Dementia Care Management in an Underserved Community: The Comparative Effectiveness of Two Different Approaches.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effectiveness and costs of telephone-only approach to in-person plus telephone for delivering an evidence-based, coordinated care management program for dementia. METHODS: We randomized 151 patient-caregiver dyads from an underserved predominantly Latino community to two arms that shared a care management protocol but implemented in different formats: in-person visits at home and/or in the community plus telephone and mail, versus telephone and mail only. We compared between-arm caregiver burden and care-recipient problem behaviors (primary outcomes) and patient-caregiver dyad retention, care quality, health care utilization, and costs (secondary outcomes) at 6- and 12-months follow-up. RESULTS: Care quality improved substantially over time in both arms. Caregiver burden, care-recipient problem behaviors, retention, and health care utilization did not differ across arms but the in-person program cost more to deliver. DISCUSSION: Dementia care quality improved regardless of how care management was delivered; large differences in effectiveness or cost offsets were not detected.

Cost-effectiveness of a hospitalist service in a public teaching hospital.

PURPOSE: The authors report implementing an academic hospitalist team as a cost-effective solution to the problem of an inpatient census that exceeds their public hospital's teaching service limits. Medi-Cal (California's Medicaid program) per diem reimbursement was the primary source of revenue, which rendered moot some traditional advantages of hospitalist services. METHOD: The authors assessed cost-effectiveness by comparing average inpatient census, payment denial rate, and Medi-Cal reimbursement for internal medicine in 2008 and in 2007. They also focused on Medi-Cal patients admitted with low-risk chest pain in 2008, comparing the length-of-stay and denied-day rate data with data from 2005. RESULTS: Overall Medi-Cal reimbursement was $2,310,000 higher in 2008 than in 2007. Overall payment denial rate fell from 29% to 27.4%, while yearly admissions increased from 8,069 to 8,643, and the average daily census increased from 97.7 to 107.1 patients. For low-risk chest pain admissions, length of stay decreased from 2.48 to 1.92 days, denial rate decreased from 43.8% to 31.8%, and average reimbursement per inpatient day increased from $787 to $955. Total salary outlay for the first year of the service was approximately $310,000. CONCLUSIONS: By reducing payment denials and increasing the inpatient census, hospitalists were able to more than offset their compensation with a substantial increase in revenue under per diem reimbursement, which adds a new dimension to prior reports of cost-effectiveness of hospitalist services in diagnosis-based, capitated, or fee-for-service reimbursement systems. Hospitalists are a cost-effective solution to the problem of increasing inpatient workloads at public teaching hospitals.

Rhabdomyolysis in an HIV-infected patient on anti-retroviral therapy precipitated by high-dose pravastatin.

Protease inhibitors (PIs) inhibit the cytochrome P450 CYP3A4. Because the metabolism of pravastatin is independent of the cytochrome P450 CYP3A4, this drug has become the preferred statin for treatment of dyslipidemia associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, with no cases of serious toxicity such as rhabdomyolysis reported to date. We report an HIV-infected patient receiving antiretroviral regimen consisting of atazanavir, ritonavir, emtricitabine and tenofovir who developed severe rhabdomyolysis approximately 4 months after increasing his pravastatin dose from 40 to 80 mg daily. His symptoms resolved within 10 days after the discontinuation of pravastatin and antiretroviral therapy. To our knowledge, this is the first case of rhabdomyolysis possibly caused by pravastatin in an HIV-infected patient.

Attaining resident duty hours compliance: the acute care nurse practitioners program at Olive View-UCLA Medical Center.

The institution of resident duty hours limits by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) has made it difficult for some programs to cover inpatient teaching services. The medical literature is replete with editorials criticizing the hour limits and the resulting problems but is nearly silent on the topic of constructive solutions to compliance. In this article, the authors describe a new program, initiated in 2003 at the Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, of using acute care nurse practitioners to allow for compliance with the "24 + 6" continuous duty hours limit, as well as the 80-hour workweek limit. Each post-call team is assigned a nurse practitioner for the day, allowing residents to sign out by 2 pm while ensuring quality care for patients. Nurse practitioners participate in evaluation of residents and, in turn, are evaluated by them. Using this system, the authors report 99% compliance with ACGME work-hour restrictions, with average work hours for inpatient ward residents decreasing from 84 to 76 hours per week. Physician satisfaction with the new system is high; anonymous evaluation by residents and faculty returned average scores of 8.8 out of 9 possible points. The authors report that using nurse practitioners on post-call days provides excellent, continuous patient care without impinging on scheduling and without sacrificing responsibility, continuity, or education for the residents. This system has several potential advantages over previously described work-hour solutions. Addition of a nurse practitioner to the post-call team is an effective solution to the problem of compliance with resident duty hours limitations.

What to wear today? Effect of doctor's attire on the trust and confidence of patients.

PURPOSE: There are very few studies about the impact of physicians' attire on patients' confidence and trust. The objective of this study was to determine whether the way a doctor dresses is an important factor in the degree of trust and confidence among respondents. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study using survey methodology was conducted of patients and visitors in the waiting room of an internal medicine outpatient clinic. Respondents completed a written survey after reviewing pictures of physicians in four different dress styles. Respondents were asked questions related to their preference for physician dress as well as their trust and willingness to discuss sensitive issues. RESULTS: Four hundred respondents with a mean age of 52.4 years were enrolled; 54% were men, 58% were white, 38% were African-American, and 43% had greater than a high school diploma. On all questions regarding physician dress style preferences, respondents significantly favored the professional attire with white coat (76.3%, P <.0001), followed by surgical scrubs (10.2%), business dress (8.8%), and casual dress (4.7%). Their trust and confidence was significantly associated with their preference for professional dress (P <.0001). Respondents also reported that they were significantly more willing to share their social, sexual, and psychological problems with the physician who is professionally dressed (P <.0001). The importance of physician's appearance was ranked similarly between male and female respondents (P=.54); however, female physicians' dress appeared to be significantly more important to respondents than male physicians' dress (P <.001). CONCLUSION: Respondents overwhelmingly favor physicians in professional attire with a white coat. Wearing professional dress (ie, a white coat with more formal attire) while providing patient care by physicians may favorably influence trust and confidence-building in the medical encounter.

Thyroid disorders in elderly patients.

Thyroid disorders are common in the elderly and are associated with significant morbidity if left untreated. Typical symptoms may be absent and may be erroneously attributed to normal aging or coexisting disease. Physical examination of the thyroid gland may not be helpful, as the gland is often shrunken and difficult to palpate. Usually only myxedema coma requires levothyroxine parenterally; all other forms of hypothyroidism can be treated with oral levothyroxine. Low-dose levothyroxine should be initiated and increased gradually over several months. In unstable elderly patients with hyperthyroidism, antithyroid medication can quickly produce a euthyroid state. Radioactive iodine therapy is more definitive and is well tolerated, effective, and preferred. Surgical thyroid ablation may be necessary in patients who fail to respond to radioactive iodine therapy and in patients with multinodular goiter. If there is a suspicion of malignant disease, early biopsy or fine needle aspiration for cytology should be considered.