Five Key Articles on Curriculum Development for Graduate Medical Educators.

Background Curriculum development is an essential domain for medical educators, yet specific training in this area is inconsistent. With competing demands for educators' time, a succinct resource for best practice is needed. Objective To create a curated list of the most essential articles on curriculum development to guide education scholars in graduate medical education. Methods We used a modified Delphi method, a systematic consensus strategy to increase content validity, to achieve consensus on the most essential curriculum development articles. We convened a panel of 8 experts from the United States in curricular development, with diverse career stages, institutions, gender, and specialty. We conducted a literature search across PubMed and Google Scholar with keywords, such as "curriculum development" and "curricular design," to identify relevant articles focusing on a general overview or approach to curriculum development. Articles were reviewed across 3 iterative Delphi rounds to narrow down those that should be included in a list of the most essential articles on curriculum development. Results Our literature search yielded 1708 articles, 90 of which were selected for full-text review, and 26 of which were identified as appropriate for the modified Delphi process. We had a 100% response rate for each Delphi round. The panelists narrowed the articles to a final list of 5 articles, with 4 focusing on the development of new curriculum and 1 on curriculum renewal. Conclusions We developed a curated list of 5 essential articles on curriculum development that is broadly applicable to graduate medical educators.

Faculty Entrustment and Resident Entrustability.

Importance: As the surgical education paradigm transitions to entrustable professional activities, a better understanding of the factors associated with resident entrustability are needed. Previous work has demonstrated intraoperative faculty entrustment to be associated with resident entrustability. However, larger studies are needed to understand if this association is present across various surgical training programs. Objective: To assess intraoperative faculty-resident behaviors and determine if faculty entrustment is associated with resident entrustability across 4 university-based surgical training programs. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study was conducted at 4 university-based surgical training programs from October 2018 to May 2022. OpTrust, a validated tool designed to assess both intraoperative faculty entrustment and resident entrustability behaviors independently, was used to assess faculty-resident interactions. A total of 94 faculty and 129 residents were observed. Purposeful sampling was used to create variation in type of operation performed, case difficulty, faculty-resident pairings, faculty experience, and resident training level. Main Outcomes and Measures: Observed resident entrustability scores (scale 1-4, with 4 indicating full entrustability) were compared with reported measures (faculty level, case difficulty, resident postgraduate year [PGY], resident gender, observation month) and observed faculty entrustment scores (scale 1-4, with 4 indicating full entrustment). Path analysis was used to explore direct and indirect effects of the predictors. Associations between resident entrustability and faculty entrustment scores were assessed by pairwise Pearson correlation coefficients. Results: A total of 338 cases were observed. Cases observed were evenly distributed by faculty experience (1-5 years' experience: 67 [20.9%]; 6-14 years' experience: 186 [58%]; ≥15 years' experience: 67 [20.9%]), resident PGY (PGY 1: 28 [8%]; PGY 2: 74 [22%]; PGY 3: 64 [19%]; PGY 4: 40 [12%]; PGY 5: 97 [29%]; ≥PGY 6: 36 [11%]), and resident gender (female: 183 [54%]; male: 154 [46%]). At the univariate level, PGY (mean [SD] resident entrustability score range, 1.44 [0.46] for PGY 1 to 3.24 [0.65] for PGY 6; F = 38.92; P < .001) and faculty entrustment (2.55 [0.86]; R2 = 0.94; P < .001) were significantly associated with resident entrustablity. Path analysis demonstrated that faculty entrustment was associated with resident entrustability and that the association of PGY with resident entrustability was mediated by faculty entrustment at all 4 institutions. Conclusions and Relevance: Faculty entrustment remained associated with resident entrustability across various surgical training programs. These findings suggest that efforts to develop faculty entrustment behaviors may enhance intraoperative teaching and resident progression by promoting resident entrustability.

Delay of fixation increases 30-day complications and mortality in traumatic pelvic ring injuries.

PURPOSE: While decreased time to fixation in femur fractures improves mortality, it remains unclear if the same relationship exists for pelvic fractures. The National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) is a data repository for trauma hospitals in the United States (injury characteristics, perioperative data, procedures, 30-day complications), and we used this to investigate early, significant complications after pelvic-ring injuries. METHODS: The NTDB (2015-2016) was queried to capture operative pelvic ring injuries in adult patients with injury severity score (ISS) ≥ 15. Complications included medical and surgical complications, as well as 30-day mortality. Multivariable logistic regression was used to investigate the association between days to procedure and complications after adjusting for demographic characteristics and comorbidities. RESULTS: 2325 patients met inclusion criteria. 532 (23.0%) sustained complications, and 72 (3.2%) died within the first 30 days. The most common complications were deep vein thrombosis (DVT) (5.7%), acute kidney injury (AKI) (4.6%), and unplanned intensive care unit (ICU) admission (4.4%). In a multivariate analysis, days to procedure was independently significantly associated with complications, with an adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.06 (1.03-1.09, P < 0.001), best interpreted as a 6% increase in the odds of complication or death for each additional day. CONCLUSION: Time to pelvic fixation is a significant and modifiable risk factor for major complications and death. This suggests we should prioritize time to pelvic fixation on trauma patients to minimize mortality and major complications.

Integrating Surgical Palliative Care Into the Full Spectrum of Medical Education.

We describe our institutional approach to incorporating surgical palliative care education into the Undergraduate Medical Education, Graduate Medical Education and Continuing Medical Education spaces as a model to help guide similarly interested educators. We had a well-established Ethics and Professionalism Curriculum, but an educational needs assessment revealed that both the residents and faculty felt that additional training in palliative care principles was crucial. We describe our full spectrum palliative care curriculum, which begins with the medical students on their surgical clerkship and continues with a 4 week surgical palliative care rotation for categorical general surgery PGY-1 residents, as well as a Mastering Tough Conversations course over several months at the end of the first year. Surgical Critical Care rotations, Intensive Care Unit debriefs after major complications, deaths, and other high-stress events are described, as is the CME domain, which includes routine Department of Surgery Death Rounds and a focus on palliative care concepts in Departmental Morbidity and Mortality conference. The Peer Support program and Surgical Palliative Care Journal Club round out our current educational endeavor. We describe our plans to create a full spectrum surgical palliative care curriculum that is fully integrated with the 5 clinical years of surgical residency, and include our proposed educational goals and year-specific objectives. The development of a Surgical Palliative Care Service is also described.

Sedation and analgesia needs in methamphetamine intoxicated patients: much ado about nothing.

BACKGROUND: Methamphetamine (M) is a widely used, powerful sympathomimetic drug that produces significant CNS stimulation. Its use is associated with psychiatric disorders, abnormal brain chemistry, and cardiovascular disease. Pre-hospital M use is associated with increased intubation, intensive care unit admission, and hospital length of stay. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of acute M use on analgesia and sedation requirements in mechanically ventilated trauma patients. METHODS: This single center retrospective cohort study included injured adult patients (≥16 years) admitted to the trauma intensive care unit (TICU) between 2016 and 2018 who were mechanically ventilated and had a urine drug screen (UDS) completed. The primary outcome was the median sedation and total analgesia administered during the first 48 hours of TICU admission, expressed as propofol, dexmedetomidine, lorazepam, and morphine equivalents. Secondary endpoints included the median Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) score, median Critical Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) score, ventilator days, length of stay, in-hospital mortality, and discharge disposition. RESULTS: A total of 245 patients were included in the final analysis (53 M+ and 192 M-). The patients were mostly men (78%) and sustained blunt trauma (89%) with a median age of 35 (IQR 26-52) years and median ISS of 11 (IQR 4-24). A M+ UDS was associated with increased morphine requirements, defined as greater than the cohort median of 1.91 mg/kg, during the first 12 hours of admission on the univariable analysis (OR 2.03; 95% CI, 1.07-3.82). There was no difference in median propofol (M+ 30 mcg/kg/min vs. M- 30 mcg/kg/min, p=0.58) or total morphine equivalents (M+ 5.42 mg/kg s. M- 3.89 mg/kg, p=0.30) over 48 hours between M+ and M- groups to achieve similar RASS and CPOT scores. CONCLUSION: To achieve the same level of pain control and depth of sedation, intubated TICU patients with a M+ UDS do not require more analgesia and sedation than patients with a M- UDS during the first 48 hours of admission.

Critical decisions in the trauma intensive care unit: Are we practicing primary palliative care?

BACKGROUND: Devastating injuries require both urgent assessment by a trauma service and early attention to patients' goals of care (GOC). American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program (TQIP) guidelines recommend an initial palliative assessment within 24 hours of admission and family meeting, if needed, within 72 hours. We hypothesize that a primary palliative care-based practice improves adherence to TQIP guidelines in trauma patients. METHODS: All adult trauma patients who died while inpatient from January 2014 to December 2018 were reviewed. Timing of GOC discussions, transition to comfort measures only (CMO), and the utilization of specialty palliative services were analyzed with univariate analysis. RESULTS: During the study period, 415 inpatients died. Median Injury Severity Score was 26 (interquartile range [IQR], 17-34), median age was 67 years (IQR, 51-81 years), and 72% (n = 299) transitioned to CMO before death. Documented GOC discussions increased from 77% of patients in 2014 to 95% of patients in 2018 (p < 0.001), and in 2018, the median time to the first GOC discussion was 15 hours (IQR, 7- 24 hours). Specialty palliative care was consulted in 7% of all patients. Of patients who had at least one GOC discussion, 98% were led by the trauma intensive care unit (TICU) team. Median time from admission to first GOC discussion was 27 hours (IQR, 6-91 hours). Median number of GOC discussions was 1 (IQR, 1-2). Median time to CMO after the final GOC discussion was 0 hours (IQR, 0-3). Median time to death after transition to CMO was 4 hours (IQR, 1-18 hours). CONCLUSION: Of those who died during index admission, we demonstrated significant improvement in adherence to American College of Surgeons TQIP palliative guidelines across the 5-year study period, with the TICU team guiding the majority of GOC discussions. Our TICU team has developed an effective primary palliative care approach, selectively consulting specialty palliative care only when needed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic/care management, level III.

Effective Palliative Care in the Trauma Setting.

A 55-year-old man undergoes emergent exploratory laparotomy and splenectomy following a motorcycle collision. Following surgery, he is found to have a traumatic brain injury requiring decompressive craniectomy and intracranial pressure monitoring. The patient then continues to have complications throughout his hospital course. Using the American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program guidelines, the surgical team has early and ongoing primary palliative care discussions to foster communication and determine goals of care for the patient. As the patient deteriorates, the surgical team continues meeting with the patient's surrogate decision makers to discuss the best case and worst case scenarios regarding the patient's prognosis and expected quality of life.

Evaluating the educational effectiveness of an 8-week patient management course for surgical interns: A nine-year analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Our general surgery program mandates an 8-week "intern school" (IS) for matriculating surgery interns. The course consists of a pre-test, didactics, and a post-test. We hypothesized IS exam performance would correlate with American Board of Surgery In Training Examination (ABSITE) scores.∖ METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of IS pre- and post-tests and ABSITE scores for all OHSU surgery interns from 2010 to 2018. McNemar's, chi-square, and Pearson tests were calculated. RESULTS: The pre and post-test pass rate for 293 interns was 26% vs. 86% (p < 0.001). Categorical interns were more likely to pass the pre-test (33% vs 11% p = 0.004), and the post-test (96% vs 83% p = 0.007) than non-designated interns and more likely to pass the post-test than designated preliminary intern (96% vs 80%, p = 0.0014). There was no correlation between IS exams and ABSITE performance. DISCUSSION: IS improves exam performance, but IS test scores do not correlate with ABSITE scores, and the program is not a means to identify interns at risk of poor ABSITE performance.

Confidentiality concerns for surgical residents as educational research subjects: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Research within the field of surgical education has been expanding rapidly in order to guide future curricula. However, education studies often have minimal IRB oversight and evolving concerns exist regarding issues of informed consent of trainees. METHODS: We conducted an electronic, single center, anonymous survey of general surgery residents. The survey study was IRB approved and subjects were provided with information and opt-out sheets. RESULTS: The response rate was 43.5% (37/85). Approximately 76% of residents felt that education research was important and that they should participate. If a faculty member conducted the study, 18% of residents would feel coerced to participate and 21% would feel uncomfortable refusing to participate. The majority (81%) felt uncomfortable with peers viewing their identifiable records and a sizeable minority (24%) were uncomfortable with peers viewing de-identified records. CONCLUSION: Surgical residents believe that educational research is important, but researchers should be cognizant of unintended consequences on resident autonomy and confidentiality.

Goals of Care: Understanding the Outcomes that Matter Most.

Advanced care planning is a critically important part of the care of seriously and critically ill patients. A responsibility of all physicians as part of primary palliative care, advanced care planning discussions are more than discussions about code status and should begin early and proceed in parallel with recovery-focused care. Strategies and best practices for advanced care planning in the elective setting and when time is short are reviewed, as are the myriad legal documents that can be used to provide a physical representation of the advanced care planning discussions.

When rural is no longer rural: Demand for subspecialty trained surgeons increases with increasing population of a non-metropolitan area.

BACKGROUND: Surgery in larger, non-metropolitan, communities may be distinct from rural practice. Understanding these differences may help guide training. We hypothesize that increasing community size is associated with a desire for subspecialty surgeons. METHODS: We designed a mixed methods study with the ACS Rural Advisory Council. Rural (<50,000 people), small non-metropolitan (50,000-100,000), and large non-metropolitan (>100,000) communities were compared. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed. RESULTS: We received 237 responses, and desire to hire subspecialty-trained surgeons was associated with practice in a large non-metropolitan community, OR 4.5, (1.2-16.5). Qualitative themes demonstrated that rural surgeons limit practices to align with available hospital resources while large non-metropolitan surgeons specialize according to interest and market pressures. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery in rural versus large non-metropolitan communities may be more distinct than previously understood. Rural practice requires broad preparation while large non-metropolitan practice favors subspecialty training.

Factors influencing amount of guidance in the operating room during laparoscopic cases.

BACKGROUND: Identifying factors associated with resident autonomy may help improve training efficiency. This study evaluates resident and procedural factors associated with level of guidance needed in the operating room. METHODS: Intraoperative performance and yearly performance on Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) tasks from 74 general surgery residents were retrospectively reviewed. The effect of post-graduate year (PGY), procedure complexity, case difficulty, intraoperative performance, and FLS task performance were analyzed using a mixed-effects model. RESULTS: PGY level, procedure complexity, case difficulty, operative technique, and operative knowledge were significantly associated with level of intraoperative guidance. In PGY2-4 residents, ratings of medical knowledge and communication were also significantly associated with guidance. There was no significant association between FLS performance and level of guidance for any PGY level. CONCLUSIONS: The amount of intraoperative guidance is influenced by many factors, including resident performance and case characteristics. FLS tasks performance was not significantly associated with intraoperative guidance.

Surgical palliative care training in general surgery residency: An educational needs assessment.

INTRODUCTION: There is increasing recognition that Surgical Palliative Care is an essential component of the holistic care of surgical patients and involves more than end-of-life care in the intensive care unit. General surgery residents are clinically exposed to patients with palliative care needs during each year of training, but few have a dedicated surgical palliative care curriculum. We undertook this educational needs assessment as the first step towards a longitudinal curriculum. METHODS: We conducted an anonymous survey of 94 general surgery residents and 115 faculty at community and university hospitals to assess their experience and comfort with surgical palliative care delivery. Residents and faculty were asked multiple choice and open-ended questions. RESULTS: There was a 55% response rate from residents and 33% response rate from faculty. The majority (77%) of respondents were junior residents (PGY1-3) and university-based faculty (66%). Approximately half of residents felt comfortable leading conversations in goals of care (58%), comfort-focused care (52%) and delivering bad news (57%), while greater than 90% of faculty agreed that chief residents needed additional training. All residents agreed they needed additional training and 85% wanted a formal curriculum. Analysis of open-ended questions suggests a deficiency in the pre-operative setting as no residents had participated in these conversations in an outpatient setting. CONCLUSION: Residents and faculty believe trainees would benefit from further education in surgical palliative care with a dedicated curriculum. The outpatient, pre-operative counseling of patients was identified as a key learning need. These data support our ongoing work to develop a surgically pertinent palliative care curriculum.

Rural surgeons' perspectives on necessity of post-residency training are stable across generations.

BACKGROUND: Training future rural surgeons is critical, but training needs are unclear. We hypothesize perspectives on necessity of subspecialty training differ among rural surgeons by generational cohort. METHODS: An online survey was sent to ACS Rural Surgery Listserv subscribers. Closed-ended elements were analyzed using bivariate testing and logistic regression. Purposively-sampled respondents participated in qualitative interviews analyzed using principles of grounded theory. RESULTS: Generation was irrelevant to respondents' hiring preferences, but older surgeons were more likely to state subspecialty training was ideal for any future rural surgeon. Controlling for practice context, younger rural surgeons were less likely to favor hiring a subspecialty-trained surgeon (p = 0.019). Themes emerged from qualitative analysis emphasizing broad training and the importance of practice context. CONCLUSION: Across generations, rural surgeons' perceptions about the training needed for rural surgery are largely stable. Considering practice context will allow educators to better prepare future rural surgeons for rural practices.

Training for a Career in Rural and Nonmetropolitan Surgery-A Practical Needs Assessment.

OBJECTIVE: The current shortage of surgeons in rural and smaller communities is predicted to get worse. In this study, we solicited practicing rural surgeons' opinions about the skill set needed in a rural practice in order to inform curriculum development for general surgery residents who intend to embark on rural careers. DESIGN: We developed an online survey consisting of demographic questions and closed- and open-ended questions regarding current practice environment and scope of practice. Priorities for training were identified using descriptive analyses of both the quantitative and qualitative data, including frequency of responses regarding specific skills training. PARTICIPANTS: We surveyed currently practicing surgeons who subscribe to the American College of Surgeons Rural Surgery listserv. RESULTS: 237 surgeons from 49 states and 1 Canadian territory responded; 60% of participants had been in practice for 20 or more years, and 70% did not pursue subspecialty training. Valuable skills identified for rural surgeons were: endoscopy, advanced laparoscopy, and basic non-general surgery subspecialty procedures. Regardless of years of practice or setting, respondents felt that rural experience during residency was highly valuable (82%) and overwhelmingly supported training future rural surgeons at residency programs with broad general surgery experiences and high case volumes with no or few fellows. CONCLUSIONS: Practicing rural surgeons identify endoscopy, basic non-general surgery subspecialty procedures, and advanced laparoscopy as key components of their current practice. These skills may not be strongly emphasized in traditional general surgery training programs. Surgical educators should focus on developing curricula that emphasize these areas in order to prepare residents for careers in rural surgery.

Duration of Respiratory Failure After Trauma Is Not Associated With Increased Long-Term Mortality.

OBJECTIVES: Although 1-year survival in medically critically ill patients with prolonged mechanical ventilation is less than 50%, the relationship between respiratory failure after trauma and 1-year mortality is unknown. We hypothesize that respiratory failure duration in trauma patients is associated with decreased 1-year survival. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort of trauma patients. SETTING: Single center, level 1 trauma center. PATIENTS: Trauma patients admitted from 2011 to 2014; respiratory failure is defined as mechanical ventilation greater than or equal to 48 hours, excluded head Abbreviated Injury Score greater than or equal to 4. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Mortality was calculated from the Washington state death registry. Cohort was divided into short (≤ 14 d) and long (> 14 d) ventilation groups. We compared survival with a Cox proportional hazard model and generated a receiver operator characteristic to describe the respiratory failure and mortality relationship. Data are presented as medians with interquartile ranges and hazard ratios with 95% CIs. We identified 1,503 patients with respiratory failure; median age was 51 years (33-65 yr) and Injury Severity Score was 19 (11-29). Median respiratory failure duration was 3 days (2-6 d) with 10% of patients in the long respiratory failure group. Cohort mortality at 1 year was 16%, and there was no difference in mortality between short and long duration of respiratory failure. Predictions for 1-year mortality based on respiratory failure duration demonstrated an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.57. We determined that respiratory failure patients greater than or equal to 75 years had an increased hazard of death at 1 year, hazard ratio, 6.7 (4.9-9.1), but that within age cohorts, respiratory failure duration did not influence 1-year mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Duration of mechanical ventilation in the critically injured is not associated with 1-year mortality. Duration of ventilation following injury should not be used to predict long-term survival.

An AAST-MITC analysis of pancreatic trauma: Staple or sew? Resect or drain?

INTRODUCTION: Pancreatic trauma results in high morbidity and mortality, in part caused by the delay in diagnosis and subsequent organ dysfunction. Optimal operative management strategies remain unclear. We therefore sought to determine CT accuracy in diagnosing pancreatic injury and the morbidity and mortality associated with varying operative strategies. METHODS: We created a multicenter, pancreatic trauma registry from 18 Level 1 and 2 trauma centers. Adult, blunt or penetrating injured patients from 2005 to 2012 were analyzed. Sensitivity and specificity of CT scan identification of main pancreatic duct injury was calculated against operative findings. Independent predictors for mortality, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and pancreatic fistula and/or pseudocyst were identified through multivariate regression analysis. The association between outcomes and operative management was measured. RESULTS: We identified 704 pancreatic injury patients of whom 584 (83%) underwent a pancreas-related procedure. CT grade modestly correlated with OR grade (r 0.39) missing 10 ductal injuries (9 grade III, 1 grade IV) providing 78.7% sensitivity and 61.6% specificity. Independent predictors of mortality were age, Injury Severity Score (ISS), lactate, and number of packed red blood cells transfused. Independent predictors of ARDS were ISS, Glasgow Coma Scale score, and pancreatic fistula (OR 5.2, 2.6-10.1). Among grade III injuries (n = 158, 22.4%), the risk of pancreatic fistula/pseudocyst was reduced when the end of the pancreas was stapled (OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.05-0.9) compared with sewn and was not affected by duct stitch placement. Drainage alone in grades IV (n = 25) and V (n = 24) injuries carried increased risk of pancreatic fistula/pseudocyst (OR 8.3, 95% CI 2.2-32.9). CONCLUSION: CT is insufficiently sensitive to reliably identify pancreatic duct injury. Patients with grade III injuries should have their resection site stapled instead of sewn and a duct stitch is unnecessary. Further study is needed to determine if drainage alone should be employed in grades IV and V injuries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Epidemiologic/Diagnostic study, level III.

Fellowship training in extracorporeal life support: Characterization and educational needs assessment.

PURPOSE: Adult Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS) use is rapidly increasing. The structure of fellowship ECLS education is unknown. We sought to define current ECLS education and identify curricular needs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An anonymous survey with Likert, binary and free response questions was sent to Critical Care Program Directors (CCPDs). RESULTS: A total of 103 CCPDs responded, a response rate of 31. ECLS training was provided by 64% (66/103) of fellowships. Importantly, 50% (52/103) of CCPDs agreed or strongly agreed that fellows should be competent in ECLS and 70% (72/103) agreed or strongly agreed that ECLS will be an important part of critical care in the next 10years. Only 28% (29/103) and 37% (38/103) of CCPDs agreed or strongly agreed their fellows could independently manage veno-arterial or veno-venous ECLS, respectively. Formal ECLS education was 5h or less in 85% (88/103) of programs. Desired curricular improvements were: simulation 50% (51/103), patient volume 47% (48/103), and didactics 44% (45/103). CONCLUSIONS: CCPDs identified ECLS as a critical care skill, but believe that a minority of fellows are prepared for independent practice. Simulation, formal didactics and clinical volume are key needs. These data will guide the development of ECLS curriculum.

A cohort study of blunt cerebrovascular injury screening in children: Are they just little adults?

BACKGROUND: Blunt cerebrovascular injuries (BCVIs) are rare with nonspecific predictors, making optimal screening critical. Radiation concerns magnify these issues in children. The Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST) criteria, the Utah score (US), and the Denver criteria (DC) have been advocated for pediatric BCVI screening, although direct comparison is lacking. We hypothesized that current screening guidelines inaccurately identify pediatric BCVI. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of pediatric trauma patients treated from 2005 to 2015 with radiographically confirmed BCVI. Our primary outcome was a false-negative screen, defined as a patient with a BCVI who would not have triggered screening. RESULTS: We identified 7,440 pediatric trauma admissions, and 96 patients (1.3%) had 128 BCVIs. Median age was 16 years (13, 17 years). A cervical-spine fracture was present in 41%. There were 83 internal carotid injuries, of which 73% were Grade I or II, as well as 45 vertebral injuries, of which 76% were Grade I or II, p = 0.8. More than one vessel was injured in 28% of patients. A cerebrovascular accident (CVA) occurred in 17 patients (18%); eight patients were identified on admission, and nine patients were identified thereafter. The CVA incidence was similar in those with and without aspirin use. The EAST screening missed injuries in 17% of patients, US missed 36%, and DC missed 2%. Significantly fewer injuries would be missed using DC than either EAST or US, p < 0.01. CONCLUSIONS: Blunt cerebrovascular injury does occur in pediatric patients, and a significant proportion of patients develop a CVA. The DC appear to have the lowest false-negative rate, supporting liberal screening of children for BCVI. Optimal pharmacotherapy for pediatric BCVI remains unclear despite a relative high incidence of CVA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Diagnostic study, level III.

Teaching communication and supporting autonomy with a team-based operative simulator.

BACKGROUND: Changing residency structure emphasizes the need for formal instruction on team leadership and intraoperative teaching skills. A high fidelity, multi-learner surgical simulation may offer opportunities for senior learners (SLs) to learn these skills while teaching technical skills to junior learners (JLs). METHODS: We designed and optimized a low-cost inguinal hernia model that paired JLs and SLs as an operative team. This was tested in 3 pilot simulations. Participants' feedback was analyzed using qualitative methods. RESULTS: JL feedback to SLs included the themes "guiding and instructing" and "allowing autonomy." Senior Learner feedback to JLs focused on "mechanics," "knowledge," and "perspective/flow." Both groups focused on "communication" and "professionalism." CONCLUSIONS: A multi-learner simulation can successfully meet the technical learning needs of JLs and the teaching and communication learning needs of SLs. This model of resident-driven simulation may illustrate future opportunities for operative simulation.