Parabacteroides leei sp. nov., isolated from human blood.

An obligate anaerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped and non-spore-forming bacterium, designated as strain GYB001T, was isolated from the blood of a patient with a sigmoid colon perforation. Taxonomic characterization of the novel isolate was performed using a polyphasic approach. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene and whole genome sequences revealed that GYB001T represented a member of the genus Parabacteroides, in the family Tannerellaceae. The closest species, based on 16S rRNA sequence, was Parabacteroides gordonii DSM 23371T with 97.4 % similarity. Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain GYB001T and P. gordonii DSM 23371T were 86.7 and 28.7% and between GYB001T and Parabacteroides faecis JCM 18682T were 86.6 and 27.7 %, respectively. The genome was 6.57 Mbp long with 43.3 mol% G+C content. Colonies on Brucella blood agar (BBA) were circular, convex, smooth, grey and small in size. Growth was observed on trypticase soy agar (TSA), TSA +5 % sheep blood and Euglena gracilis agar. Growth occurred at 18-42 °C on BBA in the presence of 0-3 % NaCl (w/v) and at pH 6.0-8.5. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phospholipids. The major fatty acids in strain GYB001T were anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, and the predominant respiratory quinones were menaquinone-10 (MK-10) and MK-9. The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid. Considering these phenotypic features and comparative genome analyses, we propose strain GYB001T as the type strain of Parabacteroides leei sp. nov. (=KCTC 25738T=KBN12P06525T=LMG 32797T).

Detection and Characterization of Two Phenotypes of Candida parapsilosis in South Korea: Clinical Features and Microbiological Findings.

We newly detected two (sinking and floating) phenotypes of Candida parapsilosis among bloodstream infection (BSI) isolates from Korean hospitals and assessed their microbiological and clinical characteristics. During the performance of a Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) broth microdilution antifungal susceptibility testing, the sinking phenotype had a characteristic smaller button-like appearance because all yeast cells sank to the bottoms of the CLSI U-shaped round-bottom wells, whereas the floating phenotype comprised dispersed cells. Phenotypic analysis, antifungal susceptibility testing, ERG11 sequencing, microsatellite genotyping, and clinical analysis were performed on C. parapsilosis isolates from 197 patients with BSI at a university hospital during 2006 to 2018. The sinking phenotype was detected in 86.7% (65/75) of the fluconazole-nonsusceptible (FNS) isolates, 92.9% (65/70) of the isolates harboring the Y132F ERG11 gene substitution, and 49.7% (98/197) of all isolates. Clonality was more frequently observed for the Y132F-sinking isolates (84.6% [55/65]) than for all other isolates (26.5% [35/132]; P < 0.0001). Annual incidence of Y132F-sinking isolates increased 4.5-fold after 2014, and two dominant genotypes, persistently recovered for 6 and 10 years, accounted for 69.2% of all Y132F-sinking isolates. Azole breakthrough fungemia (odds ratio [OR], 6.540), admission to the intensive care unit (OR, 5.044), and urinary catheter placement (OR, 6.918) were independent risk factors for BSIs with Y132F-sinking isolates. The Y132F-sinking isolates exhibited fewer pseudohyphae, a higher chitin content, and lower virulence in the Galleria mellonella model than the floating isolates. These long-term results illustrate the increasing BSIs caused by clonal transmission of the Y132F-sinking isolates of C. parapsilosis. IMPORTANCE We believe that this is the first study describe the microbiological and molecular characteristics of bloodstream isolates of C. parapsilosis in Korea exhibiting two phenotypes (sinking and floating). An important aspect of our findings is that the sinking phenotype was observed predominantly in isolates harboring a Y132F substitution in the ERG11 gene (92.9%), fluconazole-nonsusceptible (FNS) isolates (86.7%), and clonal BSI isolates (74.4%) of C. parapsilosis. Although the increase in the prevalence of FNS C. parapsilosis isolates has been a major threat in developing countries, in which the vast majority of candidemia cases are treated with fluconazole, our long-term results show increasing numbers of BSIs caused by clonal transmission of Y132F-sinking isolates of C. parapsilosis in the period with an increased echinocandin use for candidemia treatment in Korea, which suggests that C. parapsilosis isolates with the sinking phenotype continue to be a nosocomial threat in the era of echinocandin therapy.

Comparison of blood collection tubes for 29 biochemical analytes in pediatric patients with central venous catheters.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation therapy generally require a central venous catheter (CVC). However, serum drawn from CVCs has several drawbacks for use in routine chemistry tests. Biochemical analytes were evaluated using heparin plasma instead of serum to maintain turnaround time and to prevent problems caused by micro-clot formation or delayed clotting time. METHODS: Venous blood samples from 52 pediatric oncology patients with chemoports or Hickman catheters were collected in serum separating tubes (SSTs) and lithium heparin tubes (LHTs). A total of 29 parameters were analyzed on a Cobas c702 (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). Passing-Bablok regression and Bland-Altman difference plots were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: When the mean value of each analyte measured from LHT was compared with those from SST, percentage bias was within the desirable bias limit in most of the analytes. However, albumin, potassium, and inorganic phosphorus showed a negative constant bias of -3.0%, -5.3%, and -1.6%, respectively, and total protein showed a positive constant bias of + 3.8%. CONCLUSIONS: The use of LHTs for sample collection from pediatric patients with CVCs could be helpful for routine chemistry analyses. The results of potassium and total protein should be interpreted with consideration of the difference between serum and plasma samples.

Age-group-specific reference intervals for anti-Müllerian hormone and its diagnostic performance for polycystic ovary syndrome in a Korean population.

BACKGROUND: We established age-group-specific reference intervals for serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels in a Korean population and investigated the effectiveness of AMH assay for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) diagnosis. METHODS: We analyzed serum levels of AMH, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) from 1540 Korean women. Subjects were divided into three groups: healthy, benign gynecologic diseases, and PCOS. Age-group-specific reference intervals and AMH diagnostic performance were estimated. RESULTS: The PCOS group had a median AMH level of 7.0 µg/L, which was higher than for the healthy (1.8 µg/L) and the benign gynecologic diseases (2.7 µg/L) groups. The upper 97.5% reference limits for age groups 12-20 years, 21-34 years, and 35-46 years were 13.2 µg/L, 15.8 µg/L, and 6.6 µg/L, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) values to estimate AMH ability to discriminate PCOS from healthy women for each age group were 0.741, 0.785, and 0.789, respectively. AUCs for LH/FSH were 0.719, 0.672, and 0.590. CONCLUSIONS: The better diagnostic ability of AMH over LH/FSH in women of late childbearing ages indicates that age and other clinical characteristics should be considered when interpreting these test results.

Concordance of Three Automated Procalcitonin Immunoassays at Medical Decision Points.

Procalcitonin (PCT) is a useful bacterial infection biomarker with the potential for guiding antibiotic therapy. We evaluated the concordance of three automated PCT immunoassays: Kryptor (BRAHMS GmbH, Hennigsdorf, Germany), Atellica IM 1600 (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Munich, Germany), and Cobas e801 (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). In 119 serum samples with a PCT concentration <5.00 µg/L, Kryptor (reference assay) was compared with the other two immunoassays by Spearman's rank correlation, regression analysis, and concordance at two antibiotic stewardship medical decision points: 0.25 and 0.50 µg/L. The Atellica IM 1600 and Cobas e801 results showed high correlations with those of Kryptor, with correlation coefficient (ρ) values of 0.97 and 0.99, respectively. However, negative biases were observed in both immunoassays (slope/y-intercept: 0.75/-0.00 for Atellica IM 1600; 0.88/-0.01 for Cobas e801). Atellica IM 1600 and Cobas e801 demonstrated excellent concordance with Kryptor at both medical decision points, with linearly weighted κ values of 0.90 and 0.92, respectively, despite discrepancies, which were more prominent at the 0.25 µg/L medical decision point. Based on these biases and discrepancies, the alternate use of different PCT immunoassays in repeat examinations is inadvisable. Standardization is required before comparing the results of different PCT immunoassays.

Requirement for Pak3 in Rac1-induced organization of actin and myosin during Drosophila larval wound healing.

Rho-family small GTPases regulate epithelial cell sheet migration by organizing actin and myosin during wound healing. Here, we report that Pak3, but not Pak1, is a downstream target protein for Rac1 in wound closure of the Drosophila larval epidermis. Pak3-deficient larvae failed to close a wound hole and this defect was not rescued by Pak1 expression, indicating differential functions of the two proteins. Pak3 localized to the wound margin, which selectively required Rac1. Pak3-deficient larvae showed severe defects in actin-myosin organization at the wound margin and in submarginal cells, which was reminiscent of the phenotypes of Rac1-deficient larvae. These results suggest that Pak3 specifically mediates Rac1 signaling in organizing actin and myosin during Drosophila epidermal wound healing.