NLRP3 inhibition attenuates the allergic rhinitis symptoms in a mouse model.

BACKGROUND: Recent human and animal studies have demonstrated that Nod-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is closely involved in the development of allergic diseases. OBJECTIVE: To identify the mechanism underlying the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic rhinitis (AR) mice model and to validate the effect of a specific inhibitor of the NLRP3, MCC950. METHODS: Mice were divided into three groups and each group consisted of ten mice (saline group, the negative control group; OVA group, the OVA-induced AR model group; and OVA+MCC group, treated with 10 mg/kg MCC950). MCC950 was administered intraperitoneally every second day. Multiple parameters of AR, including NLRP3, caspase-1, interleukin (IL)-1ß, and IL-18 were evaluated by using ELISA, RT-qPCR, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The mRNA and protein levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1ß and IL-18 were upregulated in the OVA group compared with those of the saline group. MCC950 significantly inhibited the mRNA and protein levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1ß and IL-18 in nasal tissue. Further, AR symptoms and eosinophil count were normalized after MCC950 treatment. However, OVA-specific IgE was not restored in the OVA+MCC group. CONCLUSION: NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway may be an alternative pathway to induce AR symptoms in OVA-induced AR model. MCC950 is a specific inhibitor of NLRP3 cascade, which attenuates AR symptoms regardless of IgE.

Searching For Ideal Definite Treatment of Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma with Orbit Invasions.

Objectives: Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) often invades the orbit. Treatment of sinonasal cancer invading orbit can vary depending on the medical center and the extent of the invasion. The definitive treatment strategy, whether it involves preserving the orbit or not, varies on a case-by-case basis and leads to different outcomes. Currently, a multimodal treatment approach, which includes surgery, chemotherapy (CTx), radiotherapy (RT), or concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT), is frequently employed for sinonasal cancers. This study aims to evaluate the prognosis of sinonasal SqCC with orbit invasion in various perspectives. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of patients with primary sinonasal SqCC invading the orbit who were treated at between 2009 and 2018. We examined factors such as the extent of tumor, orbit invasion, treatment strategies, recurrence rates, and survival rates. Results: Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates did not significantly differ based on the grade of orbit invasion. When tumor resection with orbit preservation was performed as definitive treatment, DFS was significantly longer compared to cases where surgery was not the definitive treatment (RT, CCRT). There was no significant difference in DFS between those who underwent orbit exenteration and those who underwent tumor resection with orbit preservation as the definitive treatment. Conclusion: Tumor resection with orbit preservation as the definitive treatment appears to be the preferred approach, leading to prolonged DFS while ensuring survival in cases of SqCC with orbit invasion.

Surface Crystal and Degradability of Shape Memory Scaffold Essentialize Osteochondral Regeneration.

The minimally invasive deployment of scaffolds is a key safety factor for the regeneration of cartilage and bone defects. Osteogenesis relies primarily on cell-matrix interactions, whereas chondrogenesis relies on cell-cell aggregation. Bone matrix expansion requires osteoconductive scaffold degradation. However, chondrogenic cell aggregation is promoted on the repellent scaffold surface, and minimal scaffold degradation supports the avascular nature of cartilage regeneration. Here, a material satisfying these requirements for osteochondral regeneration is developed by integrating osteoconductive hydroxyapatite (HAp) with a chondroconductive shape memory polymer (SMP). The shape memory function-derived fixity and recovery of the scaffold enabled minimally invasive deployment and expansion to fill irregular defects. The crystalline phases on the SMP surface inhibited cell aggregation by suppressing water penetration and subsequent protein adsorption. However, HAp conjugation SMP (H-SMP) enhanced surface roughness and consequent cell-matrix interactions by limiting cell aggregation using crystal peaks. After mouse subcutaneous implantation, hydrolytic H-SMP accelerated scaffold degradation compared to that by the minimal degradation observed for SMP alone for two months. H-SMP and SMP are found to promote osteogenesis and chondrogenesis, respectively, in vitro and in vivo, including the regeneration of rat osteochondral defects using the binary scaffold form, suggesting that this material is promising for osteochondral regeneration.

Chip collection of hepatocellular carcinoma based on O2 heterogeneity from patient tissue.

Hepatocellular carcinoma frequently recurs after surgery, necessitating personalized clinical approaches based on tumor avatar models. However, location-dependent oxygen concentrations resulting from the dual hepatic vascular supply drive the inherent heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment, which presents challenges in developing an avatar model. In this study, tissue samples from 12 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma are cultured directly on a chip and separated based on preference of oxygen concentration. Establishing a dual gradient system with drug perfusion perpendicular to the oxygen gradient enables the simultaneous separation of cells and evaluation of drug responsiveness. The results are further cross-validated by implanting the chips into mice at various oxygen levels using a patient-derived xenograft model. Hepatocellular carcinoma cells exposed to hypoxia exhibit invasive and recurrent characteristics that mirror clinical outcomes. This chip provides valuable insights into treatment prognosis by identifying the dominant hepatocellular carcinoma type in each patient, potentially guiding personalized therapeutic interventions.

Assessment of TP53 and CDKN2A status as predictive markers of malignant transformation of sinonasal inverted papilloma.

The mechanism and predictive biomarkers of sinonasal inverted papilloma (IP) transformation into squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are still unclear. We investigated the genetic mutations involved and the predictive biomarkers. Fourteen patients with SCC arising from IP and six patients with IPs without malignant transformation (sIP) were included. DNA was extracted separately from areas of normal tissue, IP, dysplasia, and SCC. Whole exome sequencing and immunohistochemistry was performed. Major oncogenic mutations were observed in the progression from IP to SCC. The most frequently mutated genes were TP53 (39%) and CDKN2A (27%). Mutations in TP53 and/or CDKN2A were observed in three of six IPs with malignant transformation (cIP); none were observed in sIPs. Tumor mutational burden (TMB) increased from IP to SCC (0.64/Mb, 1.11/Mb, and 1.25 for IP, dysplasia, and SCC, respectively). TMB was higher in the cIPs than in the sIPs (0.64/Mb vs 0.3/Mb). Three cIPs showed a diffuse strong or null pattern in p53, and one showed a total loss of p16, a distinct pattern from sIPs. Our result suggests that TP53 and CDKN2A status can be predictive markers of malignant transformation of IP. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry of p53 and p16 expression can be surrogate markers for TP53 and CDKN2A status.

Improved Neural Inductivity of Size-Controlled 3D Human Embryonic Stem Cells Using Magnetic Nanoparticles.

Background: To improve the efficiency of neural development from human embryonic stem cells, human embryoid body (hEB) generation is vital through 3-dimensional formation. However, conventional approaches still have limitations: long-term cultivation and laborious steps for lineage determination. Methods: In this study, we controlled the size of hEBs for ectodermal lineage specification using cell-penetrating magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), which resulted in reduced time required for initial neural induction. The magnetized cells were applied to concentrated magnetic force for magnet-derived multicellular organization. The uniformly sized hEBs were differentiated in neural induction medium (NIM) and suspended condition. This neurally induced MNP-hEBs were compared with other groups. Results: As a result, the uniformly sized MNP-hEBs in NIM showed significantly improved neural inductivity through morphological analysis and expression of neural markers. Signaling pathways of the accelerated neural induction were detected via expression of representative proteins; Wnt signaling, dopaminergic neuronal pathway, intercellular communications, and mechanotransduction. Consequently, we could shorten the time necessary for early neurogenesis, thereby enhancing the neural induction efficiency. Conclusion: Overall, this study suggests not only the importance of size regulation of hEBs at initial differentiation stage but also the efficacy of MNP-based neural induction method and stimulations for enhanced neural tissue regeneration.

Validation of Korean Olfactory Questionnaire for Perioperative Olfactory Assessment in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery.

Objective: To analyze changes in olfactory function after endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery and compare performance of the olfactory questionnaire with those of conventional psychophysical tests. Methods: Patients were classified into 5 categories for olfactory function evaluation (normal, mild hyposmia, moderate hyposmia, severe hyposmia, and anosmia) based on a self-assessment. Patients also underwent the butanol threshold test (BTT), Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test (CCSIT), and 11-item olfactory questionnaire. Subjects with normosmia preoperatively and who were followed up at least 6 months after surgery were analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic curves and confusion matrix analysis were performed for BTT, CCSIT, and olfactory questionnaire to compare their diagnostic abilities. The effects of age, preoperative olfaction, septal flap, tumor pathology, and tumor size on postoperative olfaction were evaluated using multivariate linear regression analysis. Results: Data from 108 patients were analyzed. Postoperative changes in the olfactory questionnaire were significantly associated with changes in the BTT and CCSIT. The area under the curve for postoperative self-olfactory function classification was highest for olfactory questionnaire (0.894), followed by BTT (0.767) and CCSIT (0.688). Patient age at the time of surgery and preoperative BTT score were significantly related to postoperative olfactory outcomes. Conclusion: The olfactory questionnaire correlated well with conventional psychosomatic olfactory function tests. In combination with clinical parameters and preoperative psychosomatic olfactory function tests, the olfactory questionnaire is suitable for assessing subjective olfactory function after endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery.

Da Vinci robot-assisted endoscopic full-thickness gastric resection with regional lymph node dissection using a 3D near-infrared video system: a single-center 5-year clinical outcome.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic full-thickness gastric resection (EFTGR) with regional lymph node dissection (LND) has been used for early gastric cancer (EGC) exceeding the indications for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). The extent of the dissected lymph nodes is crucial. A 3D near-infrared (NIR) video robot system significantly enhances visualization of the lymphatic system. However, this system has not been used in EFTGR with LND. Thus, this study assessed the benefits of the 3D NIR video robot system in a clinical setting. METHODS: Between February 2015 and September 2018, 24 patients with EGC exceeding the indications for ESD were treated with EFTGR and LND using a 3D NIR video system with the da Vinci surgical robot. Indocyanine green (ICG) was injected endoscopically around the tumor, and basin node (BN) dissection around the nodes was examined using the 3D NIR video system of the da Vinci Si surgical robot. Subsequently, robot-assisted EFTGR was performed. The primary outcome was the 5-year survival rate. RESULT: During a 5-year follow-up of all 24 patients, an 80-year-old patient with an ulcer and T2 invasion was lost to follow-up. Among the remaining 23 patients, no mortality or recurrence was observed. CONCLUSION: No metastasis or mortality occurred using the da Vinci robot-assisted EFTGR with LLND and a 3D NIR video system for patients who required radical gastrectomy for EGC in over 5 years. Hence, this may be a safe and effective method for radical gastrectomy; further studies are required confirming its effectiveness.

Endoscopic resection and laparoscopic lymph node dissection for early gastric cancer beyond conventional endoscopic treatment indications: a 10-year outcome study.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic full-thickness gastric resection (EFTGR) with laparoscopic regional lymph node dissection (LLND) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) with LLND have been investigated as treatment options for early gastric cancer beyond the absolute indications for ESD. However, comparative studies on the long-term outcomes of these procedures are lacking. This study aimed to analyze and compare the 10-year outcomes of both procedures in a real clinical setting. METHODS: Between January 2009 and December 2013, 28 and 37 patients diagnosed with EGC beyond the absolute indications for ESD were treated with EFTGR with LLND and ESD with LLND, respectively. In both procedures, the dye was injected into the tumor. However, after injection and LLND, EFTGR was performed immediately in the EFTGR with LLND group, whereas LLND was followed by ESD in the ESD with LLND group. The primary endpoint was the 10-year survival rate. RESULTS: The EFTGR with LLND group had one case of local recurrence (3.6%) and mortality (3.6%) each, while the ESD with LLND group had none (0.0% for both); however, the differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.247 for each). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in complications such as ischemia and anastomosis leakage between the groups (P = 0.247). CONCLUSIONS: When the procedures were properly applied, EFTGR with LLND and ESD with LLND did not increase the 10-year mortality in patients with EGC beyond the absolute ESD indications compared with conventional radical gastrectomy.

Treatment Outcomes of Olfactory Neuroblastoma: A Multicenter Study by the Korean Sinonasal Tumor and Skull Base Surgery Study Group.

OBJECTIVES: Due to the rarity of olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB), there is ongoing debate about optimal treatment strategies, especially for early-stage or locally advanced cases. Therefore, our study aimed to explore experiences from multiple centers to identify factors that influence the oncological outcomes of ONB. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 195 ONB patients treated at nine tertiary hospitals in South Korea between December 1992 and December 2019. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to evaluate oncological outcomes, and a Cox proportional hazards regression model was employed to analyze prognostic factors for survival outcomes. Furthermore, we conducted 1:1 nearest-neighbor matching to investigate differences in clinical outcomes according to the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. RESULTS: In our cohort, the 5-year overall survival (OS) rate was 78.6%, and the 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate was 62.4%. The Cox proportional hazards model revealed that the modified Kadish (mKadish) stage and Dulguerov T status were significantly associated with DFS, while the mKadish stage and Hyams grade were identified as prognostic factors for OS. The subgroup analyses indicated a trend toward improved 5-year DFS with dural resection in mKadish A and B cases, even though the result was statistically insignificant. Induction chemotherapy did not provide a survival benefit in this study after matching for the mKadish stage and nodal status. CONCLUSION: Clinical staging and pathologic grading are important prognostic factors in ONB. Dural resection in mKadish A and B did not show a significant survival benefit. Similarly, induction chemotherapy also did not show a survival benefit, even after stage matching.

Treatment outcome and prognostic factors of inverted papilloma involving the frontal sinus.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics and treatment outcomes of inverted papillomas involving the frontal sinus. Methods: Patients treated for inverted papilloma involving the frontal sinus between 2003 and 2020 were reviewed. Tumors were classified based on their extent (Extent 1: partially encroaching on the frontal sinus; Extent 2: completely filling the frontal sinus; Extent 3: eroding bony borders beyond the frontal sinus) and site of origin (Origin 1: originating outside the frontal sinus and prolapsing into the frontal sinus; Origin 2: originating from the frontal sinus walls medial to the vertical plane of the lamina papyracea; Origin 3: originating from the frontal sinus walls lateral to the vertical plane of the lamina papyracea). Treatment outcomes including tumor recurrence and patency of the frontal recess were analyzed according to tumor characteristics and surgical treatment modalities. Results: A total of 49 surgical cases were analyzed. Extent 1 were the most common type (n = 27), followed by Extent 2 (n = 15), and Extent 3 (n = 7). The most common sites of origin were Origin 1 (n = 23), followed by Origin 2 (n = 15), and Origin 3 (n = 11). Overall, there were nine recurrences (18.4%). Recurrence was not associated with tumor extent, whereas tumor origin, particularly Origin 3 was associated with higher recurrence; 1/23 (4.3%) for Origin 1, 3/15 (20.0%) for Origin 2, and 5/11 (45.5%) for Origin 3 (Log-rank p < .001). Draf III frontal sinusotomy was associated with in the highest patency rate (84.6%) during the follow-up. Conclusion: The recurrence rate of frontal sinus inverted papilloma depends on tumor origin rather than the extent of the tumor. In particular, lesions originating from the frontal sinus lateral to the lamina papyracea recur frequently. Draf III frontal sinusotomy can achieve patent frontal recess allowing active surveillance. Level of Evidence: IV.

A Spike-like Self-Assembly of Polyaspartamide Integrated with Functionalized Nanoparticles.

The integration of nanoparticles (NPs) into molecular self-assemblies has been extensively studied with the aim of building well-defined, ordered structures which exhibit advanced properties and performances. This study demonstrates a novel strategy for the preparation of a spike-like self-assembly designed to enhance UV blocking. Poly(2-hydroxyethyl aspartamide) (PHEA) substituted with octadecyl chains and menthyl anthranilate (C18-M-PHEA) was successfully synthesized by varying the number of grafted groups to control their morphology and UV absorption. The in situ incorporation of polymerized rod-like TiO2 within the C18-M-PHEA self-aggregates generated spike-like self-assemblies (TiO2@C18-M-PHEA) with a chestnut burr structure in aqueous solution. The results showed that the spike-like self-assemblies integrated with TiO2 NPs exhibited a nine-fold increase in UV protection by simultaneous UV absorption and scattering compared with the pure TiO2 NPs formed via a bulk mixing process. This work provides a novel method for UV protection using self-assembling poly(amino acid)s derivatives integrated with functional nanoparticles to tune their morphology and organization.

How to objectively measure snoring: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: Snoring is the most common symptom of obstructive sleep apnea. Various objective methods of measuring snoring are available, and even if the measurement is performed the same way, communication is difficult because there are no common reference values between the researcher and clinician with regard to intensity and frequency, among other variables. In other words, no consensus regarding objective measurement has been reached. This study aimed to review the literature related to the objective measurement of snoring, such as measurement devices, definitions, and device locations. METHODS: A literature search based on the PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases was conducted from the date of inception to April 5, 2023. Twenty-nine articles were included in this study. Articles that mentioned only the equipment used for measurement and did not include individual details were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Three representative methods for measuring snoring emerged. These include (1) a microphone, which measures snoring sound; (2) piezoelectric sensor, which measures snoring vibration; and (3) nasal transducer, which measures airflow. In addition, recent attempts have been made to measure snoring using smartphones and applications. CONCLUSION: Numerous studies have investigated both obstructive sleep apnea and snoring. However, the objective methods of measuring snoring and snoring-related concepts vary across studies. Consensus in the academic and clinical communities on how to measure and define snoring is required.

In-Home Smartphone-Based Prediction of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Conjunction With Level 2 Home Polysomnography.

Importance: Consumer-level sleep analysis technologies have the potential to revolutionize the screening for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, assessment of OSA prediction models based on in-home recording data is usually performed concurrently with level 1 in-laboratory polysomnography (PSG). Establishing the predictability of OSA using sound data recorded from smartphones based on level 2 PSG at home is important. Objective: To validate the performance of a prediction model for OSA using breathing sound recorded from smartphones in conjunction with level 2 PSG at home. Design, Setting, and Participants: This diagnostic study followed a prospective design, involving participants who underwent unattended level 2 home PSG. Breathing sounds were recorded during sleep using 2 smartphones, one with an iOS operating system and the other with an Android operating system, simultaneously with home PSG in participants' own home environment. Participants were 19 years and older, slept alone, and had either been diagnosed with OSA or had no previous diagnosis. The study was performed between February 2022 and February 2023. Main Outcomes and Measures: Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of the predictive model based on the recorded breathing sounds. Results: Of the 101 participants included during the study duration, the mean (SD) age was 48.3 (14.9) years, and 51 (50.5%) were female. For the iOS smartphone, the sensitivity values at apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) levels of 5, 15, and 30 per hour were 92.6%, 90.9%, and 93.3%, respectively, with specificities of 84.3%, 94.4%, and 94.4%, respectively. Similarly, for the Android smartphone, the sensitivity values at AHI levels of 5, 15, and 30 per hour were 92.2%, 90.0%, and 92.9%, respectively, with specificities of 84.0%, 94.4%, and 94.3%, respectively. The accuracy for the iOS smartphone was 88.6%, 93.3%, and 94.3%, respectively, and for the Android smartphone was 88.1%, 93.1%, and 94.1% at AHI levels of 5, 15, and 30 per hour, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance: This diagnostic study demonstrated the feasibility of predicting OSA with a reasonable level of accuracy using breathing sounds obtained by smartphones during sleep at home.

PA2G4/EBP1 ubiquitination by PRKN/PARKIN promotes mitophagy protecting neuron death in cerebral ischemia.

Cerebral ischemia induces massive mitochondrial damage, leading to neuronal death. The elimination of damaged mitochondria via mitophagy is critical for neuroprotection. Here we show that the level of PA2G4/EBP1 (proliferation-associated 2G4) was notably increased early during transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and prevented neuronal death by eliciting cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced mitophagy. Neuron-specific knockout of Pa2g4 increased infarct volume and aggravated neuron loss with impaired mitophagy and was rescued by introduction of adeno-associated virus serotype 2 expressing PA2G4/EBP1. We determined that PA2G4/EBP1 is ubiquitinated on lysine 376 by PRKN/PARKIN on the damaged mitochondria and interacts with receptor protein SQSTM1/p62 for mitophagy induction. Thus, our study suggests that PA2G4/EBP1 ubiquitination following cerebral IR-injury promotes mitophagy induction, which may be implicated in neuroprotection.Abbreviations: AAV: adeno-associated virus; ACTB: actin beta; BNIP3L/NIX: BCL2 interacting protein 3 like; CA1: Cornu Ammonis 1; CASP3: caspase 3; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; PA2G4/EBP1: proliferation-associated 2G4; FUNDC1: FUN14 domain containing 1; IB: immunoblotting; ICC: immunocytochemistry; IHC: immunohistochemistry; IP: immunoprecipitation; MCAO: middle cerebral artery occlusion; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; OGD: oxygen-glucose deprivation; PRKN/PARKIN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; RBFOX3/NeuN: RNA binding fox-1 homolog 3; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TIMM23: translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 23; TOMM20: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; TUBB: tubulin beta class I; WT: wild-type.

A temperature-responsive intravenous needle that irreversibly softens on insertion.

The high stiffness of intravenous needles can cause tissue injury and increase the risk of transmission of blood-borne pathogens through accidental needlesticks. Here we describe the development and performance of an intravenous needle whose stiffness and shape depend on body temperature. The needle is sufficiently stiff for insertion into soft tissue yet becomes irreversibly flexible after insertion, adapting to the shape of the blood vessel and reducing the risk of needlestick injury on removal, as we show in vein phantoms and ex vivo porcine tissue. In mice, the needles had similar fluid-delivery performance and caused substantially less inflammation than commercial devices for intravenous access of similar size. We also show that an intravenous needle integrated with a thin-film temperature sensor can monitor core body temperature in mice and detect fluid leakage in porcine tissue ex vivo. Temperature-responsive intravenous needles may improve patient care.

Differences in Clinical and Immunological Characteristics According to the Various Criteria for Tissue Eosinophilia in Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps.

OBJECTIVES: Several criteria exist for classifying chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) as eosinophilic or non-eosinophilic. This study attempted to evaluate several criteria for defining eosinophilic CRSwNP from clinical and immunological perspectives. METHODS: A cohort of 84 patients (73 patients with CRSwNP and 11 control patients) was retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic CRSwNP based on four different criteria: eosinophils (EOS) accounting for more than 20% of the total inflammatory cells; ≥70 EOS per high-power field (HPF); >55 EOS/HPF; and ≥10 EOS/HPF. Preoperative clinical characteristics, the immunological profiles of 14 cytokines from nasal tissue, and postoperative outcomes were compared between eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic CRSwNP based on each criterion. These criteria were immunologically validated by using 14 cytokines to predict the performance of tissue eosinophilia with a random forest model. RESULTS: Patients with eosinophilic CRSwNP were significantly older when the criterion of ≥10 EOS/HPF or EOS >20% was used. The number of patients with aspirin intolerance was significantly higher in eosinophilic CRSwNP based on the criterion of EOS >20%. From an immunological perspective, non-type 2 inflammatory cytokines were significantly higher in non-eosinophilic CRSwNP with the criterion of EOS >20% of the total inflammatory cells. In addition, the criterion of EOS >20% of the total inflammatory cells resulted in the best prediction of eosinophilic CRSwNP, with an accuracy of 88.10% and area under the curve of 0.94. CONCLUSION: Clinical and immunological characteristics were different between eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic CRSwNP depending on a variety of criteria, and the. RESULTS: of this study should be taken into account when choosing the criterion for defining eosinophilic CRSwNP and interpreting the data accordingly.

Comparison of Midline Splitting versus Unilateral Open Door Laminoplasty and Its Impact on Patient Outcomes.

Background: Laminoplasty is a common and effective surgery for decompression of the spinal cord in multilevel cervical myelopathy. The midline splitting technique (MST) and the unilateral open door technique (UODT) are the two most commonly performed laminoplasty techniques with continuous debate on which is preferable. This study aimed to add light to the matter by comparing and exploring the possible causes of different outcomes. Methods: A total of 101 patients who underwent laminoplasty for degenerative cervical myelopathy were included in this study. Radiographic measurements including C2-7 Cobb angle, C2-7 range of motion (ROM), Pavlov ratio of the most compressed level, and canal area with diameter were compared. Modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (mJOA) score and complications including C5 palsy, axial neck pain, hinge fractures, and spacer displacement were also compared. Statistical analysis was performed using independent samples t-test, chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and linear mixed model. Results: C2-7 ROM, canal diameter, Pavlov ratio, and mJOA score did not demonstrate differences between the two techniques. The UODT group had greater postoperative canal expansion but had more loss of C2-7 lordosis than did the MST group. Of the complications, hinge fractures were more common in the UODT group, with more loss of C2-7 lordosis in patients with hinge fractures. On the other hand, spacer displacement occurred only in the MST group, with lesser canal expansion in patients with spacer displacement. Conclusions: The two laminoplasty techniques both demonstrated effectiveness in treating patients with multilevel cervical myelopathy. However, care should be given to avoid hinge fractures and spacer displacement since both can possibly lead to unfavorable outcomes.

Protective effects of cell permeable Tat-PIM2 protein on oxidative stress induced dopaminergic neuronal cell death.

Background: Oxidative stress is considered as one of the main causes of Parkinson's disease (PD), however the exact etiology of PD is still unknown. Although it is known that Proviral Integration Moloney-2 (PIM2) promotes cell survival by its ability to inhibit formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the brain, the precise functional role of PIM2 in PD has not been fully studied yet. Objective: We investigated the protective effect of PIM2 against apoptosis of dopaminergic neuronal cells caused by oxidative stress-induced ROS damage by using the cell permeable Tat-PIM2 fusion protein in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Transduction of Tat-PIM2 into SH-SY5Y cells and apoptotic signaling pathways were determined by Western blot analysis. Intracellular ROS production and DNA damage was confirmed by DCF-DA and TUNEL staining. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. PD animal model was induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and protective effects were examined using immunohistochemistry. Results: Transduced Tat-PIM2 inhibited the apoptotic caspase signaling and reduced the production of ROS induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) in SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, we confirmed that Tat-PIM2 transduced into the substantia nigra (SN) region through the blood-brain barrier and this protein protected the Tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells by observation of immunohistostaining. Tat-PIM2 also regulated antioxidant biomolecules such as SOD1, catalase, 4-HNE, and 8-OHdG which reduce the formation of ROS in the MPTP-induced PD mouse model. Conclusion: These results indicated that Tat-PIM2 markedly inhibited the loss of dopaminergic neurons by reducing ROS damage, suggesting that Tat-PIM2 might be a suitable therapeutic agent for PD.