Novel illuminoss photodynamic bone stabilization system: normal and post-operative complication imaging findings in the emergency setting.

The mainstay orthopedic surgical technique for fracture fixation involves metal plates, screws, and rods. While these methods are effective, they exhibit high rates of complications within specific populations, particularly among patients with pathologic and insufficiency fractures. IlluminOss represents a novel photodynamic bone stabilization system, approved for use in multiple countries, that serves as an alternative to traditional fracture fixation approaches for patients experiencing pathologic, traumatic, and fragility fractures. Despite the initial success of the system in fostering fracture healing, no study has comprehensively examined the radiological attributes of the IlluminOss Stabilization system thus far. The emergency radiologist is often the first point of imaging identification and interpretation for patients presenting with suspected postoperative complications, requiring evolving knowledge of both expected and atypical appearances for novel surgical implants. This manuscript's objective is to delve into the design and clinical application of IlluminOss, scrutinize relevant normal imaging findings across various modalities, and delineate potential complications associated with the IlluminOss Stabilization system for traumatic, pathologic, and fragility fractures that are increasingly encountered in the emergency department setting.

Point-of-Care Coating of Revision Femoral Stems With Antibiotic-Loaded Calcium Sulfate: Reduction in Infection After 2nd Stage Reimplantation but Not With Aseptic Revisions.

Background: Infection rates in revision total hip arthroplasty are lower when antibiotic loaded cemented stems are utilized. Inspired by this technique, a point-of-care coating of antibiotic-loaded calcium sulfate (CaSO4) was applied to cementless revision stems in aseptic revision and 2nd stage reimplantation total hip arthroplasty. Methods: One hundred eleven consecutive femoral stems were coated. Just prior to insertion, 10 cc of CaSO4 was mixed with 1 g vancomycin and 240 mg tobramycin with the paste applied to the stem. The results were compared to a matched cohort (N = 104) performed across the previous 5 years. The surgical methods were comparable, but for the stem coating. The study group was followed for a minimum of 3 years. Results: In the study cohort of 111 patients, there were 69 aseptic revisions with one periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) (1.4%) and 42 second-stage reimplantations with 2 PJIs (4.8%). In the control cohort of 104 patients, there were 74 aseptic revisions with one PJI (1.4%) and 30 second-stage reimplantations with 7 PJIs (23.3%). There was no significant reduction in PJI rate in the aseptic revision subgroup (1.4% study vs 1.4% control group), P = 1.000. Antibiotic stem coating reduced PJI rate in the 2nd stage reimplantation subgroup (23.3% control vs 4.8% study group), P = .028. In both groups, there were no cases of aseptic stem loosening. Conclusions: Point-of-care antibiotic coating of cementless revision femoral stems reduces PJI infection rate in 2nd stage reimplantations only. We theorize that microbes persist in the endosteal cortices after resection and may contribute to infection recurrence.

Implementation of a Protocol for Management of Febrile Neutropenia in the Emergency Department at Veteran Health Indiana.

Background: Febrile neutropenia (FN) is a life-threatening oncologic emergency requiring timely evaluation and treatment. Unrecognized fever and infection can progress quickly and have been shown to increase morbidity and mortality in patients with malignancy. It is critical to identify patients with neutropenic fever on presentation to the emergency department (ED) and to initiate treatment immediately. Observations: This quality improvement initiative sought to optimize ED care of patients presenting with FN. Delays in antibiotic prescribing for patients with FN presenting to the ED were identified. A protocol was implemented to streamline clinical decision making and decrease the time from triage to the first dose of antibiotics in the ED. Key interventions included obtaining ED staff support, developing a standard empiric therapy protocol, increasing prescriber awareness of the neutropenic fever protocol and integrating it into the electronic health record. Before the protocol, the mean time from triage to the first dose of antibiotics was 3.3 hours with only 6% of patients receiving appropriate empiric therapy within 1 hour. Postimplementation, the average time to antibiotics decreased to 2.3 hours. In the postimplementation group, 17% of patients within 1 hour. Conclusions: Early identification and timely empiric antibiotic therapy are critical to improving outcomes for patients presenting to the ED with FN. Additional optimization of the order sets along with increased protocol comfort and staff education will help to further reduce the time to antibiotic administration in alignment with guideline recommendations.

Intratendinous Calcified Chondroid Mesenchymal Neoplasm: A Case Report.

Introduction: We present a case report concerning calcified chondroid mesenchymal neoplasms (CCMN), a novel category of tumors that exhibit chondroid formation and contain fibronectin 1-receptor tyrosine kinase fusions. Case Report: Our report focuses on a 73-year-old female patient who presented with pain in her right hip and gluteal region. Initially, the condition was misdiagnosed as calcific tendinitis based on X-ray imaging. However, a subsequent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a solid lobulated mass originating from the right hamstring tendon origin, exhibiting heterogeneously hypointense T1-weighted signal, heterogeneously isointense proton density fat-suppressed signal, and heterogeneous contrast-enhancement compared to skeletal muscle. Further, investigation through computed tomography (CT) demonstrated intratumoral calcifications accompanied by erosive changes in the adjacent right ischial tuberosity. Histologic examination of a CT-guided biopsy confirmed the presence of large calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposits, along with benign chondroid tissue, thus supporting the diagnosis of CCMN. Notably, there is considerable overlap in the imaging characteristics of CCMN and the more commonly encountered calcific tendinitis (calcium hydroxyapatite depositional disease). Contrast-enhanced MRI findings play a crucial role in distinguishing between these two conditions. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented report describing the imaging features of CCMN across multiple modalities, including radiography, CT, and MRI.

Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells: Immunomodulatory and Bone Regeneration Potential after Tumor Excision in Osteosarcoma Patients.

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a type of bone cancer that is derived from primitive mesenchymal cells typically affecting children and young adults. The current standard of treatment is a combination of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgical resection of the cancerous bone. Post-resection challenges in bone regeneration arise. To determine the appropriate amount of bone to be removed, preoperative imaging techniques such as bone and CT scans are employed. To prevent local recurrence, the current standard of care suggests maintaining bony and soft tissue margins from 3 to 7 cm beyond the tumor. The amount of bone removed in an OS patient leaves too large of a deficit for bone to form on its own and requires reconstruction with metal implants or allografts. Both methods require the bone to heal, either to the implant or across the allograft junction, often in the setting of marrow-killing chemotherapy. Therefore, the issue of bone regeneration within the surgically resected margins remains an important challenge for the patient, family, and treating providers. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are potential agents for enhancing bone regeneration post tumor resection. MSCs, used with scaffolds and growth factors, show promise in fostering bone regeneration in OS cases. We spotlight two MSC types-bone marrow-derived (BM-MSCs) and adipose tissue-derived (ASCs)-highlighting their bone regrowth facilitation and immunomodulatory effects on immune cells like macrophages and T cells, enhancing therapeutic outcomes. The objective of this review is two-fold: review work demonstrating any ability of MSCs to target the deranged immune system in the OS microenvironment, and synthesize the available literature on the use of MSCs as a therapeutic option for stimulating bone regrowth in OS patients post bone resection. When it comes to repairing bone defects, both MB-MSCs and ASCs hold great potential for stimulating bone regeneration. Research has showcased their effectiveness in reconstructing bone defects while maintaining a non-tumorigenic role following wide resection of bone tumors, underscoring their capability to enhance bone healing and regeneration following tumor excisions.

Management of limb length discrepancy after bone sarcoma resection about the knee in the skeletally immature.

Patients with bone sarcomas increasingly choose limb salvage. This can lead to issues with limb length discrepancy (LLD) for the skeletally immature. We synthesize management options into an algorithm and report our results. Patients with bone sarcomas involving any location from the femoral diaphysis to the tibial diaphysis 12 years or younger were reviewed. Our clinical pathway prescribed patients with metadiaphyseal lesions to intercalary allograft reconstruction, epiphyseal lesions and less than 5 cm expected LLD to osteoarticular allograft and patients with more than 5 cm expected LLD to extendable prosthesis. Twenty patients met inclusion criteria: 11 with osteoarticular allografts, 5 with extendable prostheses and 4 with intercalary allografts; median age 11.5 years; median follow-up 8.2 years; and final median LLD 1.6 cm. Five patients had contralateral epiphysiodesis, two patients underwent contralateral femoral shortening and a median of 6 (range 4-8) lengthenings were performed for extendable prostheses. Four patients had residual LLD over 3 cm. There were 13 revisions in 8 patients and 2 amputations. Limb-salvage in paediatric bone sarcoma of the knee can be managed with multiple techniques producing satisfactory results in regards to LLD. Careful pre-operative planning and shared decision making is a requisite given the high rate of secondary procedures for both LLD and reconstructive failures. Level of evidence: Level III Retrospective Comparative Study.

Assessment of the added value of intravenous gadolinium for knee osteosarcoma resection planning in pediatric and young adult patients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences on Preoperative imaging evaluation and surgical planning parameters for osteosarcoma (OS) of the knee in pediatric and young adult patients. METHODS: Thirty MRI scans of patients with OS about the knee were reviewed by five orthopedic oncologists. Key preoperative parameters (neurovascular bundle involvement, intra-articular tumor extension, extent of intramedullary extension) and surgical plans were evaluated based on non-contrast versus Gd contrast enhanced sequences. Assessment agreement, inter-rater agreement, and intrarater agreement between pre and postcontrast images were evaluated via Kappa statistics. RESULTS: Moderate agreement was seen between non and contrast-enhanced assessment of neurovascular involvement and intra-articular tumor extension. Intrarater reproducibility was substantial for neurovascular bundle involvement (precontrast Kappa: 0.63, postcontrast Kappa: 0.69). Intrarater reproducibility was also substantial for precontrast (Kappa: 0.70) and moderate for postcontrast (Kappa: 0.50) assessment of intra-articular tumor extension. Planned resection length and choice of surgical approach were similar between sequences. The addition of Gd-enhanced sequences improved the inter-rater agreement across collected parameters. CONCLUSIONS: While some findings suggest that contrast enhanced sequences may not significantly alter the assessment of key preoperative planning parameters by orthopedic oncologists, they may help reduce variability among providers with differing experience levels.

Osteogenic Sarcoma of the Head and Neck: Is Chemotherapy Needed?

OPINION STATEMENT: Head and neck osteosarcoma (HNOS) is a rare subtype of sarcoma that most commonly arises in the mandible or maxilla. Treatment for HNOS typically involves a multidisciplinary and multimodal approach depending on the size, grade, and histological subtype. Surgery by sarcoma-experienced head and neck surgeons and orthopedic oncologists remains a crucial component of treatment in all subtypes of HNOS, particularly for those with low-grade histology, which can be treated definitively with surgical resection if negative margins are obtained. Negative surgical margins are of utmost prognostic importance, and neoadjuvant or adjuvant radiation should be considered in patients with positive (or anticipated positive) margins/residual postoperative disease. Current data favors the use of (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with high-grade HNOS to improve overall survival but must be individualized to weigh benefits and risks of the short- and long-term effects of treatment. Our center uses a multidisciplinary treatment plan and notes anecdotal improvement in treatment outcomes with a combined surgical and ifosfamide-containing chemotherapeutic approach with radiotherapy for local control if positive margins. Large volume cohorts and adequate randomized control trials assessing the efficacy of chemotherapy in HNOS are scant and additional research and multi-institutional collaboration are needed to study polychemotherapeutic and radiation treatment regimens and outcomes more adequately.

Orthopedic approaches for bone sarcoma: A bibliometric review of the 50 most cited papers.

Background: Curative treatment of bone sarcoma is primarily based on operative management. The Orthopedic Oncology approach towards this disease has evolved greatly to the breakthrough in systemic treatment options as well as unique implant designs favoring limb salvage over amputations. The purpose of this study was to perform a bibliometric analysis of the top 50 most cited papers related to the orthopedic the approach to bone sarcomas. Methods: We queried the ISI Web of Knowledge database in July 2022. Keywords utilized were: ""Bone Sarcoma" OR "Osteosarcoma" OR "Ewing Sarcoma" OR "Chondrosarcoma" OR "Chordoma". The top 50 articles pertaining to the orthopedic approach to bone sarcoma were included for analysis and included manuscript title, authors, citation count, journal and publication year. Results: The mean number of citations are 187.06 (Range 125-400; SD 67.83). The average citations per year is 10.03 (Range 47.86-3.43; SD 8.05). Many articles were published from 2000 to 2009 (n = 20) and 1990-1999 (n = 13). The majority of the articles were published by institutions within the United States (n = 32). The most common level of evidence was level IV (n = 37). Majority of the articles focused on treatment outcome (n = 22). Conclusion: This study offers a comprehensive review of the most cited literature regarding orthopedic approaches to bony sarcomas. Modern treatment approaches for bone sarcoma has resulted in an increased focus within the literature on achieving disease free survival wide tissue margins. Understanding the trends of available studies allows for physicians and researchers to target and innovate future areas of study.

Tolerability and efficacy of chemoimmunotherapy when administered with a corticosteroid-free anti-emetic regimen.

BACKGROUND: The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in combination with chemotherapy is commonplace. This study sought to determine whether the omission of corticosteroids from the antiemetic regimen in patients receiving chemoimmunotherapy changes control of nausea and time on ICI therapy. METHODS: This single-site, retrospective, observational study was conducted at Veteran Health Indiana, a level 1A Veterans Affairs tertiary care facility. All patients who received concurrent chemoimmunotherapy between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2020, were included. The replacement of corticosteroids with olanzapine in chemoimmunotherapy regimens occurred on March 27, 2019. Outcomes were compared in patients who received corticosteroids as part of antiemetic prophylaxis versus patients in whom corticosteroids were omitted. Outcomes included the proportion of patients achieving an anti-nausea complete control response (CCR) or partial control response (PCR) with antiemetic prophylaxis, and the time on ICI therapy in months. RESULTS: Seventy-two patients received a chemotherapeutic agent with a concomitant ICI during the designated time frame and were included for anti-emetogenic and ICI efficacy analysis, 36 patients received corticosteroids with chemoimmunotherapy and 36 patients did not. CCR was achieved in 55.6% of patients who received corticosteroids and in 69.4% of patients who did not. PCR was 19.4% versus 25.0%, respectively. Removal of corticosteroids from chemoimmunotherapy regimens did not result in a significant difference in nausea control or time on ICI therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest corticosteroids may be safely continued, or removed and replaced by other novel agents for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting when administered with ICIs.

Label-free intraoperative histology of bone tissue via deep-learning-assisted ultraviolet photoacoustic microscopy.

Obtaining frozen sections of bone tissue for intraoperative examination is challenging. To identify the bony edge of resection, orthopaedic oncologists therefore rely on pre-operative X-ray computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. However, these techniques do not allow for accurate diagnosis or for intraoperative confirmation of the tumour margins, and in bony sarcomas, they can lead to bone margins up to 10-fold wider (1,000-fold volumetrically) than necessary. Here, we show that real-time three-dimensional contour-scanning of tissue via ultraviolet photoacoustic microscopy in reflection mode can be used to intraoperatively evaluate undecalcified and decalcified thick bone specimens, without the need for tissue sectioning. We validate the technique with gold-standard haematoxylin-and-eosin histology images acquired via a traditional optical microscope, and also show that an unsupervised generative adversarial network can virtually stain the ultraviolet-photoacoustic-microscopy images, allowing pathologists to readily identify cancerous features. Label-free and slide-free histology via ultraviolet photoacoustic microscopy may allow for rapid diagnoses of bone-tissue pathologies and aid the intraoperative determination of tumour margins.

Biphasic bone graft substitute in revision total hip arthroplasty with significant acetabular bone defects : a retrospective analysis.

AIMS: Large acetabular bone defects encountered in revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) are challenging to restore. Metal constructs for structural support are combined with bone graft materials for restoration. Autograft is restricted due to limited volume, and allogenic grafts have downsides including cost, availability, and operative processing. Bone graft substitutes (BGS) are an attractive alternative if they can demonstrate positive remodelling. One potential product is a biphasic injectable mixture (Cerament) that combines a fast-resorbing material (calcium sulphate) with the highly osteoconductive material hydroxyapatite. This study reviews the application of this biomaterial in large acetabular defects. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review at a single institution of patients undergoing revision THA by a single surgeon. We identified 49 consecutive patients with large acetabular defects where the biphasic BGS was applied, with no other products added to the BGS. After placement of metallic acetabular implants, the BGS was injected into the remaining bone defects surrounding the new implants. Patients were followed and monitored for functional outcome scores, implant fixation, radiological graft site remodelling, and revision failures. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 39.5 months (36 to 71), with a significant improvement in post-revision function compared to preoperative function. Graft site remodelling was rated radiologically as moderate in 31 hips (63%) and strong in 12 hips (24%). There were no cases of complete graft site dissolution. No acetabular loosening was identified. None of the patients developed clinically significant heterotopic ossification. There were twelve reoperations: six patients developed post-revision infections, three experienced dislocations, two sustained periprosthetic femur fractures, and one subject had femoral component aseptic loosening. CONCLUSION: Our series reports bone defect restoration with the sole use of a biphasic injectable BGS in the periacetabular region. We did not observe significant graft dissolution. We emphasize that successful graft site remodelling requires meticulous recipient site preparation.Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(12):991-997.

Pedicled vastus lateralis myocutaneous flap for sacropelvic defects after wide oncologic resection: Wound complications and outcomes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Adequate coverage of the soft tissue defects from wide resection of sacropelvic malignancies remains challenging. The vastus lateralis flap has been described for coverage in the setting of trauma and infection. This flap has not been described for coverage of sacropelvic tumor defects. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of adult patients who underwent wide resection of a primary sacropelvic malignancy with reconstruction employing a pedicled vastus lateralis flap at two tertiary care centers. Patient demographics, tumor staging, and rate of complications were assessed. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients were included, with a median age of 51 years. The most common primary tumor was chondrosarcoma followed by chondroblastic osteosarcoma. The median follow-up was 1.1 years. There were 10 cases of wound infection requiring re-operation and three cases of flap failure. CONCLUSIONS: We describe a pedicled vastus lateralis flap for coverage of defects after wide resection of sacropelvic malignancies. A large proportion of our cohort had independent risk factors for wound complications. Even with a cohort with high baseline risk for wound complications, we show that the use of a pedicled vastus lateralis flap is a safe reconstructive option with a wound complication rate in line with the literature.

Subungual Melanoma: A Single Institution Experience.

Despite the changing paradigms of melanoma treatment in recent years, there remains a relative paucity of data regarding subungual melanoma in the literature. From 2002-2018, 25 patients with subungual melanoma were surgically treated at our facility. A retrospective chart review was conducted to collect relevant demographic, clinical, pathologic, and outcomes data. The median age at diagnosis was 69 years. Most patients (60%) were male, and the melanoma lesion was most often located on the foot (68%). Acral-lentiginous was the most common histologic subtype (59%), and the median Breslow thickness was 3.4 mm. Fifteen patients (63%) underwent a sentinel lymph node biopsy as part of their surgical resection, and four of these patients (27%) had metastatic disease in the lymph nodes. In total, 10 patients underwent lymph node dissection of the involved basin. The median follow up was 21 months in this patient population. Age, gender, tumor location, ulceration, and lesion histology were not significantly associated with recurrence free survival (RFS). Increasing Breslow thickness was found to be significantly associated with shorter RFS (HR: 1.07, CI: 1.03-1.55). In total, 13 patients developed a disease recurrence, and RFS rates were 66% at 1 year and 40% at 3 years. Additionally, 91 and 37% of patients were alive at one year and three years, respectively. Subungual melanomas are rare lesions that often have a more advanced stage at diagnosis, which contributes to the poor prognosis of these cutaneous malignancies.

Impact of an Oral Antineoplastic Renewal Clinic on Medication Possession Ratio and Cost-Savings.

PURPOSE: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a pharmacist-driven oral antineoplastic (OAN) renewal clinic on medication adherence and cost savings. METHODS: This was a preimplementation and postimplementation retrospective cohort evaluation within a single US Department of Veterans Affairs health care system following implementation of a pharmacist-managed OAN refill clinic. The primary outcome was medication adherence defined as the median medication possession ratio (MPR) before and after implementation of the clinic. Secondary outcomes included the proportion of patients who were adherent from pre- to postimplementation and estimated cost-savings of this clinic. Patients were eligible for inclusion if they had received at least 2 prescriptions of the most commonly prescribed oral antineoplastic agents at the institution between September 1, 2013 and January 31, 2015. RESULTS: Of preimplementation patients, 96 of 99 (96.9%) were male and all patients (n = 35) in the postimplementation group were male. The mean age of the preimplementation group was 69.2 years while the postimplementation group was 68.4 years. Median MPR in the preimplementation group was 0.94, compared with 1.06 in the postimplementation group (P < .001). Thirty-six (36.7%) patients in the preimplementation group were considered nonadherent to their OAN regimen compared with zero patients in the postimplementation group. Estimated total cost savings was $36,335 in the postimplementation period. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of a pharmacist-driven OAN renewal clinic was associated with a 12% increase in median MPR while saving an estimated $36,335 during the 5-month postimplementation period.

Robotic assistance for quick and accurate image-guided needle placement.

Computed tomography (CT) image-guided procedures including biopsy, drug delivery, and ablation are gaining increasing application in medicine. Robotic technology holds the promise for allowing surgeons, and other proceduralists, access to such CT-guided procedures by potentially shortening training, improving accuracy, decreasing needle passes, and reducing radiation exposure. We evaluated surgeon learning and proficiency for image-guided needle placement with an FDA-cleared robotic arm. Five out of six surgeons had no prior CT-guided procedural experience, while one had prior experience with freehand CT-guided needle placement. All surgeons underwent a 60-min training with the MAXIO robot (Perfint Healthcare, Redmond, WA). The robot was used to place needles into three different pre-specified targets on a spine model. Performance time, procedural errors, and needle placement accuracy were recorded. All participants successfully placed needles into the targets using the robotic arm. The average time for needle placement was 3:44 ± 1:43 min. Time for needle placement decreased with subsequent attempts, with average third placement taking 2:29 ± 1:51 min less than the first attempt. The average vector distance from the target was 2.3 ± 1.2 mm. One error resulted in the need for reimaging by CT scan. No errant needle placement occurred. Surgeons (attending fellows and residents) without previous experience and minimal training could successfully place percutaneous needles under CT guidance quickly, accurately, and reproducibly using a robotic arm. This suggests that robotic technology may be used to facilitate surgeon adoption of CT image-guided needle-based procedures in the future.

What's New in Pediatric Orthopaedic Tumor Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric Orthopaedic Oncology is a developing subspecialty within the field of Pediatric Orthopaedics. Traditionally, the field of Orthopaedic Oncology has been focused on the skeletally mature individual, and the research tends to be all encompassing rather than truly evaluating isolated populations. The purpose of this review is to summarize the most clinically relevant literature in the field of Pediatric Orthopaedic Oncology over the last 6 years. METHODS: We evaluated the PubMed database utilizing keywords for pediatric orthopaedic oncology: sarcoma, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, bone cyst. In additionally, we further broadened our search by searching for relevant articles in the contents sections of major orthopaedic surgery journals that routinely publish both pediatric and orthopaedic oncology literature. In keeping with "What's New," we selected the most clinically relevant articles published in the last 6 years from January 1, 2014 through February 2020. Basic science and systemic therapies literature was widely reviewed and the research and clinical trials most relevant to pediatric sarcoma and neoplastic processes found in the pediatric population were included. RESULTS: Our search yielded 60 articles that met general criteria, from which 14 were determined to be most relevant to the goals of this paper. Of the papers presented in this review, there were papers related to management of benign tumors/tumor-like conditions, bone cysts, limb salvage procedures, and amputation procedures. Ultimately included in the review were 5 studies related to limb salvage, 4 related to bone cysts, 1 related to multiple hereditary exostoses, 2 related to osteofibrous dysplasia, 1 related to chondroblastoma, and 1 discussing cementation in skeletally immature patients. They were level III, IV, and V studies. Basic science and systemic therapies literature was widely reviewed and the research and clinical trials most relevant to pediatric sarcoma and neoplastic processes found in the pediatric population were included. Our search of the basic science and systemic therapies literature yielded 19 sources were found to be pertinent to our aims and 18 of those sources were published between 2015 and 2020. CONCLUSIONS: There are many, varied, and creative procedures in the realm of limb salvage, though there remains a lack of high-level evidence to support some of the more novel procedures. In regards to benign bone tumors, despite a more solid base of literature, there still does not seem to be consensus as to the best treatment. In particular, there continue to be many schools of thought on the treatment of benign bone cysts. Research in the basic science arena and systemic therapies are advancing in exciting ways in regards to pediatric sarcoma. Orthopaedic oncologic research specific to the pediatric population overall continues to be impeded by low sample sizes and inadequate levels of evidence, which limits the ability of surgeons to draw definitive conclusions from the literature.

Implementation and Evaluation of a 90-Minute Rituximab Infusion Protocol at the Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center.

BACKGROUND: The use of IV rituximab for the treatment of a variety of malignant and nonmalignant indications has been associated with significant challenges related to time and labor. To help alleviate some of these logistic challenges, institutions have implemented protocols to shorten the time in which rituximab is infused. The purpose of this study was to support the safe implementation of a 90-minute rapid infusion protocol for rituximab at the Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center (RLRVAMC). METHODS: A 90-minute rituximab protocol was developed, and proactive measures were taken to educate physicians, pharmacists, and nurses on ordering, processing, compounding, and administering rituximab. A weekly report of patients who received rituximab at RLRVAMC was generated November 1, 2018 through April 1, 2019. Patients then were screened for rapid infusion of the drug based on eligibility criteria, and health care providers (HCPs) were notified. After each patient received a rapid infusion, a retrospective chart review was performed to evaluate patient tolerability and assess for any safety concerns that would require protocol modification. The primary endpoint for this study was the incidence of grade 3 and 4 infusion-related reactions (IRRs) associated with rapid infusions of rituximab based on the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 5.0. RESULTS: Eleven patients received 24 rapid infusions of rituximab. Of these infusions, 1 (4.2%) resulted in a grade 3 IRR; no infusions resulted in a reaction of grade ≥ 4. The use of rapid infusion of rituximab when compared with nonrapid infusion saved 39.3 minutes on average per patient. CONCLUSIONS: The proactive measures that were used to implement the rapid infusion rituximab protocol improved HCP prescribing rates, nursing satisfaction, and the management of IRRs. This study confirmed appropriateness of rapid administration of rituximab in this veteran population and has increased interest in implementing other rapid infusion protocols.