RESUMO
Purpose: To examine factors decreasing participation in school-based vision programs from parent and teacher perspectives.Methods: We conducted 41 semi-structured focus groups (20 parent groups, 21 teacher/staff groups), at 10 Baltimore and 11 Chicago public elementary and middle schools offering school-based vision programs. School-based vision programs provided vision screening, eye exams, and eyeglasses if needed. Focus groups ranged in size from 2-9 participants (median = 5). Sessions were recorded, transcribed, and coded through an iterative process to develop themes using inductive analysis.Results: Ninety parents and 117 teachers/staff participated. Participants identified five major factors decreasing participation in school-based vision programs: (1) challenges with the consent form, including distribution, collection, and literacy and language barriers; (2) having existing eye care; (3) misunderstandings about the program, especially related to cost and insurance; (4) difficulty raising parental awareness of the program; and (5) certain attitudes towards vision, eye care, and school-based programs, including low prioritization of eye care, mistrust of the program, fear of sharing private information, not believing their child needs glasses, and reluctance accepting 'subsidized' services.Conclusion: Parents and teachers identified important structural barriers to participation (i.e., consent form challenges and low parental awareness) and specific reasons for non-participation (i.e., attitudes, misunderstanding of the program, existing eye care) in school-based vision programs. Effective strategies are needed to facilitate return of consent forms and promote awareness of school-based vision programs among parents. Programs should also target services towards those currently without access to eye care and increase awareness about paediatric vision needs.
Assuntos
Pais/psicologia , Erros de Refração/diagnóstico , Serviços de Saúde Escolar/normas , Professores Escolares/psicologia , Seleção Visual/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Conscientização , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Óculos , Grupos Focais/métodos , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Erros de Refração/epidemiologia , Serviços de Saúde Escolar/estatística & dados numéricos , Professores Escolares/estatística & dados numéricos , Instituições Acadêmicas/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Inappropriately activated eosinophils can contribute to disease pathogenesis and intracellular signalling pathways that regulate functional responses may represent a therapeutic target. Little is known about intracellular signalling in equine eosinophils and this study examined the role of phospholipase C (PLC) and a range of protein kinases on responses to histamine and CCL11. Histamine (10(-4) M) or CCL11 (5.6 x 10(-9) M)-induced actin polymerization, migration and superoxide production by eosinophils from healthy horses were compared in the presence and absence of selective kinase inhibitors. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) significantly reduced the response in each assay. In contrast, whilst inhibition of PLC decreased actin polymerization and superoxide production, an increase in migration was observed; the latter effect was also seen when protein kinase C (PKC) was inhibited. With the exception of histamine-induced migration, which was significantly reduced by blocking extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, activation of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK and tyrosine kinase did not appear to play an important role in the responses studied. These results suggest that equine eosinophil activation by histamine and CCL11 is mediated through PI3K. Whilst PLC activation is required for actin polymerization and superoxide production, migration may be negatively regulated by PLC and PKC. These kinases represent potential targets for modulating eosinophil activation by multiple stimuli.
Assuntos
Actinas/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Eosinófilos/efeitos dos fármacos , Cavalos/fisiologia , Proteína Quinase C/antagonistas & inibidores , Fosfolipases Tipo C/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Quimiocina CCL11/farmacologia , Eosinófilos/citologia , Eosinófilos/fisiologia , Estrenos/farmacologia , Histamina/farmacologia , Indóis/farmacologia , Pirrolidinonas/farmacologia , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Fosfolipases Tipo C/farmacologiaRESUMO
A novel two-step real-time RT-PCR assay using SYBR Green I was developed for the detection of acute Bovine Viral Diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection in whole blood from cattle. During infection animals experience a characteristic transient leucopenia and the number of cells per volume of blood changes over time; so quantitation of viral load by reference to a cellular housekeeping gene is not ideal as this may hide significant animal to animal variation. Therefore, to facilitate comparison of different samples, an external RNA reference was used for normalisation whereby each sample was spiked with the RNA virus, Canine Enteric Coronavirus (CECov), prior to RNA extraction, for comparative purposes. Real-time RT-PCR was carried out with two primer sets designed to amplify either a 156 bp region of the BVDV 5'-UTR or a 280 bp region of the CECov nucleocapsid protein gene. Linearity and efficiency of the assay was established and the method assessed using samples from BVDV-challenged calves. Viral RNA was quantified on days 6 and 14 post-challenge by real-time RT-PCR. Infectious virus isolation by traditional cell culture was negative after day 7. This study demonstrates encouraging results for rapid, sensitive and reliable detection of acute BVDV infection and provides an alternative real-time RT-PCR method for use on whole blood samples or samples where suitable housekeeping genes are not available.
Assuntos
Sangue/virologia , Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina/isolamento & purificação , RNA Viral/análise , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Regiões 5' não Traduzidas , Animais , Benzotiazóis , Doença das Mucosas por Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina/virologia , Bovinos , Coronavirus , Primers do DNA , Diaminas , Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina/genética , Corantes Fluorescentes , Proteínas do Nucleocapsídeo/genética , Compostos Orgânicos , Quinolinas , RNA Viral/genética , Padrões de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa/métodos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa/normas , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Coloração e Rotulagem , Cultura de VírusRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To assess the biological effects of purified recombinant equine CCL11 on equine eosinophil function. METHODS: Following stimulation of eosinophils from normal horses, the polymerised form of actin was measured by flow cytometry using fluorescently labelled phalloidin. Migration was determined in a 96 well plate chemotaxis assay using 8 microm pore membranes, and adherence of eosinophils to serum-coated plastic was assessed using a colorimetric assay for eosinophil peroxidase. Superoxide generation was measured by the reduction of cytochrome C in a colorimetric assay. RESULTS: Equine CCL11 induced significant (p < 0.001), concentration-dependent actin polymerisation and migration of equine eosinophils. Stimulation with CCL11 did not induce significant adherence to serum coated plastic, or superoxide production. CONCLUSIONS: Equine CCL11 stimulates cytoskeletal reorganization and migration of equine eosinophils, suggesting that it may be involved in the regulation of eosinophil trafficking in horses.
Assuntos
Quimiocinas CC/biossíntese , Quimiocinas CC/fisiologia , Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Eosinófilos/metabolismo , Actinas/química , Actinas/metabolismo , Animais , Adesão Celular , Movimento Celular , Quimiocina CCL11 , Fatores Quimiotáticos de Eosinófilos/metabolismo , Quimiotaxia , Citometria de Fluxo , Cavalos , Humanos , Superóxidos/metabolismo , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Immune responses to non-structural protein 3 (NS3) of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) were investigated. cDNA encoding NS3 from type 1a BVDV was used to vaccinate five calves, another five calves remained unvaccinated. Three weeks after final vaccination animals were challenged intranasally with heterologous type 1a BVDV. Anti-NS3 antibodies were detected in only one animal post-vaccination. Partial protection from virus challenge was observed in the vaccinates. Virus was not isolated from nasal mucosa of two vaccinates, and virus clearance from nasal mucosa was faster in the vaccinates compared to the controls. While elevated rectal temperatures were evident in both groups 7 days post-challenge, the mean increase in the controls was twice that observed in the vaccinates. In conclusion, NS3 DNA vaccination induced humoral immunity in one calf, and prevented fever and virus establishment in the nasal mucosa in 2/5 calves, demonstrating the efficacy of NS3 vaccination, which may benefit future development of pestivirus and flavivirus vaccines.
Assuntos
Doença das Mucosas por Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina/imunologia , Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina/imunologia , Peptídeo Hidrolases/imunologia , RNA Helicases/imunologia , Vacinação/veterinária , Vacinas de DNA/imunologia , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Animais , Doença das Mucosas por Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina/prevenção & controle , Bovinos , DNA Viral/imunologia , Vacinas de DNA/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Groups of 20 C57BL/6J mice (10 males and 10 females) were given BSE strain 301C i.p. and subsequently given 2 microg recombinant human TGFbeta1 s.c. at single or multiple times. There was a significant positive correlation between the day of TGFbeta1 administration and incubation time; the later TGFbeta1 was administered after BSE inoculation the longer the incubation time became. The administration of TGFbeta1 at any time point did not significantly alter the distribution or severity of pathology. The effects of TGFbeta1 on BSE pathogenesis appears to be dependent upon its time of administration; early administration shortens the incubation time and late administration lengthens the incubation time.
Assuntos
Encefalopatia Espongiforme Bovina/tratamento farmacológico , Encefalopatia Espongiforme Bovina/patologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/administração & dosagem , Animais , Bovinos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Fatores de Tempo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1RESUMO
The genetic and antigenic diversity observed in field isolates of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is thought to occur during acute infection because of the genetic stability observed in BVDV throughout the lifetime of persistently infected (PI) cattle. In this study, 15 cows in early pregnancy were inoculated with identical challenge doses obtained from a single infectious inoculum of the virologically cloned isolate Pe515nc. In order to examine the diversity that may develop in utero in the PI foetus, the variable E2 sequence of the virus isolated directly from the serum of each PI calf was compared. A high degree of sequence similarity was demonstrated, with 0-4 nucleotide differences out of 608 bases compared. Thus, the virus showed relatively few genomic changes in any of the PI calves, although we observed that the in utero environment did provide some opportunity for genetic variation to become established.
Assuntos
Doença das Mucosas por Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina/virologia , Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina/genética , Feto/virologia , Variação Genética , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/veterinária , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Análise de Variância , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Sequência de Bases , Doença das Mucosas por Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina/transmissão , Bovinos , Sequência Consenso , DNA Viral/química , Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina/química , Feminino , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/veterinária , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/virologia , RNA Viral/sangue , RNA Viral/genética , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) are both progressive neurodegenerative diseases that are transmissible to mice. The onset of clinical symptoms is more subtle and variable in murine BSE than in murine scrapie. Assessment of behavioural changes that occur throughout disease would aid early diagnosis of disease so that more consistent end points could be made and potential therapies could be investigated. C57BL/6J mice inoculated via the intraperitoneal route with 301C BSE or control inoculum were monitored on a fortnightly basis. The end point was when a mouse showed clinical signs as opposed to behavioural signs of BSE for two consecutive observations. Significant loss of motor function, as assessed by mice balancing on a static rod, was observed consistently from approximately 40 days prior to death. No significant differences in home cage activity (locomotion, rearing) or cognitive function (T-maze alternation) were observed. However, there was an increase in digging by BSE-infected mice from an early stage. This data will aid the standardisation of behavioural tests to characterise and assess the onset of BSE.
Assuntos
Encefalopatia Espongiforme Bovina/diagnóstico , Aprendizagem em Labirinto , Teste de Desempenho do Rota-Rod , Análise de Variância , Animais , Ataxia/diagnóstico , Ataxia/fisiopatologia , Bovinos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Encefalopatia Espongiforme Bovina/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Atividade Motora , Movimento , Transtornos Psicomotores/diagnóstico , Transtornos Psicomotores/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Clusterin accumulates in significant quantity in prion protein lesions associated with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and we therefore sought to elucidate its ability to alter BSE pathogenesis and incubation time by comparison of wild type C57BL/6J mice and clusterin knock out (ko) mice. The ko mice had a 40 day increase in mean incubation time compared to wild type mice. PrP deposition in the medulla was less aggregated in clusterin knock out mice when compared to wild type BSE infected mice and a more marked astrocytosis, as determined by GFAP staining, was evident. The vacuolation profiles did not differ between the two strains of mice. Taken together these results suggest that clusterin alters the extracellular deposition of PrP(BSE) and accelerates BSE pathogenesis.
Assuntos
Encefalopatia Espongiforme Bovina/metabolismo , Encefalopatia Espongiforme Bovina/patologia , Glicoproteínas/fisiologia , Chaperonas Moleculares/fisiologia , Animais , Bovinos , Clusterina , Feminino , Glicoproteínas/deficiência , Glicoproteínas/genética , Masculino , Bulbo/metabolismo , Bulbo/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Chaperonas Moleculares/genéticaRESUMO
The chemokine eotaxin is involved in the recruitment of eosinophils and T helper 2 lymphocytes in human allergic diseases, and drugs that block its activity, including eotaxin receptor (CCR3) antagonists, are being developed. The authors have recently cloned the horse ortholog of eotaxin and shown that it can induce equine eosinophil migration and activation in vitro. Moreover, eotaxin mRNA expression was upregulated in cultured horse dermal fibroblasts exposed to equine interleukin-4, suggesting a possible source of this eosinophil chemoattractant in equine skin. The results of this study show that eotaxin and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP) 1, but not MCP-2 or MCP-4, mRNA expression is upregulated in skin biopsies of sweet itch lesions when eosinophils are present, when compared with clinically normal skin from the same ponies.
Assuntos
Quimiocinas CC/fisiologia , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/veterinária , Doenças dos Cavalos/etiologia , Proteínas Quimioatraentes de Monócitos/metabolismo , Animais , Biópsia/veterinária , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Ceratopogonidae/imunologia , Quimiocina CCL11 , Quimiocina CCL2/genética , Quimiocina CCL2/metabolismo , Quimiocina CCL2/fisiologia , Quimiocinas CC/antagonistas & inibidores , Quimiocinas CC/genética , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/etiologia , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/imunologia , Eosinófilos/fisiologia , Doenças dos Cavalos/imunologia , Doenças dos Cavalos/metabolismo , Cavalos , Mordeduras e Picadas de Insetos/imunologia , Mordeduras e Picadas de Insetos/veterinária , Proteínas Quimioatraentes de Monócitos/genética , Proteínas Quimioatraentes de Monócitos/fisiologia , Prurido/imunologia , Prurido/veterinária , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Receptores CCR3 , Receptores de Quimiocinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Saliva/imunologia , Pele/imunologia , Pele/patologia , Regulação para CimaRESUMO
The ability of BIV strain R29 to infect bovine cell lines in the presence or absence of a functional lentiviral Tat protein is described. Jembrana disease virus (JDV) Tat protein was stably expressed in MDBK cells. No viral replication could be detected in this cell line after infection with BIV R29. Transfection of MDBK cells and MDBK Tat expressing cells with BIV R29 proviral DNA established that BIV R29 could not replicate in MDBK cells. Whether viral entry into MDBK cells is also a block to BIV R29 infection of MDBK cells has yet to be established.
Assuntos
Produtos do Gene tat/metabolismo , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Bovina/fisiologia , Replicação Viral , Animais , Bovinos , Linhagem Celular , DNA Viral/fisiologia , Produtos do Gene tat/genética , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Bovina/genética , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Bovina/patogenicidade , Lentivirus Bovinos/genética , Lentivirus Bovinos/metabolismo , Provírus , TransfecçãoRESUMO
The effect of cytokine adjuvancy on a bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) DNA vaccine expressing the major glycoprotein E2 was investigated in mice. Murine interleukin-2 (IL-2) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were chosen for their potential ability to enhance the humoral and cellular immune responses involved in protection against BVDV. Both cytokines, co-administered as separate plasmid constructs, had a marked effect on ELISA and neutralising antibody titres, improving the spectrum of neutralisation induced by the E2 DNA vaccine, as demonstrated in heterologous neutralisation assays. The predominance of IgG2a isotypes, in sera from all DNA injected groups, indicated a Th1 biased immune response. Antigen specific proliferation of murine splenocytes from immunised mice was enhanced by cytokine co-administration, with the highest stimulation indexes observed in the group co-injected with the GM-CSF construct. These results obtained in the mouse (Balb/c; H2-kd) animal model demonstrate the value of the two cytokines as adjuvants for the E2 DNA vaccine. The need for an adjuvant in this system was emphasised by the MHC restriction observed when C57BL/6 mice (H2-kb) were immunised with the E2 DNA construct. Antibody levels were dramatically lower in this mouse strain.
Assuntos
Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina/imunologia , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos e Macrófagos/farmacologia , Interleucina-2/farmacologia , Vacinas de DNA/imunologia , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Células COS , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Ativação Linfocitária , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , SpodopteraRESUMO
Antibodies directed against two bovine lentiviruses, Jembrana disease virus (JDV) and bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), were detected in Balinese cattle sera using two new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) based on the combination of capsid (CA) protein and transmembrane (TM) peptides derived from JDV or BIV sequences. Twenty eight of the 77 sera tested on the JDV ELISA showed anti-JDV antibodies with an unequal distribution of seropositive animals throughout the different districts of Bali. Furthermore, when 17 of the JDV positive sera were tested on Western blot, using the same JDV CA antigen, only 13 were judged positive confirming that the ELISA was a more sensitive technique for the detection of seropositive animals. Finally, 9 of the 49 JDV seronegative animals showed anti-BIV antibodies when tested on BIV-specific ELISA. These two ELISAs appeared to be highly sensitive for the detection of anti-JDV and anti-BIV antibodies. Moreover, for the first time, animals showing antibodies against BIV were identified on the main island of Bali and on the JDV-free Nusa Penida island.
Assuntos
Bovinos/virologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Lentivirus Bovinos/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/análise , Capsídeo/imunologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Bovina/isolamento & purificação , Indonésia , Proteínas Recombinantes/imunologia , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Proteínas da Matriz Viral/imunologiaRESUMO
Satisfaction data have recently returned to popularity, as an outcome measure in managed behavioral healthcare systems. However, there are few examples of management uses of such data. We collected data 12 months after participants had completed a supported education program, concerning their retrospective satisfaction and the barriers, needs, and personal difficulties currently experienced in their attempts to pursue post-secondary education or training. Data on follow-up supportive contacts were also obtained. Results supported participants' continuing satisfaction, and identified particular information items which were endorsed as most helpful. However, the data indicated that personal difficulties presented obstacles to many and that a majority of participants had current needs for financial aid, tutoring, job placements, support groups, and transportation. Following completion of the supported education program, many participants had continuing contacts in support of their educational plans. The amount of contact was generally low, however. In the future, supported education programs need to build in mechanisms to ensure students receive ongoing support for education, since this support was found to positively and significantly affect individuals' enrolling in college or training.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Consumidor , Escolaridade , Apoio Social , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de SaúdeAssuntos
Doenças do Cão/microbiologia , Pneumocystis/classificação , Pneumocystis/genética , Pneumonia por Pneumocystis/veterinária , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Animais , Sequência de Bases , DNA Fúngico/análise , Cães , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Pneumonia por Pneumocystis/microbiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , RNA Ribossômico/genéticaRESUMO
We report the cloning of four equine CC chemokines, eotaxin, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, MCP-2 and MCP-4, which show high levels of identity with their respective homologous sequences in other species. Using a multiplex RT-PCR, we have studied the constitutive mRNA expression of these four CC chemokines in skin, lung, liver, spleen, jejunum, colon and kidney of normal adult horses and compared this data with the eosinophil counts in the same samples. We demonstrate that eotaxin mRNA is only expressed in jejunum and colon, where there are large numbers of eosinophils suggesting that eotaxin might be recruiting eosinophils in the normal digestive tract of the horse. MCP-1 and MCP-4 are expressed in all tissues whereas MCP-2 is only found in some samples of lung, spleen, liver and kidney. We also report the early induction (2h) of equine eotaxin and MCP-4, and the up-regulation of MCP-1 by interleukin-4 in dermal fibroblasts, suggesting these chemokines might be involved in equine skin allergic diseases.
Assuntos
Quimiocinas CC/genética , Cavalos/imunologia , Interleucina-4/biossíntese , Proteínas Quimioatraentes de Monócitos/genética , RNA Mensageiro/biossíntese , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Quimiocina CCL11 , Quimiocinas CC/biossíntese , Quimiocinas CC/imunologia , Clonagem Molecular , DNA Complementar/química , DNA Complementar/genética , Eosinófilos/imunologia , Eosinófilos/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/imunologia , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Cavalos/genética , Cavalos/metabolismo , Interleucina-4/genética , Interleucina-4/imunologia , Contagem de Leucócitos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Proteínas Quimioatraentes de Monócitos/biossíntese , Proteínas Quimioatraentes de Monócitos/imunologia , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa/veterinária , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos , Pele/citologia , Pele/imunologia , Pele/metabolismoRESUMO
Induction of effective immunity requires the delivery of a protective antigen with appropriate co-stimulatory signals. For bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) this antigen is the major viral glycoprotein E2. Neutralising antibodies are directed towards the E2 protein and passive transfer of antibodies in serum or colostrum can completely protect against viral infection. DNA vaccination of mice with a construct encoding the E2 glycoprotein induced neutralising antibody levels that were potentially sufficient to prevent virus replication in a challenge system. The co-delivery of interleukin-2 (IL-2) further enhanced the levels of antibody raised. The strong IgG2a component of the antigen-specific antibody suggests a Th1 bias to the immune response induced following vaccination.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/biossíntese , Interleucina-2/uso terapêutico , Vacinação/veterinária , Vacinas de DNA/imunologia , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/imunologia , Adjuvantes Imunológicos , Animais , Células COS , Bovinos , Feminino , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas/veterinária , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa/veterinária , Células Th1/imunologiaRESUMO
An important component of welfare reform aimed at minor teenage parents is a requirement that the teenager live in an appropriate living situation, typically with a parent or guardian. The State of Massachusetts developed Teen Living Programs as an alternate living arrangement for minor teenage parents receiving welfare who are unable to live with family members. This article reports on a survey of 199 teenage parents who lived in the Teen Living Programs. Three research questions were asked: Who are the teenagers served by these programs? What services were provided? To what extent have teenagers attained key outcomes? Outcomes measured included educational attainment, employment, welfare status, homelessness, and subsequent pregnancy. Implications for social policy, further program development, and clinical intervention are discussed.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Mães/estatística & dados numéricos , Instituições Residenciais/estatística & dados numéricos , Seguridade Social , Feminino , Humanos , Massachusetts , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Gravidez , Gravidez na Adolescência , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Seguridade Social/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The study sought to identify characteristics of participants in a supported education program that were related to a successful outcome. Supported education programs provide rehabilitation and support services to help people attain postsecondary education. METHODS: A total of 147 persons who completed such a program were interviewed six or 12 months later, or at both times, to determine whether they were involved in productive activity, which was defined as engaging in either college or vocational education or in paid employment. Variables examined as predictors of productive activity were demographic characteristics; education and work background; social support; self-perceptions related to self-esteem, empowerment, quality of life, and school self-efficacy; and illness-related variables, including diagnosis, symptoms, and length of illness. RESULTS: Multivariate logistic regression identified the strongest predictor as productive activity at baseline. Marital status was the only significant demographic variable in the model; single participants were less likely to be engaged in productive activity. For participants who reported more frequent contact with their social network, the likelihood of engagement in productive activity was higher, and for those who reported more encouragement for education from their network, the likelihood was lower. A lower level of adjustment in the financial domain decreased the likelihood of productive activity, and a higher level of problems with housework increased the likelihood. No illness-related variable or self-perception was a significant predictor. CONCLUSIONS: Factors related to a successful outcome from a supported education program for persons with severe mental illness are also likely to be important factors for nondisabled populations. Among those with mental illness, social support is a key factor in attaining educational and vocational goals.