From agricultural biomass to D form lactic acid in ton scale via strain engineering of Lactiplantibacillus pentosus.

Worsening environmental conditions make lactic acid a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based plastics. This study created a genetically-engineered strain Lactiplantibacillus pentosus PeL containing a disrupted L-lactate dehydrogenase gene to produce high yield and optically pure D-lactic acid. Cellobiose was identified as the optimal sugar in the single carbon source test, yielding the highest lactic acid. In 5-L fermentation tests, pretreated wood chips hydrolysate was the best lignocellulosic substrate for PeL, resulting in a D-lactic acid yield of 900.7 ±â€¯141.4 mg/g of consumed sugars with an optical purity of 99.8 ±â€¯0.0 %. Gradually scaled-up fermentations using this substrate were achieved in 100-, and 9,000-L fermenters; PeL produced remarkably high D-lactic acid yields of 836.3 ±â€¯11.9 and 915.9 ±â€¯4.4 mg/g of consumed sugars, with optical purities of 95.0 ±â€¯0.0 % and 93.8 ±â€¯0.2 %, respectively. This study is the pioneer in demonstrating economical and sustainable ton-scale production of D-lactic acid.

Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity following an one-week volleyball competition.

The purpose of the study was to compare glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity between trained (TR) and competition (CP) states, in relation to cortisol and testosterone levels. Sixteen highly trained volleyball players voluntarily participated in this study. The first testing session (TR state) occurred 1 week before the start of national level volleyball CP, and the second testing session (CP state) occurred next morning after the 1-week CP. Fasted serum sample was used for measuring cortisol and testosterone. Subjects were then orally challenged with 75 g of glucose solution for determinations of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and insulin response. Under both fasted and glucose challenged conditions, glucose levels of CP were not different from TR state, whereas insulin levels of CP were significantly elevated above TR (50 min: from 78.8 +/- 8.7 to 96.6 +/- 8.1 microU/ml, P < 0.05; 80 min: from 62.8 +/- 7.0 to 82.0 +/- 7.3; P < 0.05). Muscle creatine kinase (CK) level in blood was significantly increased above TR, suggesting greater muscle damage by CP. Serum leptin level, percent fat mass, and body weight were not different between two states. CP significantly increased serum cortisol level without significantly change in testosterone level. The new finding of the study was that volleyball CP reduced the whole-body insulin sensitivity significantly compared to TR state. The greater level of insulin concentration under CP state appears to be associated with elevated serum cortisol level. Despites the benefit of increased physical activity on metabolic function is widely recognized, physiological stress associated with CP can result in attenuation of systemic insulin sensitivity compared TR state.

Glycogen overload by postexercise insulin administration abolished the exercise-induced increase in GLUT4 protein.

To elucidate the role of muscle glycogen storage on regulation of GLUT4 protein expression and whole-body glucose tolerance, muscle glycogen level was manipulated by exercise and insulin administration. Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were evenly separated into three groups: control (CON), immediately after exercise (EX0), and 16 h after exercise (EX16). Rats from each group were further divided into two groups: saline- and insulin-injected. The 2-day exercise protocol consisted of 2 bouts of 3-h swimming with 45-min rest for each day, which effectively depleted glycogen in both red gastrocnemius (RG) and plantaris muscles. EX0 rats were sacrificed immediately after the last bout of exercise on second day. CON and EX16 rats were intubated with 1 g/kg glucose solution following exercise and recovery for 16 h before muscle tissue collection. Insulin (0.5 microU/kg) or saline was injected daily at the time when glucose was intubated. Insulin injection elevated muscle glycogen levels substantially in both muscles above saline-injected group at CON and EX16. With previous day insulin injection, EX0 preserved greater amount of postexercise glycogen above their saline-injected control. In the saline-injected rats, EX16 significantly increased GLUT4 protein level above CON, concurrent with muscle glycogen supercompensation. Insulin injection for EX16 rats significantly enhanced muscle glycogen level above their saline-injected control, but the increases in muscle GLUT4 protein and whole-body glucose tolerance were attenuated. In conclusion, the new finding of the study was that glycogen overload by postexercise insulin administration significantly abolished the exercise-induced increases in GLUT4 protein and glucose tolerance.