Intracranial idiopathic hypertension: 1-year follow-up study.

Standard guidelines for ongoing management, as well as definitive data about the long-term course of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) are not available. The aim of this study was to compare several clinical and instrumental variables as assessed at the time of diagnosis and then after 1 year in a sample of IIH patients. A total of 21 patients were studied. Our results confirmed that headache and TVO are the most frequent symptoms in IIH patients, and that overweight is a very common feature. A trend towards a favorable outcome in patients followed for 1 year and treated by usual medical therapy was found: intracranial pressure was lower at follow-up; improvement of headache and transient visual obscurations, as well as of papilledema, was reported in most patients. On the other hand, neuroradiological findings (such as empty sella, perioptic subarachnoid space distension, narrowing of the transverse sinuses) were substantially stable at follow. These findings may be relevant for future research as far as understanding the role of different clinical and instrumental findings as diagnostic items as well as predictors of outcome in IIH.

Quantitative analysis of optic nerve damage in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) at diagnosis.

Optic neuropathy secondary to idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) may be a severe complication which must be early identified, adequately monitored and treated to avoid blindness. The aim of this study was to quantify optic nerve involvement at time of diagnosis in a prospectively series of IIH investigated at a single Institution and to identify objective parameters for early diagnosis and follow-up. 38 consecutive patients (9 men, 29 females, mean age 39.8 years) with IIH underwent a complete neuro-ophthalmological evaluation including standardized automated perimetry as functional measurement of optic neuropathy and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) measurements to grade papilledema or optic nerve atrophy. An overall diagnosis of optic nerve involvement was made in 50 out of 76 eyes (66 %); ophthalmoscopic signs of papilledema were identified in 35 eyes (46 %) while optic disc pallor was found in 13 (17 %). In all patients mean visual field deviation (MD, dB) was -7.2 (range 5.3-33.2). SD-OCT measurements of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (PRNFLT) and of macular ganglion cell complex thickness (MGCCT) obtained in 40 eyes (20 subjects) showed normal PRNFLT in 12 eyes (30 %), increased in 16 (40 %) and reduced in 12 eyes (30 %); normal MGCCT in 26 eyes (65 %), reduced in 14 (35 %). In all eyes average RNFLT was increased (mean 130 µm, range 219-59) and average MGCCT was decreased compared to normal values (mean 89.5 µm, range 198-65). Increased PRNFLT was associated with reduced MGCCT in 4 eyes (10 %) indicating early retrograde optic nerve damage. Decreased PRNFLT was associated with decreased MGCCT in 10 eyes (83 %). These results indicate that, in IIH patients, signs of optic neuropathy can be identified in more than half of cases, even without papilledema evidenced on ophthalmoscopic examination. Moreover, an SD-OCT analysis, which can be definitively useful to quantify optic nerve edema or atrophy, can show damage of retinal ganglion cells in an early phase of the disease.

Headache prevalence and clinical features in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH).

Headache is a key symptom of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Operational diagnostic criteria for "Headache attributed to IIH" are included in the international classification of headache disorders, the ICHD-2. The association of IIH with obesity was established by several reports. We investigate the prevalence of headache and its main clinical features in a clinical sample of IIH patients. The possible correlations between the presence of headache and body mass index (BMI) and intracranial pressure (ICP) levels were studied in a consecutive clinical series of patients, in whom diagnosis of IIH was confirmed by exclusion of secondary forms and by the evidence of increased ICP. Differences for age, BMI, and ICP between patients with and without headache and between males and females were assessed with Mann-Whitney U test. Spearman's correlation analysis was used to assess relationships between age, BMI, and ICP. P value < 0.05 was used to set statistical significance. 40 patients entered the study (9 males, 31 females; mean age 39, 8 years, SD 13.2). Headache was reported by 75 % patients. Those characteristics which are included in the present international diagnostic criteria for "Headache attributed to IIH" were reported by a remarkable proportion of the studied patients, but not by all. On the other hand, some headache features usually attributed to migraine forms, and which are not among the required criteria were present in some patients: pulsating quality and unilateral distribution of pain in around 20 %, and migrainous associated symptoms in more than 40 % of the sample. According to statistical analyses, no differences were found for age, BMI, and ICP between patients with and without headache. Our results confirmed the strong association between headache and IIH. Although no significant correlations between some of the key features of IIH were found in this study, we suggest that further studies on larger series--possibly with a longitudinal evaluation--are needed, to help clinicians in categorizing different subgroups among IIH patients as well as in identifying the main factors influencing the prognosis of this disorder.

Headache in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a pilot study to assess applicability of ICHD-2 diagnostic criteria.

Headache is one of the most common symptoms of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). The aim of this study was to investigate the applicability of the diagnostic criteria for "Headache attributed to IIH" included in the current classification of headache disorders, particularly as far as the main headache features. A consecutive clinical series of IIH patients with demonstration of increased intracranial pressure by lumbar puncture in the recumbent position were enrolled. Among a total of 22 patients, headache was reported by 14. The proportion of patients reporting the main headache features required by diagnostic criteria were: 93 % for daily or nearly-daily occurrence; 71.5 % for diffuse/non-pulsating pain; 57 % for aggravation by coughing/straining. Thus, these three headache features, at least one of which is required for diagnosis of headache attributed to IIH, were present in the vast majority of our sample, suggesting that their inclusion should be regarded as appropriate. The analysis of our results may suggest possible changes in the current ICDH-2 criteria for headache attributed to IIH, based on the following considerations: the existence of remarkable differences as far as the relative frequency of each headache feature; the fact that diffuse and non-pulsating pain-included in the current classification as a single requirement-were not always found together; the high frequency of migrainous associated symptoms (nausea or photophobia-phonophobia were present in 71.5 % cases).