Antiplatelet Therapy in Carotid Artery Stenting and Carotid Endarterectomy in the Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial-2.

OBJECTIVE: Strokes are infrequent but potentially serious complications following carotid intervention, but antiplatelet therapy can reduce these risks. There are currently no specific guidelines on dose or duration of peri-procedural antiplatelet treatment for patients undergoing carotid intervention. Within the ongoing Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial-2 (ACST-2), this study aimed at assessing the current use of antiplatelet therapy before, during, and after CEA and CAS in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis. METHODS: Questionnaires were sent to ACST-2 collaborators seeking information about the use of antiplatelet therapy during the pre-, peri-, and post-operative periods in patients undergoing carotid intervention at 77 participating sites and also whether sites tested for antiplatelet therapy resistance. RESULTS: The response rate was 68/77 (88%). For CAS, 82% of sites used dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) pre-operatively and 86% post-operatively with a mean post-procedural duration of 3 months (range 1-12), while 9% continued DAPT life-long. For CEA only 31% used DAPT pre-operatively, 24% post-operatively with a mean post-procedural duration of 3 months (range 1-5), while 10% continued DAPT life-long. For those prescribing post-procedural mono antiplatelet (MAPT) therapy (76%), aspirin was more commonly prescribed (59%) than clopidogrel (6%) and 11% of centres did not show a preference for either aspirin or clopidogrel. Eleven centres (16%) tested for antiplatelet therapy resistance. CONCLUSION: There appears to be broad agreement on the use of antiplatelet therapy in ACST-2 patients undergoing carotid artery stenting and surgery. Although evidence to help guide the duration of peri-procedural antiplatelet therapy is limited, long-term treatment with DAPT appears similar between both treatment arms.

Transealing: a novel and simple technique for embolization of type 2 endoleaks through direct sac access from the distal stent-graft landing zone.

OBJECTIVE: Type 2 endoleak (T2EL) is the Achilles' heel of endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Experience with transealing, an alternative technique for the treatment of T2ELs, is described. METHODS: The outcome of a group of patients treated with transealing has been reviewed. Femoral access was obtained with a 9-Fr sheath. A super-stiff guide wire and a stiff hydrophilic wire were placed inside the stent-graft and a Piton GC catheter inserted. The stiff hydrophilic wire was retrieved to allow the catheter to regain its curvature and the catheter tip was placed against the iliac wall, at the edge of the stent-graft. The hydrophilic wire was then forced between the stent-graft and arterial wall into the sac. A 5/6-Fr introducer was inserted inside the sac and angiography was performed to evaluate the leak. Coils, cyanoacrylate, or fibrin glue were deployed. After removal of the catheters, the iliac limb was ballooned. RESULTS: Seventeen patients were treated between February 2009 and April 2013. It was possible to access the aneurysm in 16/17 attempts. One patient treated with acrylic glue suffered from colon ischemia. One intraoperative secondary type 1b endoleak was treated with an iliac extension. Mean follow-up was 21.5 months. Three months of follow-up were completed in 14 patients with a 53% freedom from endoleak rate. At 1 year, the rate was 45%. During the study period, there was one surgical conversion, one aneurysm growth, and one re-embolization procedure. The remaining leaks remained stable. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that transealing is feasible and represents a valid alternative in selected patients. The advantages of this technique are mainly its low invasiveness, reduced costs, and ease of use.

INCRAFT® Stent-Graft System: one-year outcome of the INNOVATION Trial.

AIM: Endovascular repair has surpassed open surgical treatment as the most common procedure in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA), yet its applicability remains limited to those with aortoiliac anatomy suitable for the introduction and deployment of the devices. The current study was performed to assess the safety and efficacy of INCRAFT® (Cordis Corporation, Bridgewater, NJ), an ultra-low-profile device for the treatment of AAA. METHODS: The INNOVATION study is a first in human prospective, multicenter trial involving 6 centers in Europe. From March 2010 to June 2011 60 patients with asymptomatic AAA were treated with the INCRAFT® bifurcated Stent-Graft System. The main inclusion criteria were a proximal aortic neck of 15 mm or more in length and up to 27 mm in diameter; iliac landing zones greater than 10 mm in length and between 9 and 18 mm in diameter; an access vessel large enough to accept the 14F outer diameter of the delivery system; and an aortic bifurcation >18 mm in diameter. The primary endpoint was technical success at one-month; one-year safety endpoints included the absence of device- or procedure-related major adverse events; absence of type I or III endoleaks; and maintenance of device integrity through one year of follow-up. RESULTS: Among 60 patients treated at six centers, the primary endpoint was met in 56 of 58 patients (97%; 95% CI, 88-100%) who came back for one month follow-up, two patients did not come back for their one month follow-up assessments but remained enrolled in the study. Fifty-six had one-year follow-up data showing 100% freedom from aneurysm enlargement with absence of type I and III endoleaks in all patients. There were two patients (3.6%) with a type Ia endoleak which was successfully treated with secondary endovascular intervention in both occasions. Core laboratory evaluation of the postoperative imaging studies documented absence of endograft migration, stent fracture, or limb occlusion. A single patient (1.8%) died within one year due to sepsis unrelated to the AAA. CONCLUSION: The results of the INNOVATION study with the INCRAFT® Stent-Graft are encouraging, with satisfactory clinical outcome and device durability through one-year of follow-up. The INCRAFT® device is a novel ultra-low-profile endograft that holds promise to broaden the patient population eligible for endovascular aneurysm repair.

BRAVISSIMO: 12-month results from a large scale prospective trial.

The BRAVISSIMO study is a prospective, non-randomized, multi-center, multi-national, monitored trial, conducted at 12 hospitals in Belgium and 11 hospitals in Italy. This manuscript reports the findings up to the 12-month follow-up time point for both the TASC A&B cohort and the TASC C&D cohort. The primary endpoint of the study is primary patency at 12 months, defined as a target lesion without a hemodynamically significant stenosis on Duplex ultrasound (>50%, systolic velocity ratio no greater than 2.0) and without target lesion revascularization (TLR) within 12 months. Between July 2009 and September 2010, 190 patients with TASC A or TASC B aortoiliac lesions and 135 patients with TASC C or TASC D aortoiliac lesions were included. The demographic data were comparable for the TASC A/B cohort and the TASC C/D cohort. The number of claudicants was significantly higher in the TASC A/B cohort, The TASC C/D cohort contains more CLI patients. The primary patency rate for the total patient population was 93.1%. The primary patency rates at 12 months for the TASC A, B, C and D lesions were 94.0%, 96.5%, 91.3% and 90.2% respectively. No statistical significant difference was shown when comparing these groups. Our findings confirm that endovascular therapy, and more specifically primary stenting, is the preferred treatment for patients with TASC A, B, C and D aortoiliac lesions. We notice similar endovascular results compared to surgery, however without the invasive character of surgery.

Delayed open conversion after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm: device-specific surgical approach.

OBJECTIVES: Despite several advances in endoluminal salvage for failed endovascular abdominal aortic repair (EVAR), in our experience an increasing number of cases necessitate delayed open conversion (dOC). METHODS: EVAR patients requiring delayed (>30 days) conversion were prospectively collected in a computerized database including demographics, details of aortoiliac anatomy, procedural and clinical success, and postoperative complications. RESULTS: Between 2005 and 2011, 54 patients were treated for aortic stent-graft explantation. Indications included 34 type I and III endoleaks, 13 type II endoleaks with aneurysm growth, 4 cases of material failures, and 3 stent-graft infections. All fit-for-surgery patients with type I/III endoleak underwent directly dOC. Different surgical approaches were used depending on the type of stent-graft. Overall 30-day mortality was 1.9%. Overall morbidity was 31% mainly due to acute renal failure (13 cases). Mean hospitalization was 6 days (range, 5-27 days). Overall survival at mean follow-up of 19 months was 78%. CONCLUSIONS: In recent years, the use of EVAR has increased dramatically, including in young patients regardless of their fitness for open repair. dOC after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm seems to be a lifesaving procedure with satisfactory initial and mid-term results.

How to simplify the approach to the supra-aortic trunks.

Carotid artery stenting (CAS) represents a valid alternative to carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Possible embolization during the approach and the cannulation of the supra-aortic arterial trunks remains an important obstacle to CAS. This risk is increased in elderly patients and complex anatomies. In order to achieve satisfactory technical and clinical outcomes, a thorough understanding of the patients' individual anatomy of the arch and the access vessels is essential. The cannulation of the common carotid artery represents the key maneuver for the entire CAS procedure. This review article will present the currents techniques and devices actually use in order to facilitate the approach to the supra-aortic vessels.

The Bolton Treovance abdominal stent-graft: European clinical trial design.

Endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) has emerged as a promising, less invasive alternative to conventional open surgery for the treatment of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). In the last 20 years, the application rate of EVAR and its clinical results have significantly improved thanks to the evolution of stent-grafts and endovascular delivery systems. However, further development is still needed to reduce the incidence of complications and secondary re-interventions. The Treovance abdominal aortic stent-graft (Bolton Medical, Barcelona, Spain) is a new-generation endovascular device, developed to increase flexibility, lower profile, improve deployment and sealing mechanisms. In particular, it is provided with some innovative features as a double layer of proximal barbs (suprarenal and infrarenal) for supplemental fixation, dull barbs between modules to avoid potential leg disconnections, detachable outer sheath provided with a new-design hemostatic valve, and a double improved mechanism (slow motion and "pin and pull") for precise stent-graft deployment. A European prospective, non-randomized, multi-institutional, "first-in-human" trial (the ADVANCE trial) was conducted from March to December 2011 to assess the safety and performance of the Treovance stent-graft system before commercialization. Thirty patients with anatomically suitable non-ruptured AAAs were enrolled at five clinical sites in Italy, Spain, and Germany. EVAR was completed successfully in all patients. The stent-graft was delivered and deployed safely even in heavily angulated or calcified anatomies. No 30-day device-related complications nor deaths were observed. Preliminary experience with the Treovance abdominal stent-graft within the ADVANCE trial was satisfactory with regard to technical success and perioperative clinical results. Follow-up data are needed to assess mid- and long-term clinical outcomes, along with durability of this new-generation endovascular device.

Endovascular preservation of pelvic circulation with external iliac-to-internal iliac artery "cross-stenting" in patients with aorto-iliac aneurysms: a case report and literature review.

Endovascular success depends heavily upon anatomical suitability for secure graft placement. Common iliac artery (CIA) aneurysms frequently extend close to the iliac bifurcation, requiring distal fixation in the external iliac artery (EIA), in turn excluding the internal iliac artery (IIA). The preservation of circulation to at least one IIA artery is highly recommended. We report an endovascular technique for complete preservation of the hypogastric arteries of an aorto-iliac aneurysm extending into the iliac bifurcation and hypogastric artery. A left CIA aneurysm involving the iliac bifurcation was excluded with a covered Fluency stent-graft (Bard Inc., New Jersey, USA) deployed from the EIA into the IIA followed by the internal deployment of a Luminex uncovered stent (Bard Inc.) extended into one branch of the hypograstric artery. IVUS evaluation was essential in determining precise aneurysm and sealing zone measurements. Complete preservation of hypogastric circulation was achieved. The placement of the uncovered stent effectively extended the sealing zones without covering either of the hypogastric distal branches and concurrently corrected the Fluency stent kinking due to severe arterial tortuosity. In CIA aneurysms involving the IIA, an uncovered stent can extend the sealing zones, whilst maintaining complete preservation of pelvic circulation and offers support to the covered stent-graft. IVUS seems necessary for precise neck evaluation.

Diagnostic laparoscopy for early detection of acute mesenteric ischaemia in patients with aortic dissection.

INTRODUCTION: Recognition of acute mesenteric ischaemia (AMesI) in patients with aortic dissection (AoD) may be a challenge and exploratory laparotomy is often performed. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed our experience with the use of diagnostic laparoscopy (DL) for the early detection of AMesI in patients with AoD, either undergoing medical treatment or after open/endovascular interventions. RESULTS: Between 2004 and 2011, 202 consecutive AoDs were treated in our centre (71 acute type A AoD; 131 acute and chronic type B AoD). Among the 17 (8.4%) patients in which AMesI was suspected, nine (52.9%) were selected for DL. Three DLs were performed during medical treatment of patients with acute type B AoD, six after treatment of AoD (both surgical and endovascular). Three second-look DLs were also performed. Eight DLs were negative, three showed AMesI and the patients underwent successful emergent revascularisation. One DL was not conclusive and laparotomy was required. Among the eight patients not submitted to DL, one case of bowel infarction was recorded. CONCLUSIONS: In our series DL was feasible and safe. The low invasiveness and repeatability were the main advantages. Although additional experience is mandatory, DL seems a promising technique for the detection of AMesI in patients with AoD.

Endovascular treatment of an early arch aneurysm rupture after open thoracoabdominal aortic repair.

Optimal treatment for synchronous aortic aneurysms is still debated. Staged repair is advocated as the standard of care. Its disadvantage however is the consistent risk of rupture of the untreated aortic segment during recovery; moreover a considerable percentage of patients either refuse the second stage or is lost to follow-up. We present the case of a patient with a ruptured aortic arch aneurysm after open-surgery for a type III thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm. Our therapeutic decision is described and discussed, with all the related advantages and disadvantages.

A new idea for a safer approach to the supra-aortic trunks: the Piton™ catheter.

Carotid artery disease is among the most common causes of stroke, and stroke is the third leading cause of death in industrialized countries. Thus the personal health and socioeconomic burden of carotid artery disease is significant. Carotid artery disease accounts for approximately 5-12% of new strokes in patients amenable to revascularization therapy. Atherosclerosis is the main reason for stroke and accounts for approximately one third of all cases. Carotid stenting is nowadays considered a valid standard alternative to surgical carotid endarterectomy, especially in patients having a high perioperative risk. The first carotid balloon angioplasty was carried out in 1979 and the first carotid balloon-expandable bare metal stents were implanted 10 years later, in 1989. However, carotid stenting at that time was associated with major complications, due to extrinsic compression and subsequent to the steel stents used. The Piton™ GC (carotid guide catheter) is intended to facilitate the introduction and placement of interventional devices (e.g., guidewires, stent delivery systems, dilation balloons, angiographic- or micro-catheters, etc.) into the human vasculature to treat vascular obstructive disease, including but not limited to the supra-aortic vessels.

Mechanical thrombectomy in in-stent restenosis: preliminary experience at the iliac and femoropopliteal arteries with the Rotarex System.

AIM: Iliac and femoropopliteal arterial stenting remains controversial due to frequent restenosis. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a mechanical rotational thrombectomy procedure with the Rotarex Mechanical Thrombectomy System (Straub Medical, Wangs, CH) and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) in terms of technical success, patency rates and limb salvage. METHODS: From May 2006 to March 2010, 32 selected patients with sub-acute or chronic in-stent restenosis at the iliac or femoropopliteal arteries were treated with a Rotarex and then PTA procedure. RESULTS: Technical success was 100%. Intra-procedural complications included a superficial femoral artery (SFA) dissection (1), SFA (1) and external iliac (1) perforations and a groin hematoma (1). There was no incidence of embolization in this series. One patient required reintervention (3.1%); an attempted surgical bypass and amputation. Secondary reinterventions were required in 17 patients (53.1%). Limb salvage rate at 12 months was 90.6%. Primary patency at 30 days was 96.8%. Primary, primary assisted and secondary patency rates at 6 months were 75%, 75% and 89.6% and at 12 months were 58.1%, 58.1% and 75.5%, respectively. Late mortality was 18.75% at an average follow-up of 13.1 months (3-45) due to the severe disease state of these patients.. CONCLUSION: This treatment seems promising in terms of technical success and embolization risk. Reinterventions are frequently required but mid-term limb salvage rates are encouraging. Larger, randomised studies are needed to determine the cost/benefit advantage and long-term results.

Management of thoracic endograft infection.

Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has emerged as a promising, less invasive alternative to conventional open surgery for the treatment of thoracic aortic pathology. Most surveillance after TEVAR concentrates on the technical aspects of the procedure, including endoleak, device migration and endograft rupture; so far, the knowledge on endograft infectious complications is limited to anecdotal reports. Several etiopathogenetic factors may play a role in thoracic endograft infections (TEIs), including perioperative contamination, hematogenous seeding, and local bacterial translocation. Moreover, fistulization with the esophagus or the bronchial tree is a common mechanism of secondary TEI, and it represents a dramatic event requiring a multidisciplinary management. Risk factors assessment and prevention have a key role in avoiding the development of new TEIs. When a TEI is established, treatment is demanding, and includes several medical therapies associated with various surgical options. Patients are usually severely compromised by sepsis, and in most cases they are considered unfit for surgery for general clinical conditions or local concerns. Thus, results of different therapeutic strategies for TEI are still burdened with very high morbidity and mortality. In this paper, we reviewed the English literature regarding the main strategies proposed for operative management of TEI, we reported and analyzed our personal series of 7 patients treated at our institution for TEI from 1999 to 2009, and we summarized results from the data collected during a recent Italian multicenter national survey, performed to investigate aortoesophageal and aortobronchial fistulae treated with TEVAR or developed following TEVAR.

Endovascular treatment of descending thoracic aneurysms.

INTRODUCTION: Current strategies for repair of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms consist of open repair with surgical graft replacement or thoracic endovascular aortic repair. We review and update our overall experience in aortic thoracic diseases and specifically analyzed our outcomes with thoracic endovascular aortic repair in patients with descending thoracic aortic aneurysms. METHODS: From 1993 to present a total of 1144 patients were treated in our Center for pathology involving the thoracic aorta. Since 1998, 322 patients underwent thoracic endovascular aortic repair, and among this group, in 188 cases the descending aorta was involved. In 74% of patients treated for a descending thoracic aortic lesion, a degenerative aneurysm was observed. RESULTS: In patients with descending thoracic aortic aneurysms receiving thoracic endovascular aortic repair, our technical success rate, i.e. deployment of endograft with complete exclusion of the lesion/minimal endoleak, was 99.5% (one case required emergent open conversion) with a perioperative mortality of 2.6% (five patients). The rate of spinal cord ischemia, manifesting either as paraplegia or paraparesis, was 4.7%. Delayed onset spinal cord ischemia ameliorated with adequate arterial pressure and cerebrospinal fluid drainage. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience of selected patients undergoing thoracic endovascular aortic repair of descending thoracic aorta aneurysms is satisfactory with very low mortality and morbidity. A large use of thoracic endovascular aortic repair is foreseen in the next future.

Open repair of descending thoracic aneurysms.

INTRODUCTION: Current strategies for operative treatment of a thoracic aortic aneurysm consist of open repair with surgical graft replacement or endovascular exclusion. To reduce mortality and morbidity of open repair, a multimodal approach has gradually evolved by maximizing organ protection. METHODS: On a total of 1108 patients treated in our Center from 1993 for pathology involving the thoracic aorta, we reviewed the prospectively collected data of 194 consecutive patients who underwent open thoracic aortic aneurysm repair, 104 (54%) for degenerative aneurysms, 65 (34%) for dissections, 25 (12%) for other pattern of disease. Left Heart Bypass was used in 82% of cases, clamp and sew technique in 16%, hypotermic circulatory arrest in 2%. RESULTS: Overall perioperative mortality was 4.1%. The rate of pulmonary complications was 8.8%. The rate of cardiac complications, i.e. new onset myocardial necrosis demonstrated by positive blood tests, was 6.2%. The rate of renal complications was 7.2%. Cerebrovascular accident, defined as a new neurologic deficit lasting more than 24 hours confirmed by imaging, occurred in 2.0% of patients. The rate of spinal cord ischemia, manifesting either as paraplegia or paraparesis, was 4.6%. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality and morbidity rates of open thoracic aortic aneurysm repair are currently satisfactory especially in fit patients. In order to define surgical indications and the role of endovascular repair, consideration of age of the patient, comorbidity, symptoms, life expectancy, likely quality of life (if asymptomatic), aortic diameter, aneurysm morphology, aneurysm extent, suitability of landing zones, and operator experience are all distinctly relevant.

Cellular uptake and toxicity of microparticles in a perspective of polymyxin B oral administration.

Alginate/chitosan microparticles with a mean size less than 1 microm, designed in a previous work for the targeting of polymyxin B to M-cells and, then, to the lymphatic system, were assayed for transport ability by enterocytes. Caco-2 cell monolayer model, combined with confocal microscopy, showed that microparticles were endocytosed by the cells through an energy-dependent process, being the process saturable at 6 h incubation. Furthermore, microparticles maintained the biological activity of the antibiotic and decreased the antibiotic cytotoxicity against Vero cell cultures. Therefore, simultaneous pathways via both M-cells and enterocytes could be proposed for such a microparticulate carrier.

Advancements in the Mo.Ma system procedure during carotid artery stenting.

AIM: The aim of this paper was to reduce the incidence of clamping intolerance, asystolia, immediate mortality and neurological complications associated with carotid artery stenting (CAS) using the Mo.Ma system (Invatec, Roncadelle Brescia, Italy) embolic protection device (EPD). METHODS: CAS was perfomed using the Mo.Ma system in 312 patients between January 2002-October 2009. From October 2008 variations to the standard technique were introduced. A total of 214 patients were treated with the standard technique, and 88 with the new technique. Improvements include the engagement of the guidewire's floppy tip through the lesion whilst the cerebral blood flow is maintained, a slow release post-dilation (1 atm/2 s), a quicker manual aspiration procedure following post-dilation, a redirection of blood flow into the external carotid artery (ECA) with the post-dilation balloon inflated in the internal carotid artery (ICA), and a further manual aspiration and the subsequent release of the Mo.Ma system. RESULTS: This study reports reduced incidence of clamping intolerance (7.9% vs. 4.5%), asystolia (0 vs. 1.9%), immediate mortality (0 vs. 0.9%) and neurological complications (1.1% vs. 3.7%). The only neurological complication associated with the new technique was a transient ischemic attack (TIA). CONCLUSIONS: The new variations of the standard Mo.Ma technique seem rational in the improvement of the safety and efficacy of CAS using an EPD, in reducing the incidence of clamping intolerance and asystolia, immediate mortality and neurological complications. This series indicates a positive trend for this revised technique, but a multicentre registry is required to validate these promising results.

Demonstration of the Adamkiewicz artery by multidetector computed tomography angiography analysed with the open-source software OsiriX.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of the Adamkiewicz artery (AKA) detection by multidetector computed tomography (CT) data analysis without the need of a dedicated workstation, using low-cost hardware and the freeware OsiriX. METHODS: CT scans of 67 patients undergoing a thoracic or thoraco-abdominal aortic procedure between April 2006 and August 2008 were evaluated with respect to detection rate and AKA level and side using the OsiriX software version 3.2 on Mac OS X computer and compared to results obtained by standard workstation analysis, in a fully blinded analysis. The results were also compared with data compiled from a review of the English-language literature on this topic. RESULTS: (1) AKA identification showed a substantial agreement of 85.07% between the methods (k=0.636). (2) The comparison of AKA level showed a substantial agreement (weighted k=0.661), with consensus in 70.14%. (3) From the literature review, we found that recognition of the AKA was achieved in 466 of 555 cases (83.96%). (4) In 384 (83.3%) cases the AKA originated from a left intercostal artery. (5) The proposed method and literature-compiled data showed a similar AKA level distribution. CONCLUSIONS: Noninvasive AKA location with open-source software and low-cost hardware is feasible. The OsiriX software allows to effectively navigate through CT data not only to study the aorta, but also to detect the AKA, as in the case of the standard method and the literature data. Its availability and ease of use may contribute to make identification of the AKA part of the routine evaluation of CT scans in patients with aortic disease, even where dedicated workstations are not available, with potential benefits for planning therapeutic procedures.

Alginate/chitosan microparticles for tamoxifen delivery to the lymphatic system.

Oral administration of the nonsteroidal anti-estrogen tamoxifen (TMX) is the treatment of choice for metastatic estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. With the aim to improve TMX oral bioavailability and decrease its side effects, crosslinked alginate microparticles for the targeting to the lymphatic system by Peyer's patch (PP) uptake were developed and in vitro characterized. TMX was molecularly dispersed inside the microparticles and an electrostatic interaction involving the TMX tertiary amine was detected by rheological and FT-IR assays. Microparticles showed a size less than 3mum, then suitability to be taken up by M cells in PP and a positive surface charge. Moreover, TMX loading level as well as in vitro release behaviour was affected by the polymer network connected with the mannuronic/guluronic ratio of the alginate chains.