Evidence-Based Recommendations for Education Provided to Patients and Families Regarding the Adverse Events of ALK and MEK Inhibitors: A Systematic Review From the Children's Oncology Group.

Background: Pediatric oncology patients receive multiple modalities of therapy to treat their malignancies. These modalities have the potential for acute toxicity and late effects. In the last decade, a new modality known as targeted biological therapy, has become an integral part of treatment for pediatric cancers. As targeted therapy use has increased, adverse events specific to these targeted agents have emerged, requiring a new effort focused on providing education to patients and families regarding how best to report, monitor, and manage these adverse events. Method: A clinical question was developed to guide the systematic literature review. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors were selected for review due to their frequency of use in pediatric oncology. The search was conducted to identify relevant articles published between January 1, 2000 and May 5, 2020. Articles were screened by two team members for inclusion/exclusion criteria using the web-based systematic review tool, Rayyan. Results: Twenty-seven articles met the eligibility criteria for inclusion and were evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria. Adverse events for ALK and MEK inhibitors included manifestations of the gastrointestinal, hematologic, dermatologic, musculoskeletal, neurological, cardiovascular, and ocular systems. Recommendations for patient/family education were made for ALK and MEK inhibitors based on the reported adverse events. Conclusions: Adverse events of ALK and MEK inhibitors differ from the more common adverse events experienced with conventional treatment modalities used in pediatric oncology. It is important for nurses to include information regarding potential adverse events in patient/family education for children receiving these targeted agents.

Chlorhexidine gluconate bathing in children with cancer or those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial from the Children's Oncology Group.

BACKGROUND: To the authors' knowledge, information regarding whether daily bathing with chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) reduces central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) in pediatric oncology patients and those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) is limited. METHODS: In the current multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, patients aged ≥2 months and <22 years with cancer or those undergoing allogeneic HCT were randomized 1:1 to once-daily bathing with 2% CHG-impregnated cloths or control cloths for 90 days. The primary outcome was CLABSI. Secondary endpoints included total positive blood cultures, acquisition of resistant organisms, and acquisition of cutaneous staphylococcal isolates with an elevated CHG mean inhibitory concentration. RESULTS: The study was stopped early because of poor accrual. Among the 177 enrolled patients, 174 were considered as evaluable (88 were randomized to the CHG group and 86 were randomized to the control group). The rate of CLABSI per 1000 central line days in the CHG group was 5.44 versus 3.10 in the control group (risk difference, 2.37; 95% confidence interval, 0.05-4.69 [P = .049]). Post hoc conditional power analysis demonstrated a 0.2% chance that the results would have favored CHG had the study fully enrolled. The rate of total positive blood cultures did not differ between groups (risk difference, 2.37; 95% confidence interval, -0.41 to 5.14 [P = .078]). The number of patients demonstrating the new acquisition of resistant organisms did not differ between groups (P = .54). Patients in the CHG group were found to be more likely to acquire cutaneous staphylococcal isolates with an elevated CHG mean inhibitory concentration (P = .032). CONCLUSIONS: The data from the current study do not support the use of routine CHG bathing in children with cancer or those undergoing allogeneic HCT.

The end of cancer treatment experience for children, adolescents, and their parents: A systematic review of the literature.

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION: To date, there is limited study of the end of treatment (EOT) transition experiences and needs of children/adolescents with cancer and their parents. LITERATURE SEARCH: A systematic search identified primary research focusing on EOT, describing child, adolescent, and parental perceptions, experiences, and needs during this transition period. Of 170 articles identified, 22 met inclusion criteria. DATA EVALUATION/SYNTHESIS: Studies were appraised for level and quality of evidence. Narrative synthesis was performed to extract themes and integrate the literature. Family members' perceived needs, factors influencing the EOT experience, and consequences of this transition emerged as themes. CONCLUSIONS: Uncertainty and heightened anxiety at EOT highlight the need for increased education and support for family members. Family functioning and distress influence the EOT experience, with variable effects on each family member. There is a call for individualized interventions to promote coping and positive outcomes.

Development and Content Validation of End of Treatment Questionnaires for Children With Cancer.

Purpose: To describe the development and content validation of measures to assess the psychoeducational needs of children, adolescents/young adults (AYAs), and their parents at the end of successful treatment for cancer. Method: Professional experts, which included pediatric oncology nurses and advanced practice registered nurses, conducted a systematic review of the literature to determine specific end of treatment (EOT) needs of children and AYAs with cancer and their parents and evaluate available tools to measure these needs. From this review, two EOT questionnaires were initially developed. Oncology Family Advisory Board (FAB) members served as experiential experts in refining and validating these questionnaires. FAB members participated in a content validation process, rating questionnaires online, and subsequently participating in a focus group to establish content validity (n = 6). Results: Three EOT questionnaires were ultimately developed. The Child/AYA questionnaire was divided into two separate measures for developmental and literacy considerations. The Parent/Caregiver and the AYA questionnaires each contain 38 items with a content validity index score of 100%. The Child questionnaire contains 37 items with a content validity index score of 100%. Conclusion: Content validity was established for three EOT questionnaires, each of which has the potential to elicit information regarding needs and potential gaps in services perceived by childhood cancer survivors and their parents. Further psychometric testing is needed to determine stability (test-retest reliability) and construct validity of the questionnaires.