. In doing so, surgeons and their patients will be better prepared in the event of a resurgence of the virus.

Telemedicine and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Are We Ready to Go Live?

Telemedicine use in the field of wound care had been increasing in popularity when the novel coronavirus 2019 paralyzed the globe in early 2020. To combat the constraints of healthcare delivery during this time, the use of telemedicine has been further expanded. Although many limitations of telemedicine are still being untangled, the benefits of virtual care are being realized in both inpatient and outpatient settings. In this article, the advantages and disadvantages of telemedicine are discussed through two case examples that highlight the promise of implementation during and beyond the pandemic.