Erratum: Addition to "Carbonic Anhydrase Robustness for Use in Nanoscale CO2 Capture Technologies".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02630.].

Influence of the Rare Earth Cation on the Magnetic Properties of Layered 12R-Ba4M4+Mn3O12 (M = Ce, Pr) Perovskites.

Material design is increasingly used to realize desired functional properties, and the perovskite structure family is one of the richest and most diverse: perovskites are employed in many applications due to their structural flexibility and compositional diversity. Hexagonal, layered perovskite structures with chains of face-sharing transition metal oxide octahedra have attracted great interest as quantum materials due to their magnetic and electronic properties. Ba4MMn3O12, a member of the "12R" class of hexagonal, layered perovskites, contains trimers of face-sharing MnO6 octahedra that are linked by a corner-sharing, bridging MO6 octahedron. Here, we investigate cluster magnetism in the Mn3O12 trimers and the role of this bridging octahedron on the magnetic properties of two isostructural 12R materials by systematically changing the M4+ cation from nonmagnetic Ce4+ (f0) to magnetic Pr4+ (f1). We synthesized 12R-Ba4MMn3O12 (M= Ce, Pr) with high phase purity and characterized their low-temperature crystal structures and magnetic properties. Using substantially higher purity samples than previously reported, we confirm the frustrated antiferromagnetic ground state of 12R-Ba4PrMn3O12 below TN ≈ 7.75 K and explore the cluster magnetism of its Mn3O12 trimers. Despite being atomically isostructural with 12R-Ba4CeMn3O12, the f1 electron associated with Pr4+ causes much more complex magnetic properties in 12R-Ba4PrMn3O12. In 12R-Ba4PrMn3O12, we observe a sharp, likely antiferromagnetic transition at T2 ≈ 12.15 K and an additional transition at T1 ≈ 200 K, likely in canted antiferromagnetic order. These results suggest that careful variation of composition within the family of hexagonal, layered perovskites can be used to tune material properties using the complex role of the Pr4+ ion in magnetism.

Carbonic Anhydrase Robustness for Use in Nanoscale CO2 Capture Technologies.

Continued dependence on crude oil and natural gas resources for fossil fuels has caused global atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to increase to record-setting proportions. There is an urgent need for efficient and inexpensive carbon sequestration systems to mitigate large-scale emissions of CO2 from industrial flue gas. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) has shown high potential for enhanced CO2 capture applications compared to conventional absorption-based methods currently utilized in various industrial settings. This study aims to understand structural aspects that contribute to the stability of CA enzymes critical for their applications in industrial processes, which require the ability to withstand conditions different from those in their native environments. Here, we evaluated the thermostability and enzyme activity of mesophilic and thermophilic CA variants at different temperature conditions and in the presence of atmospheric gas pollutants like nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides. Based on our enzyme activity assays and molecular dynamics simulations, we see increased conformational stability and CA activity levels in thermostable CA variants incubated week-long at different temperature conditions. The thermostable CA variants also retained high levels of CA activity despite changes in solution pH due to increasing NO and SO2 concentrations. A loss of CA activity was observed only at high concentrations of NO/SO2 that possibly can be minimized with the appropriate buffered solutions.

Future of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine: Protocol for Reproducible Synthesis, Characterization, Lipid Coating, and Loading of Therapeutics (Chemotherapeutic, Proteins, siRNA and mRNA).

Owing to their uniform and tunable particle size, pore size, and shape, along with their modular surface chemistry and biocompatibility, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have found extensive applications as nanocarriers to deliver therapeutic, diagnostic and combined "theranostic" cargos to cells and tissues. Although thoroughly investigated, MSN have garnered FDA approval for only one MSN system via oral administration. One possible reason is that there is no recognized, reproducible, and widely adopted MSN synthetic protocol, meaning not all MSNs are created equal in the laboratory nor in the eyes of the FDA. This manuscript provides the sol-gel and MSN research communities a reproducible, fully characterized synthetic protocol to synthesize MSNs and corresponding lipid-coated MSN delivery vehicles with predetermined particle size, pore size, and drug loading and release characteristics. By carefully articulating the step-by-step synthetic procedures and highlighting critical points and troubleshooting, augmented with videos and schematics, this Article will help researchers entering this rapidly expanding field to yield reliable results.

Formation of Ba3Nb0.75Mn2.25O9-6H during thermo-chemical reduction of Ba4NbMn3O12-12R.

The resurgence of inter-est in hydrogen-related technologies has stimulated new studies aimed at advancing lesser-developed water-splitting processes, such as solar thermochemical hydrogen production (STCH). Progress in STCH has been largely hindered by a lack of new materials able to efficiently split water at a rate comparable to ceria under identical experimental conditions. BaCe0.25Mn0.75O3 (BCM) recently demonstrated enhanced hydrogen production over ceria and has the potential to further our understanding of two-step thermochemical cycles. A significant feature of the 12R hexa-gonal perovskite structure of BCM is the tendency to, in part, form a 6H polytype at high temperatures and reducing environments (i.e., during the first step of the thermochemical cycle), which may serve to mitigate degradation of the complex oxide. An analogous compound, namely BaNb0.25Mn0.75O3 (BNM) with a 12R structure was synthesized and displays nearly complete conversion to the 6H structure under identical reaction conditions as BCM. The structure of the BNM-6H polytype was determined from Rietveld refinement of synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction data and is presented within the context of the previously established BCM-6H structure.

3D Printing of Ridged FeS2 Cathodes for Improved Rate Capability and Custom-Form Lithium Batteries.

Additive manufacturing can enable the fabrication of batteries in nonconventional form factors, enabling higher practical energy density due to improved material packing efficiency of power sources in devices. Furthermore, energy density can be improved by transitioning from conventional Li-ion battery materials to lithium metal anodes and conversion cathodes. Iron disulfide (FeS2) is a prominent conversion cathode of commercial interest; however, the direct-ink-write (DIW) printing of FeS2 inks for custom-form battery applications has yet to be demonstrated or optimized. In this work, DIW printing of FeS2 inks is used to systematically investigate the impact of ink solid concentration on rheology, film shape retention on arbitrary surfaces, cathode morphology, and electrochemical cell performance. We find that cathodes with a ridged interface, produced from the filamentary extrusion of highly concentrated FeS2 inks (60-70% solids w/w%), exhibit optimal power, uniformity, and stability when cycled at higher rates (in excess of C/10). Meanwhile, cells with custom-form, wave-shaped electrodes (printed FeS2 cathodes and pressed lithium anodes) are demonstrated and shown to exhibit similar performance to comparable cells in planar configurations, demonstrating the feasibility of printing onto complex geometries. Overall, the DIW printing of FeS2 inks is shown to be a viable path toward the making of custom-form conversion lithium batteries. More broadly, ridging is found to optimize rate capability, a finding that may have a broad impact beyond FeS2 and syringe extrusion.

Formation of 6H-Ba3Ce0.75Mn2.25O9 during Thermochemical Reduction of 12R-Ba4CeMn3O12: Identification of a Polytype in the Ba(Ce,Mn)O3 Family.

The resurgence of interest in a hydrogen economy and the development of hydrogen-related technologies has initiated numerous research and development efforts aimed at making the generation, storage, and transportation of hydrogen more efficient and affordable. Solar thermochemical hydrogen production (STCH) is a process that potentially exhibits numerous benefits such as high reaction efficiencies, tunable thermodynamics, and continued performance over extended cycling. Although CeO2 has been the de facto standard STCH material for many years, more recently 12R-Ba4CeMn3O12 (BCM) has demonstrated enhanced hydrogen production at intermediate H2/H2O conditions compared to CeO2, making it a contender for large-scale hydrogen production. However, the thermo-reduction stability of 12R-BCM dictates the oxygen partial pressure (pO2) and temperature conditions optimal for cycling. In this study, we identify the formation of a 6H-BCM polytype at high temperature and reducing conditions, experimentally and computationally, as a mechanism and pathway for 12R-BCM decomposition. 12R-BCM was synthesized with high purity and then controllably reduced using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) data is used to identify the formation of a 6H-Ba3Ce0.75Mn2.25O9 (6H-BCM) polytype that is formed at 1350 °C under strongly reducing pO2. Density functional theory (DFT) total energy and defect calculations show a window of thermodynamic stability for the 6H-polytype consistent with the XRD results. These data provide the first evidence of the 6H-BCM polytype and could provide a mechanistic explanation for the superior water-splitting behaviors of 12R-BCM.

Control of Structural Hydrophobicity and Cation Solvation on Interlayer Water Transport during Clay Dehydration.

Swelling clay hydration/dehydration is important to many environmental and industrial processes. Experimental studies usually probe equilibrium hydration states in an averaged manner and thus cannot capture the fast water transport and structural change in interlayers during hydration/dehydration. Using molecular simulations and thermogravimetric analyses, we observe a two-stage dehydration process. The first stage is controlled by evaporation at the edges: water molecules near hydrophobic sites and the first few water molecules of the hydration shell of cations move fast to particle edges for evaporation. The second stage is controlled by slow desorption of the last 1-2 water molecules from the cations and slow transport through the interlayers. The two-stage dehydration is strongly coupled with interlayer collapse and the coordination number changes of cations, all of which depend on layer charge distribution. This mechanistic interpretation of clay dehydration can be key to the coupled chemomechanical behavior in natural/engineered barriers.

Morphology and electrical properties of high-speed flexography-printed graphene.

Printed graphene electrodes have been demonstrated as a versatile platform for electrochemical sensing, with numerous examples of rapid sensor prototyping using laboratory-scale printing techniques such as inkjet and aerosol jet printing. To leverage these materials in a scalable production framework, higher-throughput printing methods are required with complementary advances in ink formulation. Flexography printing couples the attractive benefits of liquid-phase graphene printing with large-scale manufacturing. Here, we investigate graphene flexography for the fabrication of electrodes by analyzing the impacts of ink and process parameters on print quality and electrical properties. Characterization of the printed patterns reveals anisotropic structure due to striations along the print direction, which is related to viscous fingering of the ink. However, high-resolution imaging reveals a dense graphene network even in regions of sparse coverage, contributing to robust electrical properties even for the thinnest films (< 100 nm). Moreover, the mechanical and environmental sensitivity of the printed electrodes is characterized, with particular focus on atmospheric response and thermal hysteresis. Overall, this work reveals the conditions under which graphene inks can be employed for high-speed flexographic printing, which will facilitate the development of graphene-based sensors and related devices.

A High Entropy Oxide Designed to Catalyze CO Oxidation Without Precious Metals.

The chemical complexity of single-phase multicationic oxides, commonly termed high entropy oxides (HEOs), enables the integration of conventionally incompatible metal cations into a single-crystalline phase. However, few studies have effectively leveraged the multicationic nature of HEOs for optimization of disparate physical and chemical properties. Here, we apply the HEO concept to design robust oxidation catalysts in which multicationic oxide composition is tailored to simultaneously achieve catalytic activity, oxygen storage capacity, and thermal stability. Unlike conventional catalysts, HEOs maintain single-phase structure, even at high temperature, and do not rely on the addition of expensive platinum group metals (PGM) to be active. The HEOs are synthesized through a facile, relatively low temperature (500 °C) sol-gel method, which avoids excessive sintering and catalyst deactivation. Nanostructured high entropy oxides with surface areas as high as 138 m2/g are produced, marking a significant structural improvement over previously reported HEOs. Each HEO contained Ce in varying concentrations, as well as four other metals among Al, Fe, La, Mn, Nd, Pr, Sm, Y, and Zr. All samples adopted a fluorite structure. First row transition metal cations were most effective at improving CO oxidation activity, but their incorporation reduced thermal stability. Rare earth cations were necessary to prevent thermal deactivation while maintaining activity. In sum, our work demonstrates the utility of entropy in complex oxide design and a low-energy synthetic route to produce nanostructured HEOs with cations selected for a cooperative effect toward robust performance in chemically and physically demanding applications.

Compositional and operational impacts on the thermochemical reduction of CO2 to CO by iron oxide/yttria-stabilized zirconia.

Ferrites have potential for use as active materials in solar-thermochemical cycles because of their versatile redox chemistry. Such cycles utilize solar-thermal energy for the production of hydrogen from water and carbon monoxide from carbon dioxide. Although ferrites offer the potential for deep levels of reduction (e.g., stoichiometric conversion of magnetite to wüstite) and correspondingly large per-cycle product yields, in practice reactions are limited to surface regions made smaller by rapid sintering and agglomeration. Combining ferrites with zirconia or yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) greatly improves the cyclability of the ferrites and enables a move away from powder to monolithic systems. We have studied the behavior of iron oxides composited with YSZ using thermogravimetric analysis under operando conditions. Samples in which the iron was fully dissolved within the YSZ matrix showed greater overall extent of thermochemical redox and higher rate of reaction than samples with equal iron loading but in which the iron was only partially dissolved, with the rest existing as agglomerates of iron oxide within the ceramic matrix. Varying the yttria content of the YSZ revealed a maximum thermochemical capacity (yield per cycle) for 6 mol% Y2O3 in YSZ. The first thermochemical redox cycle performed for each sample resulted in a net mass loss that was proportional to the iron oxide loading in the material and was stoichiometrically consistent with complete reduction of Fe2O3 to Fe3O4 and further partial reduction of the Fe3O4 to FeO. Mass gains upon reaction with CO2 were consistent with re-oxidation of the FeO fraction back to Fe3O4. The Fe dissolved in the YSZ matrix, however, is capable of cycling stoichiometrically between Fe3+ and Fe2+. Varying the re-oxidation temperature between 1000 and 1200 °C highlighted the trade-off between re-oxidation rate and equilibrium limitations.

Establishing the effects of mesoporous silica nanoparticle properties on in vivo disposition using imaging-based pharmacokinetics.

The progress of nanoparticle (NP)-based drug delivery has been hindered by an inability to establish structure-activity relationships in vivo. Here, using stable, monosized, radiolabeled, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), we apply an integrated SPECT/CT imaging and mathematical modeling approach to understand the combined effects of MSN size, surface chemistry and routes of administration on biodistribution and clearance kinetics in healthy rats. We show that increased particle size from ~32- to ~142-nm results in a monotonic decrease in systemic bioavailability, irrespective of route of administration, with corresponding accumulation in liver and spleen. Cationic MSNs with surface exposed amines (PEI) have reduced circulation, compared to MSNs of identical size and charge but with shielded amines (QA), due to rapid sequestration into liver and spleen. However, QA show greater total excretion than PEI and their size-matched neutral counterparts (TMS). Overall, we provide important predictive functional correlations to support the rational design of nanomedicines.

Understanding the Connection between Nanoparticle Uptake and Cancer Treatment Efficacy using Mathematical Modeling.

Nanoparticles have shown great promise in improving cancer treatment efficacy while reducing toxicity and treatment side effects. Predicting the treatment outcome for nanoparticle systems by measuring nanoparticle biodistribution has been challenging due to the commonly unmatched, heterogeneous distribution of nanoparticles relative to free drug distribution. We here present a proof-of-concept study that uses mathematical modeling together with experimentation to address this challenge. Individual mice with 4T1 breast cancer were treated with either nanoparticle-delivered or free doxorubicin, with results demonstrating improved cancer kill efficacy of doxorubicin loaded nanoparticles in comparison to free doxorubicin. We then developed a mathematical theory to render model predictions from measured nanoparticle biodistribution, as determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption. Model analysis finds that treatment efficacy increased exponentially with increased nanoparticle accumulation within the tumor, emphasizing the significance of developing new ways to optimize the delivery efficiency of nanoparticles to the tumor microenvironment.

Synthesis and Characterization of Structurally Diverse Alkaline-Earth Salen Compounds for Subterranean Fluid Flow Tracking.

A family of magnesium and calcium salen-derivatives was synthesized and characterized for use as subterranean fluid flow monitors. For the Mg complexes, di- n-butyl magnesium ([Mg(Bu n)2]) was reacted with N, N'-ethylene bis(salicylideneimine) (H2-salen), N, N'-bis(salicylidene)-1,2-phenylenediamine (H2-saloPh), N, N'-bis(3,5-di- t-butylsalicylidene)-ethylenediamine (H2-salo-Bu t), or N, N'-bis(3,5-di- t-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-phenylenediamine (H2-saloPh-Bu t), and the products were identified by single-crystal X-ray diffraction as [(κ3-(O,N,N'),µ-(O')saloPh)(µ-(O),(κ2-(N,N'),µ-(O')saloPh)2(µ-(O),κ3-(N,N',O')saloPh')Mg4]·2tol (1·2tol; saloPh' = an alkyl-modified saloPh derivative generated in situ), [(κ4-(O,N,N',O')saloPh)Mg(py)2]·py (2·py), [(κ4-(O,N,N',O')salo-Bu t)Mg(py)2] (3), [(κ4-(O,N,N',O')saloPh-Bu t)Mg(py)2]·tol (4·tol), and [(κ3-(O,N,N'),µ-(O')saloPh-Bu t)Mg]2 (5), where tol = toluene; py = pyridine. For the Ca species, a calcium amide was independently reacted with H2-salo-Bu t and H2-saloPh-Bu t to generate the crystallographcially characterized compounds: [(κ4-(O,N,N',O')salo-Bu t)Ca(py)3] (6), [(κ4-(O,N,N',O')saloPh-Bu t)Ca(py)3]·py (7·py). The bulk powders of these compounds were further characterized by a number of analytical tools, where 2-7 were found to be distinguishable by Fourier transform infrared and resonance Raman spectroscopies. Structural properties obtained from quantum calculations of gas-phase analogues are in good agreement with the single-crystal results. The potential utility of these compounds as taggants for monitoring subterranean fluid flows was demonstrated through a series of experiments to evaluate their stability to high temperature and pressure, interaction with mineral surfaces, and elution behavior from a loaded proppant pack.

Understanding catalysis in a multiphasic two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide.

Establishing processing-structure-property relationships for monolayer materials is crucial for a range of applications spanning optics, catalysis, electronics and energy. Presently, for molybdenum disulfide, a promising catalyst for artificial photosynthesis, considerable debate surrounds the structure/property relationships of its various allotropes. Here we unambiguously solve the structure of molybdenum disulfide monolayers using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy supported by density functional theory and show lithium intercalation to direct a preferential transformation of the basal plane from 2H (trigonal prismatic) to 1T' (clustered Mo). These changes alter the energetics of molybdenum disulfide interactions with hydrogen (ΔG(H)), and, with respect to catalysis, the 1T' transformation renders the normally inert basal plane amenable towards hydrogen adsorption and hydrogen evolution. Indeed, we show basal plane activation of 1T' molybdenum disulfide and a lowering of ΔG(H) from +1.6 eV for 2H to +0.18 eV for 1T', comparable to 2H molybdenum disulfide edges on Au(111), one of the most active hydrogen evolution catalysts known.

Electrodeposited Ni(x)Co(3-x)O4 nanostructured films as bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts.

Nanostructured Ni(x)Co(3-x)O4 films serve as effective electrocatalysts for both the oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions in alkaline electrolyte.

Synthetic fossilization of soft biological tissues and their shape-preserving transformation into silica or electron-conductive replicas.

Structural preservation of complex biological systems from the subcellular to whole organism level in robust forms, enabling dissection and imaging while preserving 3D context, represents an enduring grand challenge in biology. Here we report a simple immersion method for structurally preserving intact organisms via conformal stabilization within silica. This self-limiting process, which we refer to as silica bioreplication, occurs by condensation of water-soluble silicic acid proximally to biomolecular interfaces throughout the organism. Conformal nanoscopic silicification of all biomolecular features imparts structural rigidity enabling the preservation of shape and nano-to-macroscale dimensional features upon drying to form a biocomposite and further high temperature oxidative calcination to form silica replicas or reductive pyrolysis to form electrically conductive carbon replicas of complete organisms. The simplicity and generalizability of this approach should facilitate efforts in biological preservation and analysis and could enable the development of new classes of biomimetic composite materials.

Oxygen vacancy enhanced photocatalytic activity of pervoskite SrTiO(3).

A facile and general method has been developed to fabricate oxygen vacancies on perovskite SrTiO3 (STO) nanocrystals through a controllable solid-state reaction of NaBH4 and SrTiO3 nanocrystals. STO samples with tunable color, oxygen vacancy concentration on nanocrystal surface have been synthesized. TEM results reveal that these STO samples have a crystalline core/amorphous shell structure (SrTiO3@SrTiO3-x). XPS and EPR results disclose that the oxygen vacancy concentration increases with the increase of reaction time and temperature. The concentration of oxygen vacancies calculated from TGA data, could reach 5.07% (atom) in this study. UV-vis spectra and photocatalytic results indicate that oxygen vacancies on STO surface play an important role in influencing the light absorption and photocatalytic performance. However, an excess amount of oxygen vacancies leads to a decrease of photocatalytic performance. The optimal photocatalytic activity for H2 production under UV-vis irradiation is up to 2.2 mmol h(-1) g(-1), which is about 2.3 times than the original SrTiO3, corresponding to 3.28% (atom) of oxygen vacancy concentration.

Mechanically encoded cellular shapes for synthesis of anisotropic mesoporous particles.

The asymmetry that pervades molecular mechanisms of living systems increasingly informs the aims of synthetic chemistry, particularly in the development of catalysts, particles, nanomaterials, and their assemblies. For particle synthesis, overcoming viscous forces to produce complex, nonspherical shapes is particularly challenging; a problem that is continuously solved in nature when observing dynamic biological entities such as cells. Here we bridge these dynamics to synthetic chemistry and show that the intrinsic asymmetric shapes of erythrocytes can be directed, captured, and translated into composites and inorganic particles using a process of nanoscale silica-bioreplication. We show that crucial aspects in particle design such as particle-particle interactions, pore size, and macromolecular accessibility can be tuned using cellular responses. The durability of resultant particles provides opportunities for shape-preserving transformations into metallic, semiconductive, and ferromagnetic particles and assemblies. The ability to use cellular responses as "structure directing agents" offers an unprecedented toolset to design colloidal-scale materials.

Porous one-dimensional nanostructures through confined cooperative self-assembly.

We report a simple confined self-assembly process to synthesize nanoporous one-dimensional photoactive nanostructures. Through surfactant-assisted cooperative interactions (e.g., π-π stacking, ligand coordination, and so forth) of the macrocyclic building block, zinc meso-tetra (4-pyridyl) porphyrin (ZnTPyP), self-assembled ZnTPyP nanowires and nanorods with controlled diameters and aspect ratios are prepared. Electron microscopy characterization in combination with X-ray diffraction and gas sorption experiments indicate that these materials exhibit stable single-crystalline and high surface area nanoporous frameworks with well-defined external morphology. Optical characterizations using UV-vis spectroscopy and fluorescence imaging and spectroscopy show enhanced collective optical properties over the individual chromophores (ZnTPyP), favorable for exciton formation and transport.