Pediatric Trauma Care Disparities: Association of Race and Sex With High Acuity Trauma Hospital Admissions.

INTRODUCTION: For adult trauma patients, the likelihood of receiving treatment at a hospital properly equipped for trauma care can vary by race and sex. This study examines whether a pediatric patient's race/ethnicity and sex are associated with treatment at a high acuity trauma hospital (HATH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using the 2017 National Inpatient Sample, we identified pediatric trauma patients ( ≤16 y) using International Classification of Diseases-10 codes. Because trauma centers are not defined in National Inpatient Sample, we defined HATHs as hospitals which transferred 0% of pediatric neurotrauma. We used logistic regression to examine associations between race/ethnicity, sex, age, and treatment at a HATH, adjusted for factors including Injury Severity Score, mechanism of injury, and region. RESULTS: Of 18,085 injured children (median Injury Severity Score 3 [IQR 1-8]), 67% were admitted to a HATH. Compared to White patients, Hispanic (odds ratio [OR] 0.85 [95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79-0.93]) and other race/ethnicity patients (OR 0.85 [95% CI 0.78-0.93]) had a significantly lower odds of treatment at a HATH. Children aged 2-11 (OR 1.36 [95% CI 1.27-1.46]) were more likely to be treated at a HATH compared to adolescents (age 12-16). After adjustment for other factors, sex was not associated with treatment at a HATH. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated racial and ethnic disparities in access to HATHs for pediatric trauma patients. Hispanic and other race/ethnicity pediatric trauma patients have lower odds of treatment at HATHs. Further research is needed to study the root causes of these disparities to ensure that all children with injuries receive equitable and high-quality care.

Duration of antimicrobial treatment for complicated intra-abdominal infections after definitive source control: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have evaluated outcomes associated with duration of antimicrobial treatment for complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAI). The goal of this guideline was to help clinicians better define appropriate antimicrobial duration in patients who have undergone definitive source control for cIAI. METHODS: A working group of Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST) performed a systematic review and meta-analyses of the available data pertaining to the duration of antibiotics after definitive source control of cIAI in adult patients. Only studies that compared patients treated with short vs. long duration antibiotic regimens were included. The critical outcomes of interest were selected by the group. Noninferiority of short compared with long duration of antimicrobial treatment was defined as an indicator for a potential recommendation in favor of shorter antibiotics course. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology was used to assess the quality of the evidence and to formulate recommendations. RESULTS: Sixteen studies were included. The short duration ranged from 1 dose to ≤10 days, with an average of 4 days, and the long duration ranged >1 day to 28 days, with an average of 8 days. There were no differences between short and long duration of antibiotics in terms of mortality (odds ratio [OR], 0.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56-1.44), rate of surgical site infection (OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.56-1.38); persistent/recurrent abscess (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.45-1.29); unplanned interventions (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.12-2.26); hospital length of stay (mean difference, -2.62 days; CI, -7.08 to 1.83 days); or readmissions (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.50-1.69). The level of evidence was assessed as very low. CONCLUSION: The group made a recommendation for shorter (four or less days) versus longer duration (eight or more days) of antimicrobial treatment in adult patients with cIAIs who had definitive source control. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis; Level III.

Canal narrowing in adult patients with cervical spinal cord injury without computed tomography evidence of trauma.

PURPOSE: Cervical spinal cord injury can be a particularly devastating sequela of trauma. The purpose of this study was to describe the imaging findings of adult patients with cervical spinal cord injury without computed tomography evidence of trauma (SCIWOCTET). METHODS: All adult patients (≥18 years) treated for acute cervical SCIWOCTET at a single Level I adult trauma center over an eight-year period were retrospectively identified. CT imaging was evaluated for degenerative changes narrowing the midsagittal canal diameter (SCD) of the cervical spine and relative congenital cervical stenosis (CCS; congenital narrowing of the SCD <13 mm). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were evaluated for signal intensity change (SIC) suspicious for cord edema/contusion as well as ligamentous injury, hemorrhage, and epidural hematoma. RESULTS: Ninety-six patients with cervical SCIWOCTET met inclusion criteria. The most common mechanism of injury was fall from standing (47.9%). On CT, 86 patients (89.6%) had CCS. Degenerative changes were present in 95 patients (99.0%). In 98/99 patients (99.0%), the point of narrowest cervical SCD was ≤8 mm. On MRI, 79 patients (82.3%) demonstrated signal intensity change (SIC) indicative of cord edema/contusion, while 16 (16.7%) had ligamentous injury. Intramedullary cord hemorrhage was seen in two patients (2.1%) and epidural hematoma in three (3.1%). CONCLUSION: Degenerative changes or CCS may narrow the minimum cervical SCD beyond the threshold at which low-energy trauma results in C-SCI. Adult patients with cervical spinal stenosis, whether congenital and/or degenerative, and neurologic findings referable to the cervical spine should be assessed for C-SCI.

Non-surgical management and analgesia strategies for older adults with multiple rib fractures: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and joint practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma and the Chest Wall Injury Society.

BACKGROUND: Chest wall injury in older adults is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Optimal nonsurgical management strategies for these patients have not been fully defined regarding level of care, incentive spirometry (IS), noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV), and the use of ketamine, epidural, and other locoregional approaches to analgesia. METHODS: Relevant questions regarding older patients with significant chest wall injury with patient population(s), intervention(s), comparison(s), and appropriate selected outcomes were chosen. These focused on intensive care unit (ICU) admission, IS, NIPPV, and analgesia including ketamine, epidural analgesia, and locoregional nerve blocks. A systematic literature search and review were conducted, our data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively, and the quality of evidence was assessed per the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology. No funding was used. RESULTS: Our literature review (PROSPERO 2020-CRD42020201241, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, Web of Science, January 15, 2020) resulted in 151 studies. Intensive care unit admission was qualitatively not superior for any defined cohort other than by clinical assessment. Poor IS performance was associated with prolonged hospital length of stay, pulmonary complications, and unplanned ICU admission. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation was associated with 85% reduction in odds of pneumonia ( p < 0.0001) and 81% reduction in odds of mortality ( p = 0.03) in suitable patients without risk of airway loss. Ketamine use demonstrated no significant reduction in pain score but a trend toward reduced opioid use. Epidural and other locoregional analgesia techniques did not affect pneumonia, length of mechanical ventilation, hospital length of stay, or mortality. CONCLUSION: We do not recommend for or against routine ICU admission. We recommend use of IS to inform ICU status and conditionally recommend use of NIPPV in patients without risk of airway loss. We offer no recommendation for or against ketamine, epidural, or other locoregional analgesia. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Systematic Review/Meta-analysis; Level IV.

Management of adult renal trauma: a practice management guideline from the eastern association for the surgery of trauma.

BACKGROUND: The kidney is the most frequently injured component of the genitourinary system, accounting for 5% of all trauma cases. Several guidelines by different societies address the management of urological trauma. However, unanswered questions remain regarding optimal use of angioembolization in hemodynamically stable patients, indications for operative exploration of stable retroperitoneal hematomas and renal salvage techniques in the setting of hemodynamic instability, and imaging practices for patients undergoing non-operative management. We performed a systematic review, meta-analysis, and developed evidence-based recommendations to answer these questions in both blunt and penetrating renal trauma. METHODS: The working group formulated four population, intervention, comparator, outcome (PICO) questions regarding the following topics: (1) angioembolization (AE) usage in hemodynamically stable patients with evidence of ongoing bleeding; (2) surgical approach to stable zone II hematomas (exploration vs. no exploration) in hemodynamically unstable patients and (3) surgical technique (nephrectomy vs. kidney preservation) for expanding zone II hematomas in hemodynamically unstable patients; (4) frequency of repeat imaging (routine or symptom based) in high-grade traumatic renal injuries. A systematic review and meta-analysis of currently available evidence was performed. RevMan 5 (Cochran Collaboration) and GRADEpro (Grade Working Group) software were used. Recommendations were voted on by working group members and concurrence was obtained for each final recommendation. RESULTS: A total of 20 articles were identified and analyzed. Two prospective studies were encountered; the majority were retrospective, single-institution studies. Not all outcomes projected by PICO questions were reported in all studies. Meta-analysis was performed for all PICO questions except PICO 3 secondary to the discrepant patient populations included in those studies. PICO 1 had the greatest number of articles included in the meta-analysis with nine studies; yet, due to differences in study design, no critical outcomes emerged; similar differences among a smaller set of articles prevented observation of critical outcomes for PICO 4. Analyses of PICOs 2 and 3 favored a non-invasive or minimally invasive approach in-line with current international practice trends. CONCLUSION: In hemodynamically stable adult patients with clinical or radiographic evidence of ongoing bleeding, no recommendation could be made regarding the role of AE vs. observation. In hemodynamically unstable adult patients, we conditionally recommend no renal exploration vs. renal exploration in stable zone II hematomas. In hemodynamically unstable adult patients, we conditionally recommend kidney preserving techniques vs. nephrectomy in expanding zone II hematomas. No recommendation could be made for the optimal timing of repeat imaging in high grade renal injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Guideline; systematic review, level III.

Antibiotic prophylaxis for tube thoracostomy placement in trauma: a practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma.

Background: Antibiotic prophylaxis is routinely administered for most operative procedures, but their utility for certain bedside procedures remains controversial. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis and developed evidence-based recommendations on whether trauma patients receiving tube thoracostomy (TT) for traumatic hemothorax or pneumothorax should receive antibiotic prophylaxis. Methods: Published literature was searched through MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase (via Elsevier), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (via Wiley), Web of Science and ClinicalTrials.gov databases by a professional librarian. The date ranges for our literature search were January 1900 to March 2020. A systematic review and meta-analysis of currently available evidence were performed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology. Results: Fourteen relevant studies were identified and analyzed. All but one were prospective, with eight being prospective randomized control studies. Antibiotic prophylaxis protocols ranged from a single dose at insertion to 48 hours post-TT removal. The pooled data showed that patients who received antibiotic prophylaxis were significantly less likely to develop empyema (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.86, p=0.01). The benefit was greater in patients with penetrating injuries (penetrating OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.59, p=0.002, vs blunt OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.06 to 1.12, p=0.07). Administration of antibiotic prophylaxis did not significantly affect pneumonia incidence or mortality. Discussion: In adult trauma patients who require TT insertion, we conditionally recommend antibiotic prophylaxis be given at the time of insertion to reduce incidence of empyema. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42018088759.

Vaccination after spleen embolization: A practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma.

BACKGROUND: Angioembolization is an important adjunct in the non-operative management of adult trauma patients with splenic injury. Multiple studies have shown that angioembolization may increase the non-operative splenic salvage rate for patients with high-grade splenic injuries. We performed a systematic review and developed evidence-based recommendations regarding the need for post-splenectomy vaccinations after splenic embolization in trauma patients. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis of currently available evidence were performed utilizing the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. RESULTS: Nine studies were identified and analyzed. A total of 240 embolization patients were compared to 443 control patients who neither underwent splenectomy nor were embolized. There was no statistical difference between the splenic immune function of embolized and control patients. In addition, a total of 3974 splenectomy patients was compared with 686 embolization patients. Embolization patients had fewer infectious complications and a greater degree of preserved splenic immune function. CONCLUSION: In adult trauma patients who have undergone splenic angioembolization, we conditionally recommend against routine post-splenectomy vaccinations. STUDY TYPE: systematic review/meta-analysis Level of evidence: level III.

Management of the open abdomen: A systematic review with meta-analysis and practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma.

BACKGROUND: Multiple techniques describe the management of the open abdomen (OA) and restoration of abdominal wall integrity after damage-control laparotomy (DCL). It is unclear which operative technique provides the best method of achieving primary myofascial closure at the index hospitalization. METHODS: A writing group from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the current literature regarding OA management strategies in the adult population after DCL. The group sought to understand if fascial traction techniques or techniques to reduce visceral edema improved the outcomes in these patients. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology was utilized, meta-analyses were performed, and an evidence profile was generated. RESULTS: Nineteen studies met inclusion criteria. Overall, the use of fascial traction techniques was associated with improved primary myofascial closure during the index admission (relative risk, 0.32) and fewer hernias (relative risk, 0.11.) The use of fascial traction techniques did not increase the risk of enterocutaneous fistula formation nor mortality. Techniques to reduce visceral edema may improve the rate of closure; however, these studies were very limited and suffered significant heterogeneity. CONCLUSION: We conditionally recommend the use of a fascial traction system over routine care when treating a patient with an OA after DCL. This recommendation is based on the benefit of improved primary myofascial closure without worsening mortality or enterocutaneous fistula formation. We are unable to make any recommendations regarding techniques to reduce visceral edema. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis; Level IV.

Single dose IV Antibiotic for Low-Energy Extremity Gunshot Wounds: A Prospective Protocol.

Objective: To prospectively determine infection rate following low-energy extremity GSWs with a single dose IV antibiotic protocol. Summary Background Data: Previous work suggests that a single IV antibiotic dose, without formal surgical debridement, mitigates infection risk. Methods: Over 35 months 530 adults with low-energy GSWs to the extremities were included. Three hundred fifty-two patients (66%) had ≥30 days follow-up. Patients were administered a single dose of first-generation IV cephalosporin antibiotics, and those with operative fractures received 24-hour perioperative antibiotics. Injury characteristics, treatment, protocol adherence, and outcomes (infection) were assessed between the protocol group (single-dose antibiotics) and the non-protocol group (no antibiotics or extra doses of antibiotics). Results: Compliance with the single-dose protocol occurred in 66.8%, while 33.2% received additional antibiotics or no antibiotics. The deep infection rate requiring surgical debridement was 0.8%, while the combined rate of all infections was 11.1%. Age, sex, injury location, multiple injuries, fracture presence, and type of surgery did not affect infection rate. Adherence to the antibiotic protocol was associated with a reduction in infection risk (odds ratio = 0.39, 95% confidence interval 0.19-0.83, P = 0.01). Receipt of additional antibiotics outside of our single-dose protocol did not predict further reduction in rate of infection (P = 0.64). Conclusions: A standardized protocol of single-dose IV antibiotic appears effective in minimizing infection after low-energy GSW to the extremities. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level II.

Management of rhabdomyolysis: A practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma.

BACKGROUND: The treatment of rhabdomyolysis remains controversial. Although there is no question that any associated compartment syndrome needs to be identified and released, debate persists regarding the benefit of further therapy including aggressive intravenous fluid resuscitation (IVFR), urine alkalization with bicarbonate, and the use of mannitol. The goal of this practice management guideline was to evaluate the effects of bicarbonate, mannitol, and aggressive intravenous fluids on patients with rhabdomyolysis. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing treatments in patients with rhabdomyolysis was performed. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology was applied to assess the quality of evidence and to create evidence-based recommendations regarding the use of bicarbonate, mannitol, and aggressive IVFR in patients with rhabdomyolysis. RESULTS: A total of 12 studies were identified for analysis. On quantitative analysis, IVFR decreased the incidence of acute renal failure (ARF) and need for dialysis in patients with rhabdomyolysis. Neither bicarbonate nor mannitol administration improved the incidence of acute renal failure and need for dialysis in patients with rhabdomyolysis. Quality of evidence was deemed to be very low, with the vast majority of the literature being retrospective studies. CONCLUSION: In patients with rhabdomyolysis, we conditionally recommend for aggressive IVFR to improve outcomes of ARF and lessen the need for dialysis. We conditionally recommend against treatment with bicarbonate or mannitol in patients with rhabdomyolysis.

"What Are My Injuries?" Health Literacy and Patient Comprehension of Trauma Care and Injuries.

BACKGROUND: Trauma patients often have complex injuries treated by multidisciplinary providers with wide-ranging expertise. We hypothesized that trauma patients would frequently incorrectly identify both their injuries and care teams. We also hypothesized that low health literacy level would be correlated with low levels of comprehension about injuries or care teams. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a prospective study of adult trauma inpatients >18 years. Participants were surveyed to report on 1) injured body regions 2) their care teams, and 3) health literacy via a validated survey. Self-reported injuries and care teams were compared to the patient's medical record. We also studied whether health literacy was associated with patient knowledge of injuries and care teams. RESULTS: Fifty participants were surveyed; thirty-two percent could not identify ≥50% of their injuries. Patients reliably identified injuries to the head, but injuries to other body areas were often misidentified. Forty-two percent of patients were not able to identify ≥50% of their medical teams, and 28% could not identify ≥75% of their medical teams. Patients often did not recognize teams such as nutrition, physical/occupationalt, or social work as part of their care. Thirteen participants reported adequate health literacy. Health literacy was not related to participant knowledge of injuries or care teams (both P = 0.9). CONCLUSION: Many trauma inpatients were unable to correctly identify their injuries and care teams despite a range of self-reported health literacy scores.

Prevention of Firearm Violence Through Specific Types of Community-based Programming: An Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma Evidence-based Review.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this review was to provide an evidence-based recommendation for community-based programs to mitigate gun violence, from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Firearm Injury leads to >40,000 annual deaths and >115,000 injuries annually in the United States. Communities have adopted culturally relevant strategies to mitigate gun related injury and death. Two such strategies are gun buyback programs and community-based violence prevention programs. METHODS: The Injury Control and Violence Prevention Committee of EAST developed Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes (PICO) questions and performed a comprehensive literature and gray web literature search. Using GRADE methodology, they reviewed and graded the literature and provided consensus recommendations informed by the literature. RESULTS: A total of 19 studies were included for analysis of gun buyback programs. Twenty-six studies were reviewed for analysis for community-based violence prevention programs. Gray literature was added to the discussion of PICO questions from selected websites. A conditional recommendation is made for the implementation of community-based gun buyback programs and a conditional recommendation for community-based violence prevention programs, with special emphasis on cultural appropriateness and community input. CONCLUSIONS: Gun violence may be mitigated by community-based efforts, such as gun buybacks or violence prevention programs. These programs come with caveats, notably community cultural relevance and proper support and funding from local leadership.Level of Evidence: Review, Decision, level III.

Variation in neurosurgical intervention for severe traumatic brain injury: The challenge of measuring quality in trauma center verification.

BACKGROUND: Intracranial pressure monitor (ICPm) procedure rates are a quality metric for American College of Surgeons trauma center verification. However, ICPm procedure rates may not accurately reflect the quality of care in TBI. We hypothesized that ICPm and craniotomy/craniectomy procedure rates for severe TBI vary across the United States by geography and institution. METHODS: We identified all patients with a severe traumatic brain injury (head Abbreviated Injury Scale, ≥3) from the 2016 Trauma Quality Improvement Program data set. Patients who received surgical decompression or ICPm were identified via International Classification of Diseases codes. Hospital factors included neurosurgeon group size, geographic region, teaching status, and trauma center level. Two multiple logistic regression models were performed identifying factors associated with (1) craniotomy with or without ICPm or (2) ICPm alone. Data are presented as medians (interquartile range) and odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence interval). RESULTS: We identified 75,690 patients (66.4% male; age, 59 [36-77] years) with a median Injury Severity Score of 17 (11-25). Overall, 6.1% had surgical decompression, and 4.8% had ICPm placement. Logistic regression analysis showed that region of the country was significantly associated with procedure type: hospitals in the West were more likely to use ICPm (OR, 1.34 [1.20-1.50]), while Northeastern (OR, 0.80 [0.72-0.89]), Southern (OR, 0.84 [0.78-0.92]), and Western (OR, 0.88 [0.80-0.96]) hospitals were less likely to perform surgical decompression. Hospitals with small neurosurgeon groups (<3) were more likely to perform surgical intervention. Community hospitals are associated with higher odds of surgical decompression but lower odds of ICPm placement. CONCLUSION: Both geographic differences and hospital characteristics are independent predictors for surgical intervention in severe traumatic brain injury. This suggests that nonpatient factors drive procedural decisions, indicating that ICPm rate is not an ideal quality metric for American College of Surgeons trauma center verification. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Epidemiological, level III; Care management/Therapeutic level III.

Management of simple and retained hemothorax: A practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic hemothorax poses diagnostic and therapeutic challenges both acutely and chronically. A working group of the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma convened to formulate a practice management guideline for traumatic hemothorax. METHODS: We formulated four questions: whether tube thoracostomy vs observation be performed, should pigtail catheter versus thoracostomy tube be placed to drain hemothorax, should thrombolytic therapy be attempted versus immediate thoracoscopic assisted drainage (VATS) in retained hemothorax (rHTX), and should early VATS (≤4 days) versus late VATS (>4 days) be performed? A systematic review was undertaken from articles identified in multiple databases. RESULTS: A total of 6391 articles were identified, 14 were selected for guideline construction. Most articles were retrospective with very low-quality evidence. We performed meta-analysis for some of the outcomes for three of the questions. CONCLUSIONS: For traumatic hemothorax we conditionally recommend pigtail catheters, in hemodynamically stable patients. In patients with rHTX, we conditionally recommend VATS rather than attempting thrombolytic therapy and recommend that it should be performed early (≤4 days).

Identifying Maltreatment in Infants and Young Children Presenting With Fractures: Does Age Matter?

OBJECTIVES: Child abuse is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in preverbal children who cannot explain their injuries. Fractures are among the most common injuries associated with abuse but of themselves fractures may not be recognized as abusive until a comprehensive child abuse evaluation is completed, often prompted by other signs or subjective features. We sought to determine which children presenting with rib or long-bone fractures should undergo a routine abuse evaluation based on age. METHODS: A systematic review searching Ovid, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and CINAHL from 1980 to 2020 was performed. An evidence-based framework was generated by a consensus panel and applied to the results of the systematic review to form recommendations. Fifteen articles were suitable for final analysis. RESULTS: Studies with comparable age ranges of subjects and sufficient evidence to meet the determination of abuse standard for pediatric patients with rib, humeral, and femoral fractures were identified. Seventy-seven percent of children presenting with rib fractures aged less than 3 years were abused; when those involved in motor vehicle collisions were excluded, 96% were abused. Abuse was identified in 48% of children less than 18 months with humeral fractures. Among those with femoral fractures, abuse was diagnosed in 34% and 25% of children aged less than 12 and 18 months, respectively. CONCLUSION: Among children who were not in an independently verified incident, the authors strongly recommend routine evaluation for child abuse, including specialty child abuse consultation, for: 1) children aged less than 3 years old presenting with rib fractures and 2) children aged less than 18 months presenting with humeral or femoral fractures (Level of Evidence: III Review).

Costs of Care for Low-Energy Extremity Gunshot Injuries are Reduced With Standardized Treatment.

OBJECTIVES: (1) To determine the overall treatment costs associated with isolated low-energy gunshot wounds (GSWs) to the extremity and (2) to estimate cost savings associated with a single-dose IV antibiotic strategy administered in the emergency room for patients with simple GSWs. DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: Level I trauma center. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Patients (N = 380) with extremity-only GSW injuries from 2010 to 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Treatment was recorded including type and duration of antibiotics, admission, and surgical intervention. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Costs were calculated including facility services in the operating room and hospital. RESULTS: There were 460 GSWs in 380 patients with a mean age of 30 years old. There were 309 admissions, 273 operations performed, and 1010 days of antibiotics prescribed. The total inpatient facility cost to treat all patients was $1,701,154. Among 179 patients who could be treated by the single-dose antibiotic care pathway for simple GSWs, 132 patients (73%) received additional treatment with 108 hospital admissions, 26 debridement surgeries, and 322 days of additional oral and/or IV antibiotics. The single-dose antibiotic care pathway would have saved an average of $1436 per patient with simple GSWs in actual facility expenses. CONCLUSIONS: The overall cost associated with isolated low-energy GSWs to the extremity is high. Limiting antibiotics to a single IV dose in the emergency room can reduce treatment expenses substantially for patients with simple GSWs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Economic Level IV. See instructions for authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Leadership Amongst Regional and National Surgical Organizations: The Tides Are Changing.

INTRODUCTION: Leadership amongst professional organizations is a key opportunity for scholarly activity which is essential for academic advancement. Our objective was to examine the differences between men and women in leadership within surgical organizations. METHODS: Credentials were obtained through an internet search. Variables included organization type, leadership role, gender, advanced degree, medical school graduation year, and publications. A bivariate analysis was performed between genders. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Five hundred forty-three leaders were identified in 43 surgical organizations. There was a significant difference in the number of male and female leaders (72.7% vs 27.3%, p=0.016). Women were most likely to hold the role of "Other", which consisted of lower-level leadership roles including committee chair positions and resident and medical student delegates (35.5%). Fewer women had publications (85.8% vs 92.9%, p=0.01), more women had advanced degrees (24.5% vs 17.0%, p=0.049), and women were involved earlier in their careers (5.9 years, 95% CI 4.1-7.7 years, p<0.001) than their male colleagues. CONCLUSION: Gender disparity in leadership of surgical organizations exists. Women are involved earlier in their careers and hold lower-level leadership positions reflecting potential for increased involvement in high-level leadership roles in the future. Data need to be trended to discern if women in surgical organizations rise within leadership roles as more women continue to enter surgical subspecialties.