Is headache during pregnancy a higher risk for serious secondary headache cause? A HEAD study report.

OBJECTIVES: Pregnancy is defined as a 'red flag' in headache assessment. We aimed to describe the prevalence and causes of serious secondary headache in pregnant ED patients. METHODS: Unplanned secondary analysis of HEAD Study/HEAD Colombia data. RESULTS: 3.2% (117/3643) of ED headache patients aged 18-50 years were pregnant, of whom six (5.1%) had a serious secondary cause identified. The proportion of patients with serious headache causes was not significantly different between pregnant female, non-pregnant female and male patient subgroups (P = 0.89). CONCLUSION: Inclusion of pregnancy as a 'red flag' in ED headache assessment is not supported by these data.

Migraine in the Emergency Department: A Prospective Multinational Study of Patient Characteristics, Management, and Outcomes.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Migraine headache is commonly diagnosed in emergency departments (ED). There is relatively little real-world information about the epidemiology, investigation, management, adherence to therapeutic guidelines and disposition of patients treated in ED with a final diagnosis of migraine. The primary aim of the current study is to get a snapshot of assessment and management patterns of acute migraine presentations to the different settings of EDs with a view to raise awareness. METHODS: This is a planned sub-study of a prospective study conducted in 67 health services in 10 countries including Australia, New Zealand, Southeast Asia, Europe, and the UK investigating the epidemiology and outcome of adult patients presenting to ED with nontraumatic headache. Outcomes of interest for this study are demographics, clinical features (including severity), patterns of investigation, treatment, disposition, and outcome of patients diagnosed as having migraine as their final ED diagnosis. RESULTS: The cohort comprises 1,101 patients with a mean age of 39 years (SD ± 13.5; 73.7% [811]) were female. Most patients had had migraine diagnosed previously (77.7%). Neuroimaging was performed in 25.9% with a very low diagnostic yield or significant findings (0.07%). Treatment of mild migraine was in accordance with current guidelines, but few patients with moderate or severe symptoms received recommended treatment. Paracetamol (46.3%) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (42.7%) were the most commonly prescribed agents. Metoclopramide (22.8%), ondansetron (19.2%), chlorpromazine (12.8%), and prochlorperazine (12.8%) were also used. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that therapeutic practices are not congruent with current guidelines, especially for patients with severe symptoms. Efforts to improve and sustain compliance with existing management best practices are required.

Clinical presentation and assessment of older patients presenting with headache to emergency departments: A multicentre observational study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics, assessment and management of older emergency department (ED) patients with non-traumatic headache. METHODS: Planned sub-study of a prospective, multicentre, international, observational study, which included adult patients presenting to ED with non-traumatic headache. Patients aged ≥75 years were compared to those aged <75 years. Outcomes of interest were epidemiology, investigations, serious headache diagnosis and outcome. RESULTS: A total of 298 patients (7%) in the parent study were aged ≥75 years. Older patients were less likely to report severe headache pain or subjective fever (both P < 0.001). On examination, older patients were more likely to be confused, have lower Glasgow Coma Scores and to have new neurological deficits (all P < 0.001). Serious secondary headache disorder (composite of headache due to subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), intracranial haemorrhage, meningitis, encephalitis, cerebral abscess, neoplasm, hydrocephalus, vascular dissection, stroke, hypertensive crisis, temporal arteritis, idiopathic intracranial hypertension or ventriculoperitoneal shunt complications) was diagnosed in 18% of older patients compared to 6% of younger patients (P < 0.001). Computed tomography brain imaging was performed in 66% of patients ≥75 years compared to 35% of younger patients (P < 0.001). Older patients were less likely to be discharged (43% vs 63%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Older patients with headache had different clinical features to the younger cohort and were more likely to have a serious secondary cause of headache than younger adults. There should be a low threshold for investigation in older patients attending ED with non-traumatic headache.

Epidemiology, investigation, management, and outcome of headache in emergency departments (HEAD study)-A multinational observational study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of nontraumatic headache in adults presenting to emergency departments (EDs). BACKGROUND: Headache is a common reason for presentation to EDs. Little is known about the epidemiology, investigation, and treatment of nontraumatic headache in patients attending EDs internationally. METHODS: An international, multicenter, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted over one calendar month in 2019. Participants were adults (≥18 years) with nontraumatic headache as the main presenting complaint. Exclusion criteria were recent head trauma, missing records, interhospital transfers, re-presentation with same headache as a recent visit, and headache as an associated symptom. Data collected included demographics, clinical assessment, investigation, treatment, and outcome. RESULTS: We enrolled 4536 patients (67 hospitals, 10 countries). "Thunderclap" onset was noted in 14.2% of cases (644/4536). Headache was rated as severe in 27.2% (1235/4536). New neurological examination findings were uncommon (3.2%; 147/4536). Head computed tomography (CT) was performed in 36.6% of patients (1661/4536), of which 9.9% showed clinically important pathology (165/1661). There was substantial variation in CT scan utilization between countries (15.9%-75.0%). More than 30 different diagnoses were made. Presumed nonmigraine benign headache accounted for 45.4% of cases (2058/4536) with another 24.3% classified as migraine (1101/4536). A small subgroup of patients have a serious secondary cause for their headache (7.1%; 323/4536) with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), stroke, neoplasm, non-SAH intracranial hemorrhage/hematoma, and meningitis accounting for about 1% each. Most patients were treated with simple analgesics (paracetamol, aspirin, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents). Most patients were discharged home (83.8%; 3792/4526). In-hospital mortality was 0.3% (11/4526). CONCLUSION: Diagnosis and management of headache in the ED is challenging. A small group of patients have a serious secondary cause for their symptoms. There is wide variation in the use of neuroimaging and treatments. Further work is needed to understand the variation in practice and to better inform international guidelines regarding emergent neuroimaging and treatment.

Utility of community-acquired pneumonia severity scores in guiding disposition from the emergency department: Intensive care or short-stay unit?

OBJECTIVE: To assess community-acquired pneumonia severity scores from two perspectives: (i) prediction of ICU admission or mortality; and (ii) utility of low scores for prediction of discharge within 48 h, potentially indicating suitability for short-stay unit admission. METHODS: Patients with community-acquired pneumonia were identified from a prospective database of emergency patients admitted with infection. Pneumonia severity index (PSI), CURB-65, CORB, CURXO, SMARTCOP scores and the Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society (IDSA/ATS) minor criteria were calculated. Diagnostic accuracy statistics (sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios and area under receiver operating characteristic curves [AUROC]) were determined for both end-points. RESULTS: Of 618 patients admitted with community-acquired pneumonia judged eligible for invasive therapies, 75 (12.1%) were admitted to ICU or deceased at 30 days, and 87 (14.1%) were discharged within 48 h. All scores effectively stratified patients into categories of risk. For prediction of severe pneumonia, SMARTCOP, CURXO and IDSA/ATS discriminated well (AUROC 0.84-0.87). SMARTCOP and CURXO showed optimal sensitivity (85% [95% confidence interval (CI) 75-92]), while specificity was highest for CORB and CURB-65 (93% and 94%, respectively). Using lowest risk categories for prediction of discharge within 48 h, only SMARTCOP and CURXO showed specificity >80%. PSI demonstrated highest positive predictive value (31% [95% CI 24-39]) and AUROC (0.74 [95% CI 0.69-0.79]). CONCLUSIONS: Community-acquired pneumonia severity scores had different strengths; SMARTCOP and CURXO were sensitive with potential to rule out severe disease, while the high specificity of CORB and CURB-65 facilitated identification of patients at high risk of requirement for ICU. Low severity scores were not useful to identify patients suitable for admission to short-stay units.

Simpson's paradox: A statistician's case study.

Gender equality and workforce diversity has recently been in the forefront of College discussions. Reasons for the difference between various groups may not be as they initially appeared. The results of comparing the outcome between two groups can sometimes be confounded and even reversed by an unrecognised third variable. This concept is known as Simpson's Paradox, and is illustrated here using a renowned case study on potential gender bias for acceptance to Graduate School at the University of California, Berkeley. The investigation showed that males were 1.8 times more likely to be admitted to Graduate School than females in 1973. Initially it appeared that women were discriminated against in the selection process. However, when admissions were re-examined at individual Departments of the School, admission tended to be better for women than men in four of six Departments. This contradiction or paradox tells us that the association between admission and gender was dependent upon on Department. The confounding effect of Department was defined by two characteristics. Firstly, a strong association between Department and admission: some Departments admitted much smaller percentages of applicants than others. Secondly, a strong association between Department and gender: females tended to apply to Departments with lower admission rates. The explanation of differences between groups can be multifactorial. A search for possible confounders will assist in this understanding. This could apply whenever two groups initially appear to differ, but on closer analysis this difference is either unfounded, or even reversed by reference to a third, confounding variable.

Incidence and outcome of subarachnoid haemorrhage in the general and emergency department populations in Queensland from 2010 to 2014.

OBJECTIVES: To determine: (i) incidence and outcome of subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) in the general population; and (ii) proportions of SAH in both the general ED population and in ED patients presenting with headache. METHODS: A population-based study in Queensland from January 2010 to December 2014 was conducted. Data were sourced from the Australian Bureau of Statistics, Queensland Hospital Admitted Patient Data Collection linked to the Queensland death registry and ED Information System. Admitted patients with SAH were identified from ICD-10-AM codes. Inter-hospital transfers and repeat admissions for previously diagnosed SAH were excluded. Pre-hospital deaths from SAH were included. ED patients with headache were identified from ICD-10-AM codes and finding 'headache' in the triage free-text entry. The incidence of SAH, in-hospital mortality, proportions of SAH in the general ED population and ED patients with headache were calculated. RESULTS: There were 1975 incident cases of SAH in admitted patients and 294 pre-hospital deaths from SAH. The incidence of SAH was 9.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] 9.5-10.4) per 100 000 person-years. The incidence standardised to the 'World Standard Population' was 7.0 per 100 000 person-years. The in-hospital mortality was 23.8% (95% CI 22.0-25.8%). SAH was found in 1407 (1.9%, 95% CI 1.8-2.0) of ED patients with headache. Overall, there were 2.4 (95% CI 2.3-2.5) SAH per 10 000 of all ED attendances. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of SAH was similar to that previously reported for Australia. One in 50 ED patients with headache had SAH. Ten in 50 000 ED attendances had a SAH. These estimates can assist in the risk assessment for SAH.

Applying the Ottawa subarachnoid haemorrhage rule on a cohort of emergency department patients with headache.

OBJECTIVE: The Ottawa subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) rule suggests that alert patients older than 15 years with a severe nontraumatic headache reaching maximum intensity within 1 h and absence of high-risk variables effectively have a SAH ruled out. We aimed to determine the proportion of emergency department (ED) patients with any headache fulfilling the entry criteria for the Ottawa SAH rule. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The Ottawa SAH rule was applied retrospectively in a substudy of a prospective snapshot of 34 EDs in Queensland, Australia, carried out over 4 weeks in September 2014. Patient aged 18 years and older with a nontraumatic headache of any potential cause were included. Clinical data and results of investigations were collected. RESULTS: Data were available for 644 (76%) patients. A total of 149 (23.1%, 95% confidence interval: 20.0-26.5%) fulfilled and 495 (76.9%, 95% confidence interval: 73.5-80.0%) did not fulfil the entry criteria. In patients who fulfilled the entry criteria, 30 (<5% overall) did not have any high-risk variables for SAH. In patients who fulfilled the entry criteria and had at least 1 high-risk feature, almost half (46%) received a computed tomographic brain. No SAH were missed. CONCLUSION: In this descriptive observational study, the majority of ED patients presenting with a headache did not fulfil the entry criteria for the Ottawa SAH rule. Less than 5% of the patients in this cohort could have SAH excluded on the basis of the rule. More definitive studies are needed to determine an accepted benchmark for the proportion of patients receiving further work-up (computed tomographic brain) after fulfilling the entry criteria for the Ottawa SAH rule.

The chances that an emergency physician will demonstrate three abdominal aortic aneurysms by ultrasound in the emergency department for credentialing: A statistician's view.

The Australasian College for Emergency Medicine requires 15 proctored examinations of the aorta for credentialing in ultrasonography for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Furthermore, at least three examinations need to be positive for an aneurysm. In the ED where AAA presentations are sporadic, what are the chances that an emergency physician (EP) will have the opportunity to demonstrate three AAAs in the next 12 months? The probability of an event occurring within a given time-frame can be modelled by the Poisson distribution. Central to the Poisson distribution is the infrequency of the event such as encountering an AAA in the ED. An EP working 30 clinical hours/week in our tertiary-referral hospital ED can be expected to encounter 15.6 (3.6 symptomatic + 12 asymptomatic) AAA in the next 12 months. The probability of seeing three or more cases during this time is 99.9%. Assuming a proctor can be found for half the cases, the probability of an EP performing proctored ultrasound examinations in at least three AAAs is 98%. This probability drops to 89% if a proctor can be found for only one-third of cases. For an EP to be almost 100% certain of meeting the credentialing requirements, he/she would need almost 10 proctored ultrasound cases of AAA to be available within his/her shifts during the year. The Poisson distribution has enabled us to model the probability of encountering a given number of AAA in the ED. Analysis such as this may help rationalise the numbers needed for credentialing.

Acute Headache Presentations to the Emergency Department: A Statewide Cross-sectional Study.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to describe demographic and clinical characteristics including features that were consistent with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), use of diagnostic tests, emergency department (ED) discharge diagnoses, and disposition of adult patients presenting with an acute headache to EDs statewide across Queensland, Australia. In addition, potential variations in the presentation and diagnostic workup between principal-referral and city-regional hospitals were examined. METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted over 4 weeks in September 2014. All patients ≥ 18 years presenting to one of 29 public and five private hospital EDs across the state with an acute headache were included. The headache had to be the principal presenting complaint and nontraumatic. The 34 study sites attend to about 90% of all ED presentations statewide. The treating doctor collected clinical information at the time of the ED visit including the characteristics of the headache and investigations performed. A study coordinator retrieved results of investigations, ED discharge diagnoses, and disposition from state databases. Variations in presentation, investigations, and diagnosis between city-regional and principal-referral hospitals were examined. RESULTS: There were 847 headache presentations. Median (range) age was 39 (18-92) years, 62% were female, and 31% arrived by ambulance. Headache peaked instantly in 18% and ≤ 1 hour in 44%. It was "worst ever" in 37%, 10/10 in severity in 23%, and associated with physical activity in 7.4%. Glasgow Coma Scale score was < 15 in 4.1%. Neck stiffness was noted on examination in 4.8%. Neurologic deficit persisting in the ED was found in 6.5%. A computed tomography (CT) head scan was performed in 38% (318/841, 95% CI = 35% to 41%) and an lumbar puncture in 4.7% (39/832, 95% CI = 3.4% to 6.3%). There were 18 SAH, six intraparenchymal hemorrhages, one subdural hematoma, one newly diagnosed brain metastasis, and two bacterial meningitis. Migraine was diagnosed in 23% and "primary headache not further specified" in 45%. CT head scans were more likely to be performed in principal-referral hospitals (41%) compared to city-regional hospitals (33%). The headache in patients presenting to the latter was less likely to be instantly peaking or associated with activity, but was no less severe in intensity and was more frequently accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Their diagnosis was more likely to be a benign primary headache. Variations in CT scanning could thus be due to differences in the case mix. The median (interquartile range) ED length of stay was 3.1 (2.2 to 4.5) hours. Patients was discharged from the ED or admitted to the ED short-stay unit prior to discharge in 57 and 23% of cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients had a benign diagnosis, with intracranial hemorrhage and bacterial meningitis accounting for only 3% of the diagnoses. There are variations in the proportion of patients receiving CT head scans between city-regional and principal-referral hospitals. As 38% of headache presentations overall underwent CT scanning, there is scope to rationalize diagnostic testing to rule out life-threatening conditions.

What is the chance all your trainees will pass the next Fellowship exam: A statistician's view.

Your department has had a good track record over many years for preparing trainees to successfully sit for the ACEM Fellowship exam. On average the pass rate for your trainees is over 80%. Then, to your dismay, suddenly only two of five of your trainees pass the latest Fellowship exam. Does this anomaly necessitate an urgent review of your department's training programme, or is it just a statistical quirk? Let us suppose you can prepare candidates so that they all have at least an 80% chance of passing. The probability that all five candidates would have passed is 32.8% (or 0.85 ) based on the multiplication rule of probability for independent events. The probability that only two of five passed is 5.1% (or 10 × 0.82 × 0.23 ) based on the binomial distribution, which is a probability distribution analogous to the normal distribution. The construction of the binomial distribution depends on two parameters: (i) number of candidates sitting ('n'), and (ii) probability of passing for any individual candidate ('P'). The distribution gives the probability that 'x' number of individuals will pass when 'n' number of individuals sit. Thus despite an 80% pass rate historically, the probability that only two of five candidates will pass is not negligible at 5.1%. It is an anomaly, which we may choose not to act on unless it is recurrent, noting it will be expected to occur naturally about one time out of 20. The real challenge is to maintain or increase that individual probability at 80% or higher.

Double-dorsal versus single-volar digital subcutaneous anaesthetic injection for finger injuries in the emergency department: A randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this present study is to compare pain associated with the double-dorsal versus a single-volar subcutaneous injection in the provision of digital anaesthesia for finger injuries presenting to the ED. METHODS: A randomised controlled trial from November 2012 to January 2014 at a single adult tertiary-referral hospital. ED patients with finger injuries requiring digital anaesthesia was randomised to either the double-dorsal or a single-volar subcutaneous injection technique. The primary outcome was patient reported injection pain measured on a 100 mm visual analogue scale with the assessor blinded to the injection technique. The secondary outcome was success of anaesthesia defined as ability to perform the assessment and treatment without further anaesthetic supplementation after 5 min. RESULTS: Eighty-six patients were enrolled. Median (IQR) age was 34 (24-47) years and 79% were men. The majority (66.3%) had distal phalanx injuries. Forty patients were randomised to the double-dorsal and 46 to a single-volar subcutaneous injection technique. The mean (standard deviation) pain score of the double-dorsal injection was 39.1 (24.2) and a single-volar injection was 37.3 (24.5) with a difference of 1.8 (95% CI -8.8 to 12.3). Digital anaesthesia was successful in 64.9% of the double-dorsal and 71.7% of the single-volar subcutaneous injections, a difference of 6.8% (95% CI -12.7 to 26.3). CONCLUSION: In ED patients with finger injuries requiring digital anaesthesia, both the double-dorsal or single-volar subcutaneous injection techniques have similar pain of injection and success rates of anaesthesia. Single-volar injection appears suitable alternative to the commonly performed double-dorsal injection in the ED.

Sustained reductions in emergency department laboratory test orders: impact of a simple intervention.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether a pathology request form allowing interns and residents to order only a limited range of laboratory blood tests prior to consultation with a registrar or consultant can reduce test ordering in an emergency department (ED). METHODS: A prospective before-and-after study in an adult tertiary-referral teaching hospital ED was conducted. A pathology request form with a limited list of permissible tests was implemented for use by junior medical officers. Tests for patients 16 years and older presenting in a 20-week pre-intervention period from 19 January 2009 were compared with those in a corresponding 20-week post-intervention period from 18 January 2010. Main outcome measures were the number and cost of blood tests ordered. RESULTS: 24 652 and 25 576 presentations were analysed in the pre- and post-intervention periods, respectively. The mean number of blood tests ordered per 100 ED presentations fell by 19% from 172 in the pre- to 140 in the post-intervention period (p=0.001). The mean cost of blood tests ordered per 100 ED presentations fell by 17% from $A3177 in the pre- to $A2633 in the post-intervention period (p=0.001). There were falls in the number of coagulation profiles (11.1 vs 4.8/100 patients), C-reactive protein (5.6 vs 2.7/100 patients), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (2.5 vs 1.3/100 patients) and thyroid function tests (2.2 vs 1.6/100 patients). CONCLUSIONS: Pathology request forms limiting tests that an intern and resident may order prior to consultation with a registrar or consultant are an effective low maintenance method for reducing laboratory test ordering in the ED that is sustainable over 12 months.

A prospective registry of emergency department patients admitted with infection.

BACKGROUND: Patients with infections account for a significant proportion of Emergency Department (ED) workload, with many hospital patients admitted with severe sepsis initially investigated and resuscitated in the ED. The aim of this registry is to systematically collect quality observational clinical and microbiological data regarding emergency patients admitted with infection, in order to explore in detail the microbiological profile of these patients, and to provide the foundation for a significant programme of prospective observational studies and further clinical research. METHODS/DESIGN: ED patients admitted with infection will be identified through daily review of the computerised database of ED admissions, and clinical information such as site of infection, physiological status in the ED, and components of management abstracted from patients' charts. This information will be supplemented by further data regarding results of investigations, microbiological isolates, and length of stay (LOS) from hospital electronic databases. Outcome measures will be hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) LOS, and mortality endpoints derived from a national death registry. DISCUSSION: This database will provide substantial insights into the characteristics, microbiological profile, and outcomes of emergency patients admitted with infections. It will become the nidus for a programme of research into compliance with evidence-based guidelines, optimisation of empiric antimicrobial regimens, validation of clinical decision rules and identification of outcome determinants. The detailed observational data obtained will provide a solid baseline to inform the design of further controlled trials planned to optimise treatment and outcomes for emergency patients admitted with infections.

CPR training in households of patients with chest pain.

The objectives of this study are to (1). quantify prior cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training in households of patients presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) with or without chest pain or ischaemic heart disease (IHD); (2). evaluate the willingness of household members to undertake CPR training; and (3). identify potential barriers to the learning and provision of bystander CPR. A cross-sectional study was conducted by surveying patients presenting to the ED of a metropolitan teaching hospital over a 6-month period. Two in five households of patients presenting with chest pain or IHD had prior training in CPR. This was no higher than for households of patients presenting without chest pain or IHD. Just under two in three households of patients presenting with chest pain or IHD were willing to participate in future CPR classes. Potential barriers to learning CPR included lack of information on CPR classes, perceived lack of intellectual and/or physical capability to learn CPR and concern about causing anxiety in the person at risk of cardiac arrest. Potential barriers to CPR provision included an unknown cardiac arrest victim and fear of infection. The ED provides an opportunity for increasing family and community capacity for bystander intervention through referral to appropriate training.