RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Isoniazid (INH) is metabolized by polymorphic N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) enzyme, which noticeably alters INH plasma concentration. We aimed to determine the distribution of NAT2 genotype in Thai tuberculosis (TB) patients and correlate their genotype with plasma INH concentrations. METHODS: Blood samples from 55 newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis participants from three hospitals were collected to classify the subject by NAT2 genotype performed by the Multiplex haplotype-specific polymerase chain reaction method. Patients were grouped into three acetylators (fast, intermediate, and slow). On day 14 of tuberculosis treatment, the second blood sample was taken to estimate the peak plasma concentration at 2 hours after oral administration. INH plasma concentration was analyzed by liquid chromatographyâtandem mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry method. RESULTS: The NAT2 genotype distribution of fast, intermediate, and slow acetylator was 10.9%, 36.4%, and 52.7%, from six, 20, and 29 patients, respectively. The median (interquartile range) of INH plasma concentration at 2 hours post drug administration for these three genotypes were 0.75 (0.69-0.86), 2.56 (2.12-3.97), and 4.25 (3.56-5.50) µg/mL from four, 14, and 12 cases, respectively. The INH plasma concentration at 2 hours after administration was significantly associated with body weight and NAT2 acetylator. CONCLUSION: The INH plasma concentration was found lower in fast than intermediate and slow acetylators. Body weight and NAT2 acetylator influenced INH plasma concentrations at 2 hours after drug administration. Therefore, the NAT2 genotype should be known before starting TB treatment to maximize therapeutic outcomes.
RESUMO
Autochthonous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania martiniquensis cases in Thailand have dramatically increased in the recent years. L. martiniquensis infection primarily occurs in immunocompromised patients, especially AIDS patients. In Thailand, amphotericin B is the only drug available for leishmaniasis treatment, and some patients relapse after amphotericin B therapy. Moreover, the efficacy of anti-leishmanial drugs against L. martiniquensis has not been evaluated to date. In this study, we determined the efficacy of various anti-leishmanial drugs against the promastigote and intracellular amastigote stages of L. martiniquensis using a colorimetric assay. Two strains (CU1 and CU1R1) were isolated from leishmaniasis HIV co-infected patient from Songkhla province, southern Thailand. The CU1 strain was isolated from the patient in 2011, and CU1R1 was isolated from the same patient in 2013, when he was diagnosed as relapse leishmaniasis. The third strain (LSCM1) used in this study has been isolated from immunocompetent patient from Lamphun province, northern Thailand. All strains were identified as L. martiniquensis by sequencing of ribosomal RNA ITS-1 and large subunit of RNA polymerase II gene. Bioassays have been conducted both with promastigote and intracellular amastigote stages of the parasite. All L. martiniquensis strains have been tested against amphotericin B, miltefosine and pentamidine to determine the efficacy of the drugs against the parasite by using a PrestoBlue. The efficacy of miltefosine and pentamidine exhibit no significant difference between each stage of L. martiniquensis among all strains. Surprisingly, the promastigote and intracellular amastigote of the CU1R1 isolate, which was isolated from a relapsed patient after amphotericin B treatment, exhibited a two-fold increased inhibitory concentration (IC50) against amphotericin B compared with other strains, and the difference was statistically significant (pâ¯<â¯0.05). Moreover, intracellular amastigotes isolated from CU1R1 exhibited slightly increased susceptibility to amphotericin B compared with the promastigote (pâ¯<â¯0.05). The result of this experiment is a scientific evident to support that in case of relapsed leishmaniasis caused by L. martiniquensis, increasing dosage of amphotericin B is essential. Moreover, this study also determined efficacy of other anti-leishmanial drugs for treatment the leishmaniasis in Thailand in case of these drugs are available in the country and the clinicians should have alternative drugs for treatment leishmaniasis in Thailand apart from amphotericin B.