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Anesth Analg ; 128(1): 161-167, 2019 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29596097

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Opioids are effective postoperative analgesics. Disturbingly, we have previously reported that opioids such as morphine can worsen inflammatory pain and peripheral and central neuropathic pain. These deleterious effects are mediated by immune mediators that promote neuronal hyperexcitability in the spinal dorsal horn. Herein, we tested whether perioperative morphine could similarly prolong postoperative pain in male rats. METHODS: Rats were treated with morphine for 7 days, beginning immediately after laparotomy, while the morphine was tapered in a second group. Expression of genes for inflammatory mediators was quantified in the spinal dorsal horn. In the final experiment, morphine was administered before laparotomy for 7 days. RESULTS: We found that morphine treatment after laparotomy extended postoperative pain by more than 3 weeks (time × treatment: P < .001; time: P < .001; treatment: P < .05). Extension of postoperative pain was not related to morphine withdrawal, as it was not prevented by dose tapering (time × treatment: P = .8; time: P < .001; treatment: P = .9). Prolonged postsurgical pain was associated with increased expression of inflammatory genes, including those encoding Toll-like receptor 4, NOD like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), caspase-1, interleukin-1ß, and tumor necrosis factor (P < .05). Finally, we showed that of preoperative morphine, concluding immediately before laparotomy, similarly prolonged postoperative pain (time × treatment: P < .001; time: P < .001; treatment: P < .001). There is a critical window for morphine potentiation of pain, as a 7-day course of morphine that concluded 1 week before laparotomy did not prolong postsurgical pain. CONCLUSIONS: These studies indicate the morphine can have a deleterious effect on postoperative pain. These studies further suggest that longitudinal studies could be performed to test whether opioids similarly prolong postoperative pain in the clinic.


Assuntos
Analgésicos Opioides/toxicidade , Hiperalgesia/induzido quimicamente , Morfina/toxicidade , Limiar da Dor/efeitos dos fármacos , Dor Pós-Operatória/induzido quimicamente , Células do Corno Posterior/efeitos dos fármacos , Analgésicos Opioides/administração & dosagem , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Esquema de Medicação , Hiperalgesia/diagnóstico por imagem , Hiperalgesia/metabolismo , Hiperalgesia/fisiopatologia , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Laparotomia , Masculino , Morfina/administração & dosagem , Medição da Dor , Dor Pós-Operatória/tratamento farmacológico , Dor Pós-Operatória/metabolismo , Dor Pós-Operatória/fisiopatologia , Células do Corno Posterior/metabolismo , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Tempo
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