Comparison of the Pharmacokinetics of Gadolinium-Based and Iron Oxide-Based Contrast Agents inside the Lymphatic Structure using Magnetic Resonance Lymphangiography.

PURPOSE: Gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents are primarily used for contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance lymphangiography (MRL). However, overcoming venous contamination issues remains challenging. This study aims to assess the MRL efficacy of the newly developed iron-based contrast agent (INV-001) that is specially designed to mitigate venous contamination issues. The study further explores the optimal dosage, including both injection volume and concentration, required to achieve successful visualization of the popliteal lymph nodes and surrounding lymphatic vessels. PROCEDURES: All animals utilized in this study were male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats weighing between 250 and 300 g. The contrast agents prepared were injected intradermally in the fourth phalanx of both hind limbs using a 30-gauge syringe in SD rats. MRL was performed every 16 min on a coronal 3D time-of-flight sequence with saturation bands using a 9.4-T animal machine. RESULTS: Contrary to Gd-DOTA, which exhibited venous contamination in most animals irrespective of injection dosages and conditions, INV-001 showed no venous contamination. For Gd-DOTA, the popliteal lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels reached peak enhancement 16 min after injection from the injection site and then rapidly washed out. However, with INV-001, they reached peak enhancement between 16 and 32 min after injection, with prolonged visualization of the popliteal lymph node and lymphatic vessels. INV-001 at 0.45 µmol (15 mM, 30 µL) and 0.75 µmol (15 mM, 50 µL) achieved high scores for qualitative image analysis, providing good visualization of the popliteal lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels without issues of venous contamination, interstitial space enhancement, or lymph node enlargement. CONCLUSION: In MRL, INV-001, a novel T1 contrast agent based on iron, enables prolonged enhancement of popliteal lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels without venous contamination.

Revitalizing Oxygen Reduction Reactivity of Composite Oxide Electrodes via Electrochemically Deposited PrOx Nanocatalysts.

Solid oxide fuel cells that operate at intermediate temperatures require efficient catalysts to enhance the inherently poor electrochemical activity of the composite electrodes. Here, a simple and practical electrochemical deposition method is presented for fabricating a PrOx overlayer on lanthanum strontium manganite-yttria-stabilized zirconia (LSM-YSZ) composite electrodes. The method requires less than four minutes for completion and can be carried out under at ambient temperature and pressure. Crucially, the treatment significantly improves the electrode's performance without requiring heat treatment or other supplementary processes. The PrOx-coated LSM-YSZ electrode exhibits an 89% decrease in polarization resistance at 650 °C (compared to an untreated electrode), maintaining a tenfold reduction after ≈400 h. Transmission line model analysis using impedance spectra confirms how PrOx coating improved the oxygen reduction reaction activity. Further, tests with anode-supported single cells reveal an outstanding peak power density compared to those of other LSM-YSZ-based cathodes (e.g., 418 mW cm-2 at 650 °C). Furthermore, it is demonstrated that multicomponent coating, such as (Pr,Ce)Ox, can also be obtained with this method. Overall, the observations offer a promising route for the development of high-performance solid oxide fuel cells.

Daily solitude and well-being associations in older dyads: Evidence from daily life assessments.

Older adults spend significant time by themselves, especially since COVID-19. Solitude has been associated with positive and negative outcomes. Partners need to balance social connectedness with time for one's own needs. This project examines how individual and partner solitude are associated with daily affect and relationship quality in dyads of older adults and a close other. One-hundred thirty-six older adults plus a close other rated their relationship quality and reported affect, solitude, and its characteristics (desired and bothersome) every evening for 10 days. Over and above overall associations, individual and partner effects emerged; when individual desired solitude was up, participants reported more positive affect and their partners less negative affect. When bothersome solitude was up, participants and their partners alike reported more negative affect and less positive affect. Desired solitude was associated with more support, whereas bothersome solitude was associated with less partner support. Findings provide further evidence on the potential benefits of solitude, highlighting the importance of considering the social context of what is often believed to be an individual-level phenomenon.

Age differences in the experience of everyday happiness: The role of thinking about the future.

Happiness can be experienced differently in young as compared to older adulthood, possibly due to shifts in temporal focus and differences in preferences for high- versus low-arousal affective states. The current project aimed to replicate initial evidence on age-related differences in the experience of happiness by investigating the positive affective correlates of everyday happiness; we further explored the role of thinking about the future in moderating such associations. We used daily life assessments from 257 participants (Mage = 48.3, SDage = 24.6; 68% female; 77% Asian [East Asian, South Asian, and Southeast Asian]; 73% postsecondary educated), combining four data sets collected at two locations (Vancouver, Canada; Hong Kong) with different age samples (older and younger adults). Participants provided up to 30 repeated daily life assessments of momentary affective states and thoughts about the future, over 10 days. Results replicate previous findings by showing that happiness was more strongly associated with low-arousal positive affect and more weakly associated with high-arousal positive affect among older compared to younger adults. Engagement in thinking about the future was higher among younger compared to older adults in general, but its role in moderating the association between happiness and positive affect varying in arousal levels was confounded by the age moderation. Separate analyses conducted for each age group indicate different roles of everyday thinking about the future in shaping happiness experiences for different age groups. Age and future thinking-related contours of happiness are discussed in the context of emotional aging theories. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

A single stage knowledge distillation network for brain tumor segmentation on limited MR image modalities.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Precisely segmenting brain tumors using multimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is an essential task for early diagnosis, disease monitoring, and surgical planning. Unfortunately, the complete four image modalities utilized in the well-known BraTS benchmark dataset: T1, T2, Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery (FLAIR), and T1 Contrast-Enhanced (T1CE) are not regularly acquired in clinical practice due to the high cost and long acquisition time. Rather, it is common to utilize limited image modalities for brain tumor segmentation. METHODS: In this paper, we propose a single stage learning of knowledge distillation algorithm that derives information from the missing modalities for better segmentation of brain tumors. Unlike the previous works that adopted a two-stage framework to distill the knowledge from a pre-trained network into a student network, where the latter network is trained on limited image modality, we train both models simultaneously using a single-stage knowledge distillation algorithm. We transfer the information by reducing the redundancy from a teacher network trained on full image modalities to the student network using Barlow Twins loss on a latent-space level. To distill the knowledge on the pixel level, we further employ a deep supervision idea that trains the backbone networks of both teacher and student paths using Cross-Entropy loss. RESULTS: We demonstrate that the proposed single-stage knowledge distillation approach enables improving the performance of the student network in each tumor category with overall dice scores of 91.11% for Tumor Core, 89.70% for Enhancing Tumor, and 92.20% for Whole Tumor in the case of only using the FLAIR and T1CE images, outperforming the state-of-the-art segmentation methods. CONCLUSIONS: The outcomes of this work prove the feasibility of exploiting the knowledge distillation in segmenting brain tumors using limited image modalities and hence make it closer to clinical practices.

Is aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonism after ischemia effective in alleviating acute hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats?

Aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhRs) have been reported to be important mediators of ischemic injury in the brain. Furthermore, the pharmacological inhibition of AhR activation after ischemia has been shown to attenuate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Here, we investigated whether AhR antagonist administration after ischemia was also effective in ameliorating hepatic IR injury. A 70% partial hepatic IR (45-min ischemia and 24-h reperfusion) injury was induced in rats. We administered 6,2',4'-trimethoxyflavone (TMF, 5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally 10 min after ischemia. Hepatic IR injury was observed using serum, magnetic resonance imaging-based liver function indices, and liver samples. TMF-treated rats showed significantly lower relative enhancement (RE) values and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase levels than did untreated rats at 3 h after reperfusion. After 24 h of reperfusion, TMF-treated rats had significantly lower RE values, ΔT1 values, serum ALT levels, and necrotic area percentage than did untreated rats. The expression of the apoptosis-related proteins, Bax and cleaved caspase-3, was significantly lower in TMF-treated rats than in untreated rats. This study demonstrated that inhibition of AhR activation after ischemia was effective in ameliorating IR-induced liver injury in rats.

Having time to oneself in times of extended togetherness: Solitude experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic.

This study investigated how time to oneself (solitude) is experienced under conditions of extended togetherness with household members during the pandemic. Both structural (living arrangements) and qualitative characteristics (relationship quality and conflict) were examined for their association with solitude desire and daily solitude-affect links. We expected that people living with others and those with more high-quality as well as those with more conflictual relationships would report better affect quality when experiencing solitude. A Canadian adult lifespan sample (N = 141; Mage = 38.43 years, SDage = 17.51; 81% female; 73% White; data collected from April to August 2020) provided information on household size and relationship characteristics and completed repeated daily life assessments of solitude desire, solitude, and affect. Findings show that living arrangements were not associated with an increased desire for solitude or better affect quality from solitude. Individuals reporting higher relationship quality and individuals reporting more conflict showed more favorable affect quality on days when they had time in solitude than individuals reporting lower quality relationships and lower conflict. Findings add to the growing solitude literature by delineating who seeks and benefits from solitude, and under what conditions.

Preclinical Long-term Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Silymarin Liver-protective Effects.

Background and Aims: Efficacy evaluations with preclinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are uncommon, but MRI in the preclinical phase of drug development provides information that is useful for longitudinal monitoring. The study aim was to monitor the protective effectiveness of silymarin with multiparameter MRI and biomarkers in a thioacetamide (TAA)-induced model of liver injury in rats. Correlation analysis was conducted to assess compare the monitoring of liver function by MRI and biomarkers. Methods: TAA was injected three times a week for 8 weeks to generate a disease model (TAA group). In the TAA and silymarin-treated (TAA-SY) groups, silymarin was administered three times weekly from week 4. MR images were acquired at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks in the control, TAA, and TAA-SY groups. Results: The area under the curve to maximum time (AUCtmax) and T2* values of the TAA group decreased over the study period, but the serological markers of liver abnormality increased significantly more than those in the control group. In the TAA-SY group, MRI and serological biomarkers indicated attenuation of liver function as in the TAA group. However, pattern changes were observed from week 6 to comparable levels in the control group with silymarin treatment. Negative correlations between either AUCtmax or T2* values and the serological biomarkers were observed. Conclusions: Silymarin had hepatoprotective effects on TAA-induced liver injury and demonstrated the usefulness of multiparametric MRI to evaluate efficacy in preclinical studies of liver drug development.

Divergent substrate specificities and regioselectivities of three lipase isoforms from Cordyceps militaris: Combinatorial advantages for entomopathogenicity and prospects as biocatalysts.

Cordyceps militaris, an entomopathogenic Cordyceps mushroom, is a crucial ethnopharmacological agricultural product with applications in traditional oriental remedies in East Asia. Since lipases are reported to serve as key enzymatic equipment for entomopathogenic fungi during the host infection, the presence of various lipases with different biochemical features in C. militaris was elucidated. Three lipases from C. militaris (CML) of 60-70 kDa were isolated according to protein hydrophobicity; isoform relationships were identified by peptide mapping using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The CML isoforms exhibited distinct substrate specificities, which were related to the hydrophobicity of each isoform. Furthermore, the integral stereoselectivity of each lipase towards trioleoylglycerol diverged into two classes (sn-1,3 and sn-2 regioselectivity) that are rare in canonical fungal lipases. Overall, our results demonstrate that C. militaris secretes lipase isoforms with cocktail-like enzyme functions that may contribute to the entomopathogenic life cycle of C. militaris. Each CML isoform has distinct advantages for biocatalyst applications in the food and oleochemical industries.

Nanofiber Composites as Highly Active and Robust Anodes for Direct-Hydrocarbon Solid Oxide Fuel Cells.

Direct utilization of methane fuels in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is a key technology to realize the immediate inclusion of such high-efficiency fuel cells into the current electricity generation infrastructure. However, the broad commercialization of direct-methane fueled SOFCs is critically hindered by the inadequate electrode activity and their poor longevity, which primarily stems from the carbon build-up issues. To make the technology more competitive, a novel electrode structure that can dramatically improve the tolerance against coking is essential. Herein, we present highly active and robust core-shell nanofiber anodes, La0.75Sr0.25Cr0.5Mn0.5O3@Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 (LSCM@SDC), directly obtained with a single-nozzle electrospinning process through the use of two immiscible polymers. The intimate coverage of SDC on LSCM not only increases the active reaction sites but also promotes resistance toward carbon deposition and thermal aggregation. As such, the electrode polarization resistance obtained with LSCM@SDC NFs is among the lowest value ever reported with LSCM derivatives (∼0.11 Ω cm2 in wet H2 at 800 °C). The facile fabrication process of such complex heterostructures developed in this work is attractive for the design of not only SOFC electrodes but also other solid-state devices such as electrolysis cells, membrane reformers, and protonic cells.

Direct and simultaneous analysis of lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of high-oleic oil model by chiral stationary phase HPLC-ELSD.

A novel HPLC-based method for direct separation of trioleoylglycerol (TOG), a major component in high-oleic oils, and its seven hydrolysis products (i.e., oleic acid, monooleoylglycerol (MOG) and dioleoylglycerol (DOG) isomers) was established using a chiral stationary phase column, Chiralpak IA. Within 20 min, all species including enantiomeric MOG (1-sn-MOG and 3-sn-MOG) and DOG (1,2-sn-DOG and 2,3-sn-DOG) were baseline-resolved with resolution factors over 1.5 between adjacent peaks. The established method was used for investigating the integral stereoselectivity, which is the selectivity concerning all hydrolysis steps, of lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens (PFL) with TOG as substrate. The time-course of DOGs and MOGs indicated that PFL had selectivity for TOG hydrolysis in the order of sn-1, sn-2, and sn-3 position, while it preferred to hydrolyze 2,3-sn-DOG over 1,2-sn-DOG. Being rapid and accurate to evaluate integral stereoselectivity, this method could promote the development and application of lipases with target stereochemistry in the food industry.

Time-varying associations between loneliness and physical activity: Evidence from repeated daily life assessments in an adult lifespan sample.

Physical activity is a behavior that promotes physical and mental health; yet physical activity has decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic. To promote health during times of challenge, it is important to identify potential barriers to this key health behavior, such as loneliness. This brief report extends previous research on physical activity and loneliness that mainly focused on between-person differences to examine their time-varying associations at the within-person level using repeated daily life assessments. From April 2020 to August 2020, data were collected from a sample of 139 community-dwelling Canadian adults (M age = 40.65 years, SD = 18.37; range = 18-83 years). Each evening for 10 consecutive days, participants reported their loneliness, number of steps, and minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Results revealed that, in line with our hypotheses, on days when participants reported more loneliness they also engaged in less moderate-to-vigorous physical activity than on less lonely days (estimate = -0.24, p = 0.007); there was a significant negative association between loneliness and daily number of steps (estimate = -18.42, p = 0.041). In contrast, at the between-person level, overall loneliness was not associated with overall physical activity engagement after accounting for within-person differences and control variables (age, sex, day in study). From an intervention perspective, our findings suggest that it is promising to tackle loneliness on a day-to-day basis to increase physical activity one day at a time. This may be especially relevant during times mandating social-distancing, but also at other times when individuals experience greater feelings of loneliness.

ASSESSMENT OF RADIATION DOSE OF MOBILE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN INTENSIVE CARE UNITS.

Intra-hospital transport is associated with fatal risks for the occupants of an intensive care unit (ICU). Thus, mobile CT is used in ICUs. In this study, two-dimensional equivalent dose distribution data were expanded using the inverse square law of distance to identify the potential exposure of radiologic technologists and public and the maximum number of possible daily CT procedures. The exposure dose at 1.5 m from the isocentre of the mobile CT was 2.260 µSv. Based on the dose limitation (5 mSv/yr for controlled area and 1 mSv/yr for uncontrolled area) as per National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement report, the number of possible scans per day was 9 for radiologic technologists and 2 for public. When using the radiation shielding partition with a lead equivalent of 0.3 mmPb, the exposure dose reduced as 0.399 µSv. Therefore, mobile CT can be used in ICUs when appropriate shielding is provided.

Face-Based Judgments: Accuracy, Validity, and a Potential Underlying Mechanism.

Despite the pervasiveness of facial inferences, scholars have debated whether our face reflects valid information regarding how we actually behave. Whereas previous research has largely focused on the accuracy of facial inferences, the present research examined the validity of face-based judgments. Specifically, we tested how accurate face-based judgments are, whether the accuracy of and confidence in face-based judgments are associated, and what mechanisms potentially link facial appearance to behaviors (N = 1,386 American and Korean adults). We found that although face-based judgments could accurately predict someone's behavior (Study 1), participants' confidence about their face-based judgments was not associated with their accuracy (Studies 2a and 2b). Moreover, Study 3 demonstrated that the accuracy of facial inferences is possibly due to self-fulfilling effects of facial inferences. That is, accuracy is largely driven by perceivers' beliefs rather than by the direct association between faces and behaviors.

Erythorbyl fatty acid ester as a multi-functional food emulsifier: Enzymatic synthesis, chemical identification, and functional characterization of erythorbyl myristate.

Erythorbyl myristate (EM), a potential multi-functional food emulsifier, was newly synthesized by immobilized lipase-catalyzed esterification between antioxidative erythorbic acid and antibacterial myristic acid. The yield and productivity of EM were 56.13 ± 2.51 mg EM/g myristic acid and 1.76 ± 0.08 mM/h, respectively. The molecular structure of EM was identified as (R)-2-((R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yl)-2-hydroxyethyl tetradecanoate using HPLC-ESI/MS and 2D [1H-1H] NMR COSY. The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of EM was 11.5, suggesting that EM could be proper to stabilize oil-in-water emulsions. Moreover, isothermal titration calorimetry demonstrated the micellar thermodynamic behavior of EM and determined its critical micelle concentration (0.36 mM). In terms of antioxidative property, EM exhibited the radical scavenging activity against DPPH (EC50: 35.47 ± 0.13 µM) and ABTS (EC50: 36.45 ± 1.98 µM) radicals. Finally, EM showed bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities against Gram-positive foodborne pathogens (minimum inhibitory concentration: 0.06-0.60 mM; minimum bactericidal concentration: 0.07-0.93 mM).

Integral Stereoselectivity of Lipase Based on the Chromatographic Resolution of Enantiomeric/Regioisomeric Diacylglycerols.

Stereoselectivity, a distinctive characteristic of lipase (EC 3.1.1.3), refers to the ability to differentiate between enantiomeric positions (sn-1 and sn-3) in triacylglycerol (TAG). This property has been determined based on the time course of enantiomeric excess of diacylglycerol (DAG) considering several consecutive steps of lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of TAG; however, this concept is insufficient to represent the true nature of lipases which are capable of hydrolyzing the sn-2 position of TAG under the condition acyl migration occurs. Here, we suggest "integral stereoselectivity" to capture the preference of lipases for all ester groups of both TAG and DAG, as a novel index of the stereochemistry of lipase. To determine integral stereoselectivity, we established an analytical system based on the chromatographic resolution of dioleoylglycerol (DO) enantiomers and regioisomers. DO enantiomers were derivatized with 4-nitrophenyl isocyanate, and subsequently, resolved by chiral-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet. Regioisomers of monooleoylglycerol and DO were analyzed by HPLC with an evaporative light-scattering detector. Time-course analysis of three model lipases involved in the hydrolysis of trioleoylglycerol validated the analytical system designed to determine the integral stereoselectivity. As an accurate indicator of lipase stereochemistry reflecting all hydrolysis steps, integral stereoselectivity can expedite the development of lipases with unique stereochemistry from agricultural sources and their application to the food industry.

Test-retest repeatability of ultrasonographic shear wave elastography in a rat liver fibrosis model: toward a quantitative biomarker for preclinical trials.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the test-retest repeatability and measurement variability of ultrasonographic shear wave elastography (SWE) for liver stiffness in a rat liver fibrosis model. METHODS: In 31 Sprague-Dawley rats divided into three groups (high-dose, low-dose, and control), liver fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneal administration of thioacetamide for 8 weeks. A dedicated radiographer performed SWE to measure liver stiffness in kilopascals in two sessions at a 3-day interval. We calculated correlations between liver stiffness and histopathologic results, measurement variability in each session using coefficients of variation (CoVs) and interquartile/median (IQR/M), and test-retest repeatability between both sessions using the repeatability coefficient. RESULTS: Different levels of liver fibrosis in each group were successfully induced in the animal model. The mean liver stiffness values were 8.88±1.48 kPa in the control group, 11.62±1.70 kPa in the low-dose group, and 11.91±1.73 kPa in the high-dose group. The correlation between collagen areas and liver stiffness values was moderate (r=0.6). In all groups, the second session yielded lower CoVs (i.e., more reliable results) for liver stiffness than the first session, suggesting a training effect for the operator. The mean IQR/M values were also lower in the second session than in the first session, which had four outliers (0.21 vs. 0.12, P<0.001). The test-retest repeatability coefficient was 3.75 kPa and decreased to 2.82 kPa after removing the four outliers. CONCLUSION: The use of ultrasonographic SWE was confirmed to be feasible and repeatable for evaluating liver fibrosis in preclinical trials. Operator training might reduce variability in liver stiffness measurements.

Tract ablation after radiofrequency ablation to prevent viable tumor cell adhesion to the needle electrode.

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether the additive needle tract ablation (TA) can reduce adherent cells on the needle tract after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in a preclinical HCC mouse model. METHODS: Hep3B-Luc cells were engrafted in the Balb/c-nude mice. Nineteen mice were randomly assigned into three groups: the needle only group (needle placement only without performing RFA), the RFA only group (needle placement with active RFA treatment), and the RFA-TA group (needle placement with active RFA treatment and additive tract ablation). The 17-gauge needle with a 10-mm active tip was used. After RFA and TA, the viability of adherent tumor cells on the RFA needle was evaluated with bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and live-cell counting. RESULTS: We observed that RFA-TA group had the lowest BLI values compared with other groups (needle only group, 11.2 ± 6.4 million; RFA only group, 13.6 ± 9.1 million; RFA-TA group, 1.11 ± 0.8 million, p = 0.001). Live cell counting with acridine orange/propidium iodide staining also confirmed that the counted viable cell numbers in RFA-TA group were lowest compared to the other groups (needle only group, 14.8 ± 4.5; RFA only group, 643.8 ± 131.9; RFA-TA group, 1.5 ± 0.9, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The additive tract ablation can significantly reduce the number of viable tumor cells adherent to the RFA needle, which can prevent needle tract seeding after RFA procedure.

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonism before reperfusion attenuates cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury in rats.

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) antagonism can mitigate cellular damage associated with cerebral ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of AhR antagonist administration before reperfusion in a rat stroke model and influence of the timing of AhR antagonist administration on its neuroprotective effects. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at baseline, immediately after, and 3, 8, and 24 h after ischaemia in the sham, control (I/R injury), TMF10 (trimethoxyflavone [TMF] administered 10 min post-ischaemia), and TMF50 (TMF administered 50 min post-ischaemia) groups. The TMF treatment groups had significantly fewer infarcts than the control group. At 24 h, the relative apparent diffusion coefficient values of the ischaemic core and peri-infarct region were significantly higher and relative T2 values were significantly lower in the TMF10 groups than in the control group. The TMF treatment groups showed significantly fewer terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling positive (+) cells (%) in the peri-infarct region than the control group. This study demonstrated that TMF treatment 10 or 50 min after ischaemia alleviated brain damage. Furthermore, the timing of AhR antagonist administration affected the inhibition of cellular or vasogenic oedema formation caused by a transient ischaemic stroke.

Catalytic characterization of heterodimeric linoleate 13S-lipoxygenase from black soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.).

A novel lipoxygenase (BLOX) was purified from black soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), and its catalytic properties were characterized. The molecular weight of BLOX was 101 kDa and its unique heterodimeric structure with two different subunits of molecular weight 46 kDa and 55 kDa was elucidated. The optimum pH and temperature of BLOX were pH 9.5 and 40 °C, respectively. BLOX was highly stable at the pH range of 6.0-10.0 and below 40 °C, and was stimulated by adding ferrous ion (Fe2+). In terms of substrate specificity, BLOX showed a substrate preference to linoleic acid that is the main substance to produce hydroperoxides in soybean. When it reacted with linoleic acid, the major product was 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid; therefore, it could be classified into the linoleate 13S-LOX family (EC 1.13.11.12). Finally, the kinetic parameters (Vmax, Km, and kcat) of BLOX were 0.124 mM min-1, 0.636 mM, and 12.28 s-1, respectively, and consequently, the catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) was calculated as 1.93 × 104 M-1·s-1. These catalytic characteristics of BLOX could contribute to understanding the enzymatic rancidification of black soybean, and to further biotechnical approaches to control and mitigate the deterioration.