Quantitative sensory testing in notalgia paresthetica reveals small fiber-type-specific differences in non-pruritic sensitivity: a pilot study.

Introduction: Notalgia paresthetica (NP) is a chronic condition characterized by pruritus and other unpleasant dysesthetic sensations unilaterally on the subscapular back. Its specific underlying mechanisms are largely unknown, though hypothesized to be neuropathic. Determination of possible somatosensory contributors to the condition could pave the way for novel treatments. Objectives: Given the potential involvement of non-pruritic mechanisms in NP, our objective was to broadly characterize the somatosensory function in NP-affected and unaffected skin using methods that have been standardized in pain-free controls and painful neuropathic disorders. We hypothesized that if NP is caused by neuropathic mechanisms not targeted directly to pruritoceptors in the skin, somatosensory abnormalities would not be itchspecific. Second, given the lack of symptoms on the contralateral side of the back, we hypothesized that this region would be normally sensitive. Methods: In this study, quantitative sensory testing (QST) was used to comprehensively assess the somatosensory function in 15 adult patients with NP. Standardized QST metrics were performed in the NP-affected region and compared with the contralateral asymptomatic skin and itch-free individuals using an age, gender, and site-matched reference data set. Results: There were no significant differences in sensitivity between symptomatic and asymptomatic skin, except for increased mechanical-evoked itch on the itchy side. However, reference data set comparisons revealed bilateral hyposensitivity to innocuous cold and noxious pinprick and higher temporal summation of pain in patients with NP. In addition, compared with reference data, patients with NP demonstrated decreased sensitivity to cold and pinprick, presence of paradoxical heat sensations, and increased wind-up of pain. Conclusion: These results suggest a role for Aδ fiber pathways and central sensitization in NP-associated itch. More research is needed to determine whether sensory differences extend beyond the NP-affected dermatomal level and what might cause neuropathy specifically targeting Aδ fibers.

Barriers and Facilitators Affecting Long-Term Antibiotic Prescriptions for Acne Treatment.

Importance: Dermatologists prescribe more oral antibiotics per clinician than clinicians in any other specialty. Despite clinical guidelines that recommend limitation of long-term oral antibiotic treatments for acne to less than 3 months, there is little evidence to guide the design and implementation of an antibiotic stewardship program in clinical practice. Objective: To identify salient barriers and facilitators to long-term antibiotic prescriptions for acne treatment. Design, Setting, and Participants: This qualitative study assessed data collected from stakeholders (including dermatologists, infectious disease physicians, dermatology resident physicians, and nonphysician clinicians) via an online survey and semistructured video interviews between March and August 2021. Data analyses were performed from August 12, 2021, to January 20, 2024. Main Outcomes and Measures: Online survey and qualitative video interviews developed with the Theoretical Domains Framework. Thematic analyses were used to identify salient themes on barriers and facilitators to long-term antibiotic prescriptions for acne treatment. Results: Among 30 participants (14 [47%] males and 16 [53%] females) who completed the study requirements and were included in the analysis, knowledge of antibiotic guideline recommendations was high and antibiotic stewardship was believed to be a professional responsibility. Five salient themes were to be affecting long-term antibiotic prescriptions: perceived lack of evidence to justify change in dermatologic practice, difficulty navigating patient demands and satisfaction, discomfort with discussing contraception, iPLEDGE-related barriers, and the absence of an effective system to measure progress on antibiotic stewardship. Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this qualitative study indicate that multiple salient factors affect long-term antibiotic prescribing practices for acne treatment. These factors should be considered in the design and implementation of any future outpatient antibiotic stewardship program for clinical dermatology.

Ambulatory palliative care among patients with hidradenitis suppurativa: A qualitative study.

Background: Patients with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) experience high physical and emotional symptom burden and may benefit from palliative care interventions, though no studies have explored the unmet palliative care needs in this population. Objective: This case series aimed to qualitatively evaluate unmet needs and palliative care interventions among patients with HS who were referred to palliative care. Methods: We reviewed medical records of patients with HS who were referred from an HS specialty clinic and seen in an interprofessional palliative care ambulatory clinic. Palliative care notes were qualitatively analyzed inductively and deductively to identify themes characterizing unmet needs and palliative care interventions. Results: Thirteen patients with HS (median [IQR] age, 38 [31-45] years; 11 [85%] women; 11 [85%] Black) were referred and seen in a palliative care specialty clinic. Topics discussed included uncontrolled HS pain, housing insecurity, and emotional distress. Palliative care interventions included a thorough assessment of pain, multimodal pain management approaches, social worker weekly check-ins, and management of psychotropic medications. Limitations: Small study at a single tertiary center. Conclusions: Care models integrating palliative care approaches with multidisciplinary support services may reduce disease burden in a subset of patients with HS.

Adherence to Gender Affirming Hormone Therapy in Transgender Adolescents and Adults: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

CONTEXT: Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals often seek gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT). While receipt of GAHT has been associated with improved well-being, the risk of GAHT discontinuation and its reasons are not well known. OBJECTIVE: There were two main objectives: (1) To investigate the proportion of TGD individuals who discontinue therapy after an average of 4 years (maximum 19 years) since GAHT initiation; and (2) to explore reasons for GAHT discontinuation. This was a retrospective cohort study at academic centers providing care to TGD adolescents and adults. TGD individuals prescribed estradiol or testosterone between January 1, 2000, and January 1, 2019, were included. GAHT continuation was ascertained using a 2-phase process. In phase 1, Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were used to examine likelihood of GAHT discontinuation and compare discontinuation rates by age and sex assigned at birth. In phase 2, reasons for stopping GAHT were investigated by reviewing records and by contacting study participants who discontinued therapy. The main outcome measures were incidence and determinants of GAHT discontinuation. RESULTS: Among 385 eligible participants, 231 (60%) were assigned male at birth and 154 (40%) were assigned female at birth. Less than one-third of participants (n = 121) initiated GAHT prior to their 18th birthday, constituting the pediatric cohort (mean age 15 years), and the remaining 264 were included in the adult cohort (mean age 32 years). In phase 1, 6 participants (1.6%) discontinued GAHT during follow-up, and of those only 2 discontinued GAHT permanently (phase 2). CONCLUSION: GAHT discontinuation is uncommon when therapy follows Endocrine Society guidelines. Future research should include prospective studies with long-term follow-up of individuals receiving GAHT.

Incidence and Factors Associated With Acne in Transgender Adolescents on Testosterone: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: This retrospective cohort study aimed to assess incidence and predictors of acne among transgender adolescents receiving testosterone. METHODS: We analyzed records of patients aged <18 years, assigned female at birth, seen at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta Pediatric Endocrinology clinic for testosterone initiation between January 1, 2016, and January 1, 2019, with at least 1-year follow-up documented. Bivariable analyses to determine the association of clinical and demographic factors with new acne diagnosis were performed. RESULTS: Of 60 patients, 46 (77%) did not have baseline acne, but of those 46 patients, 25 (54%) developed acne within 1 year of testosterone initiation. Overall incidence proportion was 70% at 2 years; patients who used progestin prior to or during follow-up were more likely to develop acne than nonusers (92% vs 33%, P <.001). CONCLUSION: Transgender adolescents starting testosterone, particularly those taking progestin, should be monitored for acne development and treated proactively by hormone providers and dermatologists.

Financial toxicity and skin cancer care in the US: population-based survey from 2011 to 2018.

This cross-sectional study aimed to examine financial toxicity among people with skin cancer using pooled National Health Interview Survey data from adults in 2011-2018. Material, behavioral, and psychological markers of financial toxicity were compared by lifetime skin cancer history (any melanoma, any skin cancer beside melanoma, and no skin cancer) using multivariable logistic regression models. Of 257,652 total participants, 1874 (0.73%) had known melanoma and 7073 (2.75%) had any skin cancer beside melanoma. History of skin cancers was not independently associated with increased markers of financial toxicity after adjustment for sociodemographic and medical co-morbidities.

Atezolizumab (programmed cell death-ligand 1 antibody)-induced inflammation of actinic keratosis: A case report.

Atezolizumab is a programmed cell death-ligand 1 antibody that modulates the immune system response and has shown great promise in treating malignancies. Cutaneous toxicities from immune checkpoint inhibitors are the most commonly reported immune-related adverse events, although toxicities related to immunotherapy are still being characterized. Herein, we present a novel case of inflamed actinic keratoses in a patient after receiving atezolizumab therapy that resolved without requirement of dose adjustment or discontinuation of treatment.

Instruments for determining clinically relevant fatigue in breast cancer patients during radiotherapy.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine radiotherapy (RT)-related changes in cancer-related fatigue (CRF), using Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory-20 (MFI-20), and fatigue-intensity rating (FIR) instruments at three different timepoints and to identify the optimal thresholds of MFI-20 scores which would correlate with moderate-to-severe fatigue warranting an intervention in breast cancer patients treated with RT. METHODS: Eighty-eight breast cancer patients treated with surgery followed by RT were included in the study. CRF was assessed with both FIR and MFI-20 tools at three different timepoints: within the week prior to RT (pre-RT), last week of RT, and 6 weeks after RT completion (post-RT). Changes in measurements, correlations between measurements and optimal cutpoints of MFI-20 scores were analyzed. RESULTS: While FIR scores significantly changed over time (η2: 0.179), changes in MFI-20 scores were relatively small (η2: 0.076). Comparisons of the last week of RT versus post-RT scores showed small-to-moderate decrease for MFI-20 and FIR. FIR and MFI-20 scores were correlated at all timepoints and most correlated during and after RT (r = 0.525 95%CI 0.346-0.667, r = 0.791 95%CI 0.692-0.860 and r = 0.716 95%CI 0.589-0.808, respectively). Furthermore, the most correlated MFI-20 subscale with FIR was general fatigue (r = 0.603 95%CI 0.442-0.725, r = 0.821 95%CI 0.734-0.881 and r = 0.754 95%CI 0.641-0.835, respectively). Optimal cutpoints of the MFI-20 total scores corresponding to FIR scores ≥ 4 was 43.5 for all timepoints and the MFI total scores corresponding to FIR score ≥ 7 were 53.5, 52.5 and 60.5, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: MFI-20 and FIR scores are highly correlated measures of CRF among breast cancer patients treated with RT. An MFI-20 score of ≥ 43.5 is suggested as a clinically significant score indicating moderate-to-severe fatigue, while an MFI score of ≥ 52.5 is indicative of severe fatigue.

Impact of Regional Nodal Irradiation and Hypofractionated Whole-Breast Radiation on Long-Term Breast Retraction and Poor Cosmetic Outcome in Breast Cancer Survivors.

PURPOSE: We performed a prospective longitudinal study to determine predictors of long-term breast asymmetry in breast cancer patients treated with breast-conserving surgery and whole-breast external-beam radiotherapy (XRT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 109 patients with stage 0 to III breast cancer treated with breast-conserving surgery followed by conventional (50 Gy plus boost) or hypofractionated (39.9 Gy with simultaneous integrated boost of 48 Gy) XRT were enrolled onto 2 studies of XRT-induced skin toxicity before (baseline), during, and 1 year after XRT. Using baseline and 1-year post-XRT photographs, breast asymmetry was objectively quantified by calculating the percentage breast retraction assessment (pBRA), with larger values indicating more asymmetry. Skin thickness ratio (STRA) values were calculated using ultrasound images. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine the relationship among STRA-, patient-, tumor-, and treatment-related factors, and pBRA. RESULTS: Seventy-one patients (65%) had more breast asymmetry (positive change in pBRA) 1 year after XRT relative to baseline. Only pre-XRT STRA was associated with a higher pre-XRT baseline pBRA in multivariate analysis (P = .02). Larger breast volume, baseline pBRA, conventionally fractionated (vs. hypofractionated) XRT, supraclavicular nodal irradiation, and higher STRA at 1 year predicted for higher long-term pBRA in the multivariate model (all P < .05). Breast volume and supraclavicular nodal irradiation were associated with the largest changes in breast asymmetry (all P < .05). CONCLUSION: This prospective longitudinal study confirmed the known impact of breast volume, surgery, and XRT on breast asymmetry. We also found that supraclavicular nodal irradiation and conventionally fractionated XRT are associated with worse cosmetic outcome 1 year after XRT.

Dispersant Enhances Hydrocarbon Degradation and Alters the Structure of Metabolically Active Microbial Communities in Shallow Seawater From the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico.

Dispersant application is a primary emergency oil spill response strategy and yet the efficacy and unintended consequences of this approach in marine ecosystems remain controversial. To address these uncertainties, ex situ incubations were conducted to quantify the impact of dispersant on petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) biodegradation rates and microbial community structure at as close as realistically possible to approximated in situ conditions [2 ppm v/v oil with or without dispersant, at a dispersant to oil ratio (DOR) of 1:15] in surface seawater. Biodegradation rates were not substantially affected by dispersant application at low mixing conditions, while under completely dispersed conditions, biodegradation was substantially enhanced, decreasing the overall half-life of total PHC compounds from 15.4 to 8.8 days. While microbial respiration and growth were not substantially altered by dispersant treatment, RNA analysis revealed that dispersant application resulted in pronounced changes to the composition of metabolically active microbial communities, and the abundance of nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes, as determined by qPCR of nitrogenase (nifH) genes, showed a large increase. While the Gammaproteobacteria were enriched in all treatments, the Betaproteobacteria and different families of Alphaproteobacteria predominated in the oil and dispersant treatment, respectively. Results show that mixing conditions regulate the efficacy of dispersant application in an oil slick, and the quantitative increase in the nitrogen-fixing microbial community indicates a selection pressure for nitrogen fixation in response to a readily biodegradable, nitrogen-poor substrate.