Comparing functional dynamic normalization methods to maximal voluntary isometric contractions for lower limb EMG from walking, cycling and running.

There is no consensus on the most appropriate method for normalizing an individual's electromyography (EMG) signals from walking, cycling and running in the same data collection. The aim of this study was to compare how the magnitude and repeatability of normalization values differ from three normalization methods and to compare their scaling effect in three moderate intensity activities. Three rounds of maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs), sprint cycling and sprint running were performed to obtain normalization values for each method. EMG from five moderate intensity trials of walking, cycling and running were performed and normalized using each normalization value. Normalization values, coefficients of variation, and peak normalized EMG from the three moderate intensity activities were compared across normalization methods. Sprint running resulted in greater normalization values for 6/9 muscles. MVICs produced the lowest variance in 6/9 muscles. Comparing peak normalized signals of interest across normalization methods, there were significant differences in 6/9, 7/9 and 8/9 muscles for walking, cycling and running, respectively. When investigating a combination of walking, cycling and/or running EMG data, sprint running could be used for normalization, due to its simplicity and its ability to produce a larger normalization value, despite lower repeatability.

Dragline silk: a fiber assembled with low-molecular-weight cysteine-rich proteins.

Dragline silk has been proposed to contain two main protein constituents, MaSp1 and MaSp2. However, the mechanical properties of synthetic spider silks spun from recombinant MaSp1 and MaSp2 proteins have yet to approach natural fibers, implying the natural spinning dope is missing critical factors. Here we report the discovery of novel molecular constituents within the spinning dope that are extruded into dragline silk. Protein studies of the liquid spinning dope from the major ampullate gland, coupled with the analysis of dragline silk fibers using mass spectrometry, demonstrate the presence of a new family of low-molecular-weight cysteine-rich proteins (CRPs) that colocalize with the MA fibroins. Expression of the CRP family members is linked to dragline silk production, specifically MaSp1 and MaSp2 mRNA synthesis. Biochemical data support that CRP molecules are secreted into the spinning dope and assembled into macromolecular complexes via disulfide bond linkages. Sequence analysis supports that CRP molecules share similarities to members that belong to the cystine slipknot superfamily, suggesting that these factors may have evolved to increase fiber toughness by serving as molecular hubs that dissipate large amounts of energy under stress. Collectively, our findings provide molecular details about the components of dragline silk, providing new insight that will advance materials development of synthetic spider silk for industrial applications.