Corrigendum: Motor learning in developmental coordination disorder: behavioral and neuroimaging study.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1187790.].

The positioning information that should be provided to caregivers of adults with a physical disability on supply of custom-contoured seating, a Delphi study.

PURPOSE: This research aims to identify information that is important to provide on supply of custom-contoured seating. The way this information would be best communicated is also of interest. A two-round e-Delphi study was utilised to explore consensus. A panel of stakeholders from Ireland including experts in positioning clients in custom-contoured seating and caregivers were recruited. The first round consisted of open-ended questions and was analysed using thematic analysis. The second round employed a rating technique and 7-point Likert scale. Consensus was set a priori at 70% agreement. The way information should be communicated and by whom was rated in order of preference. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen participants were recruited, nine clinicians and four caregivers. Fifty-two statements under six themes (transfers = 10, positioning = 22, pressure care = 4, general use = 4, post-supply follow-up = 8, functional activity = 4) were generated in round 1 by 13/15 participants. Round 2 was completed by 10/15. 49/52 statements reached consensus and were deemed important. The ways information should be communicated and by whom was identified. Caregivers want individualised information whereas clinicians preferred a more generic approach. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: There was a high degree of consensus on what information is required to support caregivers. The topics demonstrate the extensive information that should be provided. The preferred delivery method for primary caregivers was hands-on training with the opportunity to practice and take videos. Stakeholders differed in how they would prefer information delivered. Further research should evaluate the method of delivering training and its effectiveness.

Caregivers report a lack of guidance on postural management, which exacerbates their own health problems and results in underutilization of positioning equipment.Caregivers should be provided with information on transfers, positioning, pressure care, general chair use, post-supply follow-up, and the impact on functional activities when a new custom contoured seat is supplied.The preferred method of providing information to primary caregivers is to use hands-on training with the opportunity to practice and take videos during the supply appointment. Personalised information booklets or group training sessions may be most appropriate for additional caregivers.

Development of a single-item physical activity intention measure for adults with intellectual disabilities: Evidence of validity and reliability.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity (PA) is important for overall health and well-being, but adults with intellectual disabilities often struggle to achieve adequate levels of PA. Therefore, it is necessary to understand their PA behaviour. OBJECTIVE: To develop a Single-Item Physical Activity Intention Measure (SPAIM) to assess PA intentions of adults with intellectual disabilities and preliminarily analyse its psychometric properties in terms of validity and reliability. METHODS: The study had three phases: developing the SPAIM, assessing its validity and reliability evidence, and conducting a cross-sectional survey to analyse the relationship between PA intentions (measured by SPAIM) and PA levels. Participants were recruited between September 2016 and August 2017 from diverse settings in Oxford, UK, to ensure representation across the intellectual disability spectrum. RESULTS: There were 82 participants aged 20-68 (mean age 36 ± 13) years who had mild-profound intellectual disabilities. The study provided evidence of content- and response processes-related validity to ensure respondents' understanding. Additionally, test-criterion evidence was provided, showing a predictive correlation between PA intention and sedentary hours/day (12 % of the explained variability). However, there was no correlation between PA intention and PA minutes/week. The study also provided adequate test-retest evidence (r = 0.78). CONCLUSIONS: SPAIM may be a valuable tool for measuring PA intention in adults with intellectual disabilities. Modifying PA intentions could prove crucial in reducing sedentary behaviour and improving the health outcomes of this population. Future research and application of SPAIM in varied contexts will deepen our understanding of PA intentions and explore its predictive characteristics.

The effectiveness of prehabilitation interventions on biopsychosocial and service outcomes pre and post upper gastrointestinal surgery: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: This review synthesised the evidence for the effect of prehabilitation interventions on biopsychosocial and service outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review was conducted. 10 databases were searched to December 2023. Prospective experimental studies exploring prehabilitation interventions in adults undergoing upper gastrointestinal surgery were included. Prehabilitation was any preoperative intervention to improve physical or psychological outcomes. Included studies required a comparator group or alternative preoperative intervention as well as baseline, presurgical and postoperative assessment points. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool (v.2). Data synthesis was narrative (SWiM guidance). RESULTS: 6028 studies were screened, with 25 studies included. Prehabilitation interventions were: inspiratory muscle training (five studies n = 450); exercise (nine studies n = 683); psychological (one study n = 400); and nutritional (ten studies n = 487). High quality studies showed preoperative improvements in impairments directly targeted by the interventions. Generally, these did not translate into functional or postoperative improvements, but multimodal interventions were more promising. CONCLUSION: Current evidence supports prehabilitation as safe to preserve or improve preoperative function. Heterogeneity in outcomes and variable study quality means definitive conclusions regarding interventions are not yet possible, limiting implementation. Agreement of clinical outcomes and cost effectiveness evaluation is required.

Prehabilitation interventions are safe and when combined optimally may preserve or improve preoperative function in patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal surgery.Multimodal interventions (including exercise, nutritional, and psychological components) showed promise which supports the delivery of prehabilitation by multidisciplinary teams.Development of a core outcome set and agreed time points for both preoperative and postoperative outcomes is needed for effective evidence synthesis.Focus on long term outcomes is necessary to determine cost effectiveness and commissioning of resources.

Use of the Capability, Opportunity and Motivation Behaviour model (COM-B) to Understand Interventions to Support Physical Activity Behaviour in People with Stroke: An Overview of Reviews.

OBJECTIVE: Physical activity in people with stroke remains low despite considerable research. This overview aimed to provide high-level synthesis and aid clinical decision-making. The Capability, Opportunity, Motivation-Behaviour (COM-B) model was used to classify interventions to understand which components improve physical activity behaviour in people with stroke. DATA SOURCES: CINAHL, Cochrane Database, MEDLINE, PEDro, PsychINFO, SPORTDiscus. REVIEW METHODS: A systematic search was conducted (November 2023) to identify reviews of interventions to improve physical activity in people with stroke. Results were screened and assessed for eligibility. Participant characteristics, intervention classification using COM-B, and effect of intervention were extracted. Quality was assessed using AMSTAR2, and Corrected Cover Analysis for study overlap. Narrative synthesis was used to understand components of interventions to improve physical activity behaviour. RESULTS: 1801 references were screened and 29 full-text references assessed for eligibility. Twenty reviews were included. Quality ranged from critically low (n = 3) to high (n = 10). Study overlap calculated using corrected cover area indicated slight overlap (0.028) and minimal reporting bias.The majority of participants were mobile with mild stroke and community dwelling. Twenty-three interventions were classified using COM-B. Three of twelve interventions classified to one aspect of the COM-B were effective. Fourteen of sixteen effective interventions combined at least two COM-B elements, ten of these combined capability and motivation. CONCLUSION: Interventions including at least two elements of the COM-B are most likely to improve physical activity in mobile stroke survivors. Further research is needed to understand physical activity behaviour in those with moderate to severe stroke.

A programme evaluation of 'First Steps': A peer-conceived, developed and led self-management intervention for people after a Parkinson's diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE: A diagnosis of Parkinson's often leads to uncertainty about the future and loss of perceived control. Peer support may offer a means to address these concerns and promote self-management. DESIGN: A programme evaluation of the feasibility and potential effects of 'First Steps', utilising a pragmatic step wedge approach. Comparing First Steps (intervention) to (control) conditions.Setting: In the community at four sites in southern England.Participants: Newly diagnosed (≤ 12months) people with Parkinson's.Intervention: First Steps was a 2-day peer-conceived, developed and led intervention to support self-management.Main measures: At 0, 12 and 24 weeks anxiety and depression (Hospital, Anxiety and Depression Scale, HADS), daily functioning (World Health Organisation Disability Assessment Schedule, WHODAS), physical activity, quality of life (EQ5D), carer strain and service utilisation were assessed. RESULTS: Between February 2018 and July 2019, 36 participants were enrolled into intervention and 21 to control conditions, all were included in statistical analysis. Lost to follow up was n = 1 (intervention) and n = 1 adverse event was reported (control, unrelated). Of the 36 allocated to the intervention n = 22 participants completed both days of First Steps during the study period. Completion of outcome measures was >95% at 24 weeks. Small effects favouring the intervention were found for HADS (odds ratio (OR) = 2.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.24:17.84), Carer Strain Index (OR = 2.22, 95% CI 0.5:9.76) and vigorous (d = 0.42, 95% CI -0.12:0.97) and total physical activity (d = 0.41, 95% CI -0.13:0.95). EQ5D, WHOSDAS and service utilisation, was similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS: First Steps was feasible and safe and we found potential to benefit physical activity, mental health and carer strain. Further research with longer-term follow up is warranted.

The Relationship Between Motor Competence Physical Activity Cardiorespiratory Fitness and BMI in UK Adolescents.

Purpose: This study set out to identify the extent of the relationships between subsections of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children 2nd Edition - MABC2 (manual dexterity, aiming and catching, and balance) to PA, CRF and BMI in adolescents. Methods: Height, BMI, the MABC2, a 20m shuttle run test and wrist-worn accelerometery PA levels (mins) were measured. Multivariable linear regression models, adjusting for sex, height and BMI were used to assess the relationship of the three subsections of the MABC2 with PA, CRF and BMI. Results: A total of 155 adolescents, aged 13-14 years, took part in this study (77 girls, 78 boys). Balance reported significant relationships with moderate to vigorous PA (unstandardised Beta B=0.15, 95%CI 0.02-0.28), vigorous PA (B=0.06, 95%CI 0.02-0.09) and BMI (B=-0.01, 95%CI -0.02-0.005). Balance in addition to aiming and catching skills were both significantly related to adolescent CRF (B=0.30, 95%CI 0.17-0.42 and B=0.29, 95%CI 0.14-0.45, respectively). Conclusion: This study suggests that balance is the strongest correlate skill to achieving the highest intensities of PA and healthier BMI status in adolescents. .

Exploring the barriers and facilitators to volunteering as an intervention for those with long-term neurological conditions: How make therapeutic volunteering possible?

BACKGROUND: Volunteering may have therapeutic benefits, but little is known about its requirements and potential for people with neurological conditions (pwNC). DESIGN: Two separate focus groups were conducted in Darmstadt, Germany: one group consisting of six pwNC and another group consisting of four health care professionals and three volunteering service providers. The focus groups were audio-recorded, transcribed and data were managed using NVivo12. The thematic analysis was applied. RESULTS: Four main themes were identified: (1) Impact of volunteering, (2) Individualisation, (3) Developmental space and (4) Funded supported volunteering. CONCLUSION: According to the findings, volunteering can be used as a strategy to enhance physical, mental and social well-being in disease management for people with long-term neurological conditions. PATIENTS OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Facilitators for accessibility of therapeutic volunteering; involvement of pwNC.

Digital home monitoring for capturing daily fluctuation of symptoms; a longitudinal repeated measures study: Long Covid Multi-disciplinary Consortium to Optimise Treatments and Services across the NHS (a LOCOMOTION study).

INTRODUCTION: A substantial proportion of COVID-19 survivors continue to have symptoms more than 3 months after infection, especially of those who required medical intervention. Lasting symptoms are wide-ranging, and presentation varies between individuals and fluctuates within an individual. Improved understanding of undulation in symptoms and triggers may improve efficacy of healthcare providers and enable individuals to better self-manage their Long Covid. We present a protocol where we aim to develop and examine the feasibility and usability of digital home monitoring for capturing daily fluctuation of symptoms in individuals with Long Covid and provide data to facilitate a personalised approach to the classification and management of Long Covid symptoms. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This study is a longitudinal prospective cohort study of adults with Long Covid accessing 10 National Health Service (NHS) rehabilitation services in the UK. We aim to recruit 400 people from participating NHS sites. At referral to study, 6 weeks and 12 weeks, participants will complete demographic data (referral to study) and clinical outcome measures, including ecological momentary assessment (EMA) using personal mobile devices. EMA items are adapted from the COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale items and include self-reported activities, symptoms and psychological factors. Passive activity data will be collected through wrist-worn sensors. We will use latent class growth models to identify trajectories of experience, potential phenotypes defined by co-occurrence of symptoms and inter-relationships between stressors, symptoms and participation in daily activities. We anticipate that n=300 participants provide 80% power to detect a 20% improvement in fatigue over 12 weeks in one class of patients relative to another. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study was approved by the Yorkshire & The Humber-Bradford Leeds Research Ethics Committee (ref: 21/YH/0276). Findings will be disseminated in peer-reviewed publications and presented at conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN15022307.

Motor learning in developmental coordination disorder: behavioral and neuroimaging study.

Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is characterized by motor learning deficits that are poorly understood within whole-body activities context. Here we present results of one of the largest non-randomized interventional trials combining brain imaging and motion capture techniques to examine motor skill acquisition and its underpinning mechanisms in adolescents with and without DCD. A total of 86 adolescents with low fitness levels (including 48 with DCD) were trained on a novel stepping task for a duration of 7 weeks. Motor performance during the stepping task was assessed under single and dual-task conditions. Concurrent cortical activation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) was measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Additionally, structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was conducted during a similar stepping task at the beginning of the trial. The results indicate that adolescents with DCD performed similarly to their peers with lower levels of fitness in the novel stepping task and demonstrated the ability to learn and improve motor performance. Both groups showed significant improvements in both tasks and under single- and dual-task conditions at post-intervention and follow-up compared to baseline. While both groups initially made more errors in the Stroop task under dual-task conditions, at follow-up, a significant difference between single- and dual-task conditions was observed only in the DCD group. Notably, differences in prefrontal activation patterns between the groups emerged at different time points and task conditions. Adolescents with DCD exhibited distinct prefrontal activation responses during the learning and performance of a motor task, particularly when complexity was increased by concurrent cognitive tasks. Furthermore, a relationship was observed between MRI brain structure and function measures and initial performance in the novel stepping task. Overall, these findings suggest that strategies that address task and environmental complexities, while simultaneously enhancing brain activity through a range of tasks, offer opportunities to increase the participation of adolescents with low fitness in physical activity and sports.

Lost employment potential and supporting people with Parkinson's to stay in work: insights from a Pan European cross-sectional survey.

PURPOSE: To explore, in a European cohort of people living with Parkinson's (PD), issues affecting employment and economic consequences, considering age at diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey (European convenience sample). Inclusion criteria were ≥18 years, a PD diagnosis and in work when diagnosed. Data were collected online on demographics, employment status, occupation, and perceived health. For those no longer in paid work, time from diagnosis until loss of employment, reasons for leaving and enablers to stay in work were ascertained. RESULTS: Between April and November 2019, n = 692 enrolled and n = 560 were eligible. Those who had lost paid work (n = 190, 34%) reported worse fatigue, sleep, and general health than those still in work (p < 0.05). Average annual income reduced from €26973.48 ± 12013.22 (year-1) to €14843.85 ± 16969.84 (year-10). Post-diagnosis lost employment potential was 20.1 (95% confidence interval (CI): 16.6-23.6) years at career establishment, 9.8 (95%CI: 8.9-10.7) years at mid working and 1.2 (95%CI: 0.6-1.6) years for those nearing retirement age. A greater proportion of individuals at career establishment age reported dexterity, eating, sleep, fatigue, and anxiety as factors for leaving work (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms lost productivity after a PD diagnosis, especially in those with many years of potential employment ahead. The study also identified potential targets for interventions. Clinical trial registration: Clincaltrials.gov (NCT03905954).Implications for rehabilitationPeople with Parkinson's diagnosed at career establishment or at mid working age risk losing many years of potential employment.Most people with Parkinson's do not receive early intervention to support self-management of problems identified with leaving work early, such as fatigue.Adaptations to the work environment and more flexible working patterns were identified factors that may help people remain in work.

RETAIN Kentucky: A return-to-work and stay-at-work program for people with disabilities grounded in the conservation of resources theory.

This article, the first in the Return-to-Work (RTW) Corner series, summarizes a comprehensive RTW and Stay-at-Work (SAW) program in Kentucky, which is funded by the United States Department of Labor. The program, Retaining Employment and Talent After Injury/Illness Network: Kentucky (RETAIN Kentucky), focuses on RTW and SAW strategies, depending upon participants' employment status at the time of enrollment in the project. RETAIN Kentucky services are implemented by RTW Coordinators (RTWCs) who help people with non-work-related injuries and illnesses continue in the workforce. The first Phase of RETAIN Kentucky, which lasted for nearly 3 years, is now informing the Phase 2 intervention, which began in October 2021 and will enroll participants for 30 months. In this article, we outline the employment retention problem that RETAIN Kentucky addresses, describe the key features and services of the program, summarize our findings so far, and present future directions for Phase 2.

Declining fitness and physical education lessons in UK adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: The objective was to determine recent cross-sectional trends in health-related fitness (HRF) in secondary school students by studying the 13-14 years old age group repeatedly over 6 years, considering parallel national trends in physical education (PE). METHODS: Height, weight, broad jump, grip strength, 20 m shuttle run and throwing and catching skills were measured by the same research team using standardised techniques from 2014 to 2019. Trends in these HRF measures were assessed by linear regression, adjusting for school, sex and height. Interactions with fitness and body mass index (BMI) were tested. The number of PE lessons reported in the UK Annual School Workforce Census between 2010 and 2019 for all state-funded secondary schools was analysed. RESULTS: Grip strength (B=-0.60, 95% CI -0.78 to -0.41), broad jump (B=-1.16, 95% CI -1.99 to -0.34), 20 m shuttle run (B=-1.85, 95% CI -2.58 to -1.12) and throwing and catching skills (B=-0.12, 95% CI -0.15 to -0.08) declined significantly over the study period. There was a greater reduction in broad jump and grip strength in adolescents with low fitness and a greater reduction in fitness and motor competence in adolescents with normal BMI. These declines coincided with a 16% reduction nationally in secondary school PE between 2010 (333 800 hours) and 2019 (280 725 hours). CONCLUSION: Adolescent HRF has declined in recent years, in parallel with PE lessons. Declines were observed across all young people and particularly those of low fitness and normal BMI. To reach the majority of young people, policy makers could increase PE in schools to increase activity and prevent worsening fitness and health in future generations.

Dual-task walking and automaticity after Stroke: Insights from a secondary analysis and imaging sub-study of a randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To test the extent to which initial walking speed influences dual-task performance after walking intervention, hypothesising that slow walking speed affects automatic gait control, limiting executive resource availability. DESIGN: A secondary analysis of a trial of dual-task (DT) and single-task (ST) walking interventions comparing those with good (walking speed ⩾0.8 m s-1, n = 21) and limited (walking speed <0.79 m s-1, n = 24) capacity at baseline. SETTING: Community. SUBJECTS: Adults six-months post stroke with walking impairment. INTERVENTIONS: Twenty sessions of 30 minutes treadmill walking over 10 weeks with (DT) or without (ST) cognitive distraction. Good and limited groups were formed regardless of intervention received. MAIN MEASURES: A two-minute walk with (DT) and without (ST) a cognitive distraction assessed walking. fNIRS measured prefrontal cortex activation during treadmill walking with (DT) and without (ST) Stroop and planning tasks and an fMRI sub-study used ankle-dorsiflexion to simulate walking. RESULTS: ST walking improved in both groups (∆baseline: Good = 8.9 ± 13.4 m, limited = 5.3±8.9 m, Group × time = P < 0.151) but only the good walkers improved DT walking (∆baseline: Good = 10.4 ± 13.9 m, limited = 1.3 ± 7.7 m, Group × time = P < 0.025). fNIRS indicated increased ispilesional prefrontal cortex activation during DT walking following intervention (P = 0.021). fMRI revealed greater DT cost activation for limited walkers, and increased resting state connectivity of contralesional M1 with cortical areas associated with conscious gait control at baseline. After the intervention, resting state connectivity between ipsilesional M1 and bilateral superior parietal lobe, involved in integrating sensory and motor signals, increased in the good walkers compared with limited walkers. CONCLUSION: In individual who walk slowly it may be difficult to improve dual-task walking ability.Registration: ISRCTN50586966.

A cross sectional assessment of nutrient intake and the association of the inflammatory properties of nutrients and foods with symptom severity in a large cohort from the UK Multiple Sclerosis Registry.

To assess the intake of nutrients in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) compared to a control population, and to assess the pro/ anti-inflammatory properties of nutrients/ foods and their relationships with fatigue and quality of life. This was a cross sectional study in which 2410 pwMS (686 men; 1721 women, 3 n/a, mean age 53 (11 years)) provided dietary data using a food frequency questionnaire that was hosted on the MS Register for a period of 3 months and this was compared to a cohort of 24,852 controls (11,250 male, 13,602 female, mean age 59 years). Consent was implied by anonymously filling out the questionnaire. A Wilcoxon test was used to compare intake between pwMS and controls, and a bivariate analyses followed by chi2 test were undertaken to identify significance and the strength of the relationship between pro/anti-inflammatory dietary factors and fatigue and EQ-5D. Compared to controls, all nutrients were significantly lower in the MS group (P < .05). Bivariate associations showed a significant correlation between consuming fish and lower clinical fatigue (χ2(1) = 4.221, P< .05), with a very low association (φ (phi) = -0.051, P = .04. Positive health outcomes on the EQ-5D measures were associated with higher carotene, magnesium oily fish and fruits and vegetable and sodium consumption (P < .05). Fiber, red meat, and saturated fat (women only) consumption was associated with worse outcomes on the EQ-5D measures (P < .05). pwMS have different dietary intakes compared to controls, and this may be associated with worse symptoms.

Experiences of fatigue in daily life of people with acquired brain injury: a qualitative study.

PURPOSE: To develop an in-depth understanding of how survivors of acquired brain injury (ABI) experience fatigue and how fatigue affects everyday life. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with 16 adults with ABI fatigue, recruited from support groups in south east UK. Interviews were analysed using the frameworks method. RESULTS: We developed four themes: experiencing fatigue in the context of everyday activities, struggling to make sense of fatigue, coping with fatigue, and adjusting social participation in the context of fatigue. Fatigue was comprised of mental, physical, generalised, and motivational fatigue. Balancing fatigue against participation in daily activities was influenced by coping strategies and social support. Opportunities to socialize or participate in meaningful activities provided incentives for participants to push through their fatigue. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights complex interactions that potentially mitigate the impact of fatigue on everyday life. Educational and self-management approaches to fatigue need to account for different types of fatigue in the contexts of an individual's daily activity. Assessment of fatigue should capture in-the-moment experiences of different types of fatigue and activity. Social support and participation in meaningful activities may help individuals to break the negative cycle of fatigue and inactivity.Implications for rehabilitationAssessment of fatigue after brain injury should capture the multidimensional nature of fatigue as well as contextual information about exacerbating activities and environments.Development of personalised coping strategies that account for perceived triggers of different subtypes of fatigue may help ABI survivors to broaden their activity and social participation.Social support and opportunities to participate in personally meaningful activities may help prevent or break a negative cycle of fatigue and inactivity for some ABI survivors.

Dual-Task Effect on Gait in Healthy Adolescents: Association between Health-Related Indicators and DT Performance.

The purpose of this study was to determine how dual-task (DT) effect on gait differs among adolescents with different fitness and health profiles. The gait performances of 365 adolescents aged 13-14 years were assessed at single and DT walking. The proportional changes in gait parameters from single to dual were regressed against gender, body mass index (BMIz), three components of MABC-2 (balance, aiming &catching and manual dexterity), group (high vs low motor competence), body strength, physical fitness level using multiple regression analyses; and gender and four items of balance subtest of MABC-2 in the secondary analysis. The analyses showed that being female was associated with greater reduction in gait speed and stride length and an increase in double support time and step time; and having lower score in balance was related to greater reduction in gait speed, and cadence, and an increase in step time. Only zig-zag hopping item of the balance subtest was associated with DT effect on gait speed and stride length. No significant relationships were found between DT effect on gait and the rest of the predictors. Females and adolescents with lower level of balance function may be at higher risk of having DT deficit during walking.

Effect of Combined Therapy of Virtual Reality and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Children and Adolescents With Cerebral Palsy: A Study Protocol for a Triple-Blinded Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial.

Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and therapy-based virtual reality (VR) have been investigated separately. They have shown promise as efficient and engaging new tools in the neurological rehabilitation of individuals with cerebral palsy (CP). However, the recent literature encourages investigation of the combination of therapy tools in order to potentiate clinic effects and its mechanisms. Methods: A triple-blinded randomised sham-controlled crossover trial will be performed. Thirty-six individuals with gross motor function of levels I to IV (aged 4-14 years old) will be recruited. Individuals will be randomly assigned to Group A (active first) or S (sham first): Group A will start with ten sessions of active tDSC combined with VR tasks. After a 1-month washout, this group will be reallocated to another ten sessions with sham tDCS combined with VR tasks. In contrast, Group S will carry out the opposite protocol, starting with sham tDCS. For the active tDCS the protocol will use low frequency tDCS [intensity of 1 milliampere (mA)] over the primary cortex (M1) area on the dominant side of the brain. Clinical evaluations (reaction times and coincident timing through VR, functional scales: Abilhand-Kids, ACTIVLIM-CP, Paediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory-PEDI- and heart rate variability-HRV) will be performed at baseline, during, and after active and sham tDCS. Conclusion: tDCS has produced positive results in treating individuals with CP; thus, its combination with new technologies shows promise as a potential mechanism for improving neurological functioning. The results of this study may provide new insights into motor rehabilitation, thereby contributing to the better use of combined tDCS and VR in people with CP. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04044677. Registered on 05 August 2019.

Evaluation of speed-accuracy trade-off in a computer task to identify motor difficulties in individuals with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy - A cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Individuals with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) present with progressive loss of motor function which can impair both control of speed and accuracy of movement. AIM: to evaluate movement time during a task at various levels of difficulty and to verify whether the level of difficulty affects the speed and/ or accuracy during the task. METHODS: the DMD group comprised of 17 individuals age matched with 17 individuals with typical development (TD group). The task evaluates the relationship between speed and accuracy, consisting of the execution of manual movements (using the mouse of the computer) aimed at a target at three different levels of difficulty (ID). RESULTS: A MANOVA demonstrated statistically significant differences in dispersion data and intercept values between the groups with greater movement time in the DMD group. An ANOVA indicated differences between groups for ID, except for when there was a higher accuracy demand (higher ID). In the other IDs that required lower accuracy demand, individuals in the DMD group had significantly longer movement time when compared to the TD group. CONCLUSION: These results show that the TD and DMD did not differ in the higher ID, therefore it can be concluded that for those with DMD, motor performance is more affected by speed than accuracy of movement.