Terlipressin therapy is associated with increased risk of colonisation with multidrug-resistant bacteria in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND: Patients with cirrhosis are susceptible to develop bacterial infections that trigger acute decompensation (AD) and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). Infections with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) are associated with deleterious outcome. MDRO colonisation frequently proceeds MDRO infections and antibiotic therapy has been associated with MDRO colonisation. AIM: The aim of the study was to assess the influence of non-antibiotic medication contributing to MDRO colonisation. METHODS: Three hundred twenty-four patients with AD and ACLF admitted to the ICU of Frankfurt University Hospital with MDRO screening were included. Regression models were performed to identify drugs associated with MDRO colonisation. Another cohort (n = 129) from Barcelona was included to validate. A third multi-centre cohort (n = 203) with metagenomic sequencing data of stool was included to detect antibiotic resistance genes. RESULTS: A total of 97 patients (30%) were identified to have MDRO colonisation and 35 of them (11%) developed MDRO infection. Patients with MDRO colonisation had significantly higher risk of MDRO infection than those without (p = 0.0098). Apart from antibiotic therapy (odds ratio (OR) 2.91, 95%-confidence interval (CI) 1.82-4.93, p < 0.0001), terlipressin therapy in the previous 14 days was the only independent covariate associated with MDRO colonisation in both cohorts, the overall (OR 9.47, 95%-CI 2.96-30.23, p < 0.0001) and after propensity score matching (OR 5.30, 95%-CI 1.22-23.03, p = 0.011). In the second cohort, prior terlipressin therapy was a risk factor for MDRO colonisation (OR 2.49, 95% CI 0.911-6.823, p = 0.075) and associated with risk of MDRO infection during follow-up (p = 0.017). The validation cohort demonstrated that antibiotic inactivation genes were significantly associated with terlipressin administration (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study reports an increased risk of MDRO colonisation in patients with AD or ACLF, who recently received terlipressin therapy, while other commonly prescribed non-antibiotic co-medications had negligible influence. Future prospective trials are needed to confirm these results.

Pulmonary impairment independently determines mortality in critically ill patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: In ACLF patients, an adequate risk stratification is essential, especially for liver transplant allocation, since ACLF is associated with high short-term mortality. The CLIF-C ACLF score is the best prognostic model to predict outcome in ACLF patients. While lung failure is generally regarded as signum malum in ICU care, this study aims to evaluate and quantify the role of pulmonary impairment on outcome in ACLF patients. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 498 patients with liver cirrhosis and admission to IMC/ICU were included. ACLF was defined according to EASL-CLIF criteria. Pulmonary impairment was classified into three groups: unimpaired ventilation, need for mechanical ventilation and defined pulmonary failure. These factors were analysed in different cohorts, including a propensity score-matched ACLF cohort. RESULTS: Mechanical ventilation and pulmonary failure were identified as independent risk factors for increased short-term mortality. In matched ACLF patients, the presence of pulmonary failure showed the highest 28-day mortality (83.7%), whereas mortality rates in ACLF with mechanical ventilation (67.3%) and ACLF without pulmonary impairment (38.8%) were considerably lower (p < .001). Especially in patients with pulmonary impairment, the CLIF-C ACLF score showed poor predictive accuracy. Adjusting the CLIF-C ACLF score for the grade of pulmonary impairment improved the prediction significantly. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights that not only pulmonary failure but also mechanical ventilation is associated with worse prognosis in ACLF patients. The grade of pulmonary impairment should be considered in the risk assessment in ACLF patients. The new score may be useful in the selection of patients for liver transplantation.

Clinical high at-risk mental state in young subjects accessing a mental disorder prevention service in Italy.

We aim to assess how functioning, depressive symptoms, and psychotic symptoms are associated with different numbers of Clinical High At-Risk Mental State (CHARMS) categories. In this cross-sectional study, we assessed 62 help-seeking subjects aged 15-24 with a drop in functioning, with Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5, Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS), Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental State to define risk for psychosis, Hamilton Depression Rating scale (HAM-D), Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale, 6 items (PANSS-6). CHARMS criteria were assessed via retrospective chart review. Overall, 30.6% did not meet any CHARMS component criteria at baseline (CHARMS-), 27.4%, 33.9% and 8.1% met one, two, and three or more CHARMS groups. Overall, 48.8% met criteria for ultra-high risk for psychosis (17.7% without other CHARMS categories), 25.8% risk of borderline personality disorder (3.2% alone), 35.5% mild depression (8.1% alone), 11.3% risk of bipolar disorder (1.6% alone). SOFAS score and HAM-D score worsened from CHARMS- to three or more CHARMS categories, whilst PANSS-6 score did not. In a multivariate regression only PANSS-6 (beta=-1.105, p<0.001) was associated with SOFAS (R2=0.385). Help-seeking youth with poor functioning present symptoms meeting CHARMS criteria. Meeting criteria for multiple CHARMS categories is associated with increased depressive, but not psychotic symptoms, while psychotic symptoms play a prominent role in determining functional impairment. Results should be interpreted within the limitations of the study including the small sample size and the cross-sectional design, and need further replications.

On the Implementation of Computerized Adaptive Observations for Psychological Assessment.

The use of observational tools in psychological assessment has decreased in recent years, mainly due to its personnel and time costs, and researchers have not explored methodological innovations like adaptive algorithms in observational assessment. In the present study, we introduce the behavior-driven observation procedure to develop, test, and implement observational adaptive instruments. In Study 1, we use a preexisting observational checklist to evaluate nonverbal behaviors related to psychotic symptoms and to specify the adaptive algorithm's model. We fit the model to observational data collected from 114 participants. The results support the model's goodness of fit. In Study 2, we use the estimated model parameters to calibrate the adaptive procedure and test the algorithm for accuracy and efficiency in adaptively reconstructing 58 nonadaptively collected response patterns. The results show the algorithm's good accuracy and efficiency, with a 40% average reduction in the number of administered items. In Study 3, we used real raters to test the adaptive checklist built with behavior-driven observation. The results indicate adequate intrarater agreement and good consistency of the observed response patterns. In conclusion, the results support the possibility of using behavior-driven observation to create accurate and affordable (in terms of resources) observational assessment tools.

Increasing referrals to emergency department for psychiatric consultation and treatment among 50,056 adolescents and young adults: Predictors and implications.

Objectives: To identify predictors and time trends over 10 years of psychiatric consultation or treatment in adolescents and young adults referring to Emergency Department (ED). Methods: Real-world cohort data from 50,056 adolescents and young adults referring 105,596 times to ED between 2007 and 2016. We tested whether gender, age, triage code (red, yellow, green, white with decreasing severity), and referral modality predicted primary (psychiatric consultation) or secondary outcomes (anxiolytic treatment, sedative treatment, psychiatric admission), and whether these outcomes increased over the last 10 years. Results: Mean age was 19.57(SD = 2.52), female percentage was 48.77%. Overall, 6.93% underwent psychiatric consultation, treatment, or admission. Among 2,547 adolescents and young adults undergoing a psychiatric consultation, 58.07% had either yellow or red triage code, and 47.2% were brought by ambulance. Female gender predicted psychiatric consultation and anxiolytic treatment, male gender predicted sedative treatment, suggesting gender differences in help-seeking behaviors. Older age predicted all outcomes. Severe triage presentation and being brought by ambulance increased the risk of primary and secondary outcomes. Psychiatric consultation (1.77% to 3.64%), anxiolytic (3.04% to 6.15%), or admission (0.40% to 0.98%) roughly doubled, and sedative (0.27% to 1.23%) treatment had a four-fold increase from 2007 to 2016. Conclusions: Among adolescents and young adults aged 15 to 24 years old ED appears to be necessary for young help-seeking subjects given the severe presentations and the increasing number of adolescents referring to ED. More studies should assess whether ED might be helpful in detecting subjects with sub-threshold or early psychiatric symptoms, or at risk for severe mental illness.

Emergency department and early detection of adolescents and young adults at risk of developing mental disorders: an exploratory study.

The objective of this study is to assess the potential role of Emergency Department (ED) for early detection of mental disorders. Two cohorts (6,759 subjects aged 14 to 24 accessing ED, 165 subjects with mental disorders) were matched by ID and merged. Primary outcome was the proportion of individuals accessing ED before receiving a diagnosis of mental disorder in Mental Health Service (MHS). Secondary outcomes were age of first access to ED in subjects later accessing to MHS, and time from first ED access to receiving a diagnosis of mental disorder at MHS. We assessed whether gender, severity of ED presentation, and number of ED accesses predicted primary outcome. Almost half of individuals who later developed mental disorders (49.7%) accessed ED before access to MHS. Mean age of first ED contact among those later accessing to MHS was 17.34 (2.1), and ED access preceded access to MHS by 3.68 (2.11) years. Gender and severity of ED presentation were not associated with the access to MHS, while higher number of ED accesses was associated with later access to MHS (OR range: 1.17-1.36, p<0.05). Despite its limitations, the present study suggests ED might represent a contact point for individuals who later access to MHS. Future early detection programs should involve ED in their outreach and screening approaches. Additional studies are needed to assess if subjects earlier accessing to ED are at risk-of-developing or already suffer from a mental disorder, and to validate screening instruments specifically designed for ED.

Clinical presentation and need for treatment of a cohort of subjects accessing to a mental illness prevention service.

Outreaching activities decrease prognostic accuracy of at-risk mental state defining tools, over-attracting subjects who are not at increased risk of mental illness. The setting was a mental illness primary indicated prevention outpatients service embedded within the Psychiatry Unit of Padua University Hospital, Italy. Help-seeking patients accessing the service between January 2018 and December 2018 were evaluated with validated tools assessing functioning, at-risk mental state, schizotypal personality features, depressive and anxious symptoms, together with medical and family history collection. The primary outcome was the prevalence of drop in functioning at presentation according to the Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS). Secondary outcomes were diagnoses according to DSM-5 criteria and meeting criteria for at-risk mental state. Fifty-nine patients accessed the service, mean age was 18.8 (2.12) years old, 54.2% were females. Virtually all subjects (97.7%) had a drop in functioning. Baseline primary diagnoses were depressive episode in 33%, anxiety disorder in 21%, personality disorder in 17%, adjustment disorder 9%, conduct disorder 7%, schizophrenia spectrum disorder 5%, bipolar disorder 5%, eating disorder in 1.7%, dissociative disorder 1.7%. Overall, 59.1% met at-risk mental state criteria. Lower functioning was associated with anxious symptoms (p=0.031), a family history of mental illness (p=0.045) and of suicide (p=0.042), and schizotypal personality traits (p=0.036). Subjects accessing a prevention service embedded within the mental health department already present a trans-diagnostic drop in functioning, mainly due to a non-psychotic mental disorder, with at-risk mental state in one patient out of two, and schizophrenia or bipolar disorder already present in only 10% of subjects. Prevention service within mental health facility setting appears to properly detect subjects in need of treatment with a drop in functioning, at risk of developing severe mental illness, without any outreaching activity in the general population.

[News for usage of albumin in patients with liver disease]. / Neuigkeiten zur Anwendung von Humanalbumin bei Lebererkrankungen.

The recommended indications for short-term use of human albumin in patients with decompensated cirrhosis are the following: prevention of paracenteses induced circulatory dysfunction, treatment of hypovolemia, prevention of hepatorenal syndrome in high-risk patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, as well as treatment of hepatorenal syndrome. Liver cirrhosis is associated with systemic inflammation, which is further increased in decompensated cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure. Besides its function as plasma expander, albumin is known to have pleiotropic non-oncotic properties. It serves as antioxidant, scavenging and provides immune-modulating and endothelium protective functions. Albumin treatment may be beneficial to prevent further decompensation and acute-on-chronic liver failure. Recent studies suggest, that long-term albumin administration in patients with cirrhosis and ascites improves survival, prevents complications, facilitates the management of ascites and reduces hospitalizations. Moreover, during infections albumin may prevent development of acute-on-chronic liver failure. Still, further studies are needed to confirm these disease-modifying effects of albumin, define its optimal dosage and administration schedule and detect patients who benefit most from albumin administration in different scenarios.

Short-Term Western Diet Aggravates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) With Portal Hypertension in TGR(mREN2)27 Rats.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is gaining in importance and is linked to obesity. Especially, the development of fibrosis and portal hypertension in NAFLD patients requires treatment. Transgenic TGR(mREN2)27 rats overexpressing mouse renin spontaneously develop NAFLD with portal hypertension but without obesity. This study investigated the additional role of obesity in this model on the development of portal hypertension and fibrosis. Obesity was induced in twelve-week old TGR(mREN2)27 rats after receiving Western diet (WD) for two or four weeks. Liver fibrosis was assessed using standard techniques. Hepatic expression of transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1), collagen type Iα1, α-smooth muscle actin, and the macrophage markers Emr1, as well as the chemoattractant Ccl2, interleukin-1ß (IL1ß) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) were analyzed. Assessment of portal and systemic hemodynamics was performed using the colored microsphere technique. As expected, WD induced obesity and liver fibrosis as confirmed by Sirius Red and Oil Red O staining. The expression of the monocyte-macrophage markers, Emr1, Ccl2, IL1ß and TNFα were increased during feeding of WD, indicating infiltration of macrophages into the liver, even though this increase was statistically not significant for the EGF module-containing mucin-like receptor (Emr1) mRNA expression levels. Of note, portal pressure increased with the duration of WD compared to animals that received a normal chow. Besides obesity, WD feeding increased systemic vascular resistance reflecting systemic endothelial and splanchnic vascular dysfunction. We conclude that transgenic TGR(mREN2)27 rats are a suitable model to investigate NAFLD development with liver fibrosis and portal hypertension. Tendency towards elevated expression of Emr1 is associated with macrophage activity point to a significant role of macrophages in NAFLD pathogenesis, probably due to a shift of the renin-angiotensin system towards a higher activation of the classical pathway. The hepatic injury induced by WD in TGR(mREN2)27 rats is suitable to evaluate different stages of fibrosis and portal hypertension in NAFLD with obesity.

Pathways to care, DUP, and types of interventions over 5 years following psychosis onset: findings from a naturalistic study conducted in routine generalist mental health services.

PURPOSE: To describe pathways to care, duration of untreated psychosis (DUP), and types of interventions provided to first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients by routine Italian mental health services over 5 years since the first service contact. METHODS: Naturalistic study conducted in Veneto, within the context of the Psychosis Incident Cohort Outcome Study (PICOS). A comprehensive set of measures was used, including schedules designed to collect information on referrals to psychiatric services and on psychological and pharmacological treatments at 1, 2, and 5 years since first service contact. RESULTS: Overall, 397 patients were assessed. Most engaged with services with the help of family members (47.4%) and through emergency routes (60.3%). Those referred by clinicians were more likely to access care in a non-emergency way. Mean DUP was 5.62 months (SD 11.8) and longer DUP was associated with poorer functioning at 2 and 5 years. Interventions provided over 5 years were mainly constituted by antipsychotic medications (95.4% at 1 year; 85.8% at 2 years; 80.6% at 5 years), whereas a lower percentage (69.1% at 1 year; 61.5% at 2 years; 44.9% at 5 years) also received some forms of psychological interventions, mainly consisting of unspecific support sessions. Other structured interventions, such as CBT or family interventions, were seldom provided at each time-point. CONCLUSIONS: Mental health services in Veneto seem effective in engaging FEP patients within a short time since illness onset. However, type of care provided does not meet quality standards recommended by treatment guidelines, especially regarding psychological interventions.

Olfactory neuroepithelium alterations and cognitive correlates in schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have investigated alterations of olfactory neuroepithelium (ONE) as a biomarker of schizophrenia, and none its association with cognitive functioning. METHOD: Fresh ONE cells from twelve patients with schizophrenia and thirteen healthy controls were collected by nasal brushing, cultured in proper media and passed twelve times. Markers of cell proliferation (BrdU incorporation, Cyclin-D1 and p21 protein level) were quantified.Cognitive function was measured using Brief Neuropsychological Examination-2. PRIMARY OUTCOME: proliferation of ONE cells from schizophrenic patients at passage 3. Secondary outcome: association between alteration of cell proliferation and cognitive function. RESULTS: Fresh ONE cells from patients showed a faster cell proliferation than those from healthy controls at passage 3. An opposite trend was observed at passage 9, ONE cells of patients with schizophrenia showing slower cell proliferation as compared to healthy controls. In schizophrenia, overall cognitive function (Spearman's rho -0.657, p < 0.01), verbal memory - immediate recall, with interference at 10 s and 30 s (Spearman's rho from -0.676 to 0.697, all p < 0.01) were inversely associated with cell proliferation at passage 3. CONCLUSION: Fresh ONE cells collected by nasal brushing might eventually represent a tool for diagnosing schizophrenia based upon markers of cell proliferation, which can be easily implemented as single-layer culture. Cell proliferation at passage 3 can be regarded as a promising proxy of cognitive functioning in schizophrenia. Future studies should replicate these findings, and may assess whether ONE alterations are there before onset of psychosis, serving as an early sign in patients with at risk mental state.

Family Burden, Emotional Distress and Service Satisfaction in First Episode Psychosis. Data from the GET UP Trial.

Background: Literature has documented the role of family in the outcome of chronic schizophrenia. In the light of this, family interventions (FIs) are becoming an integral component of treatment for psychosis. The First Episode of Psychosis (FEP) is the period when most of the changes in family atmosphere are observed; unfortunately, few studies on the relatives are available. Objective: To explore burden of care and emotional distress at baseline and at 9-month follow-up and the levels of service satisfaction at follow-up in the two groups of relatives (experimental treatment EXP vs. treatment as usual TAU) recruited in the cluster-randomized controlled GET UP PIANO trial. Methods: The experimental treatment was provided by routine public Community Mental Health Centers (Italian National Health Service) and consisted of Treatment as Usual plus evidence-based additional treatment (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for psychosis for patients, Family Intervention for psychosis, and Case Management). TAU consisted of personalized outpatient psychopharmacological treatment, combined with non-specific supportive clinical management and informal support/educational sessions for families. The outcomes on relatives were assessed by the Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire (IEQ-EU), the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), and the Verona Service Satisfaction Scale (VSSS-EU). Differences within and between groups were evaluated. Results: At baseline, 75 TAU and 185 EXP caregivers were assessed. In the experimental group 92% of relatives participated in at least 1 family session. At follow-up both groups experienced improvement in all IEQ and GHQ items, but caregivers belonging to the EXP arm experienced a significantly greater change in 10 IEQ items (mainly pertaining to the "Tension" dimension) and in GHQ items. Due to the low sample size, a significant effectiveness was only observed for 2 IEQ items and 1 GHQ-12 item. With respect to VSSS data at follow-up, caregivers in the EXP arm experienced significantly greater satisfaction in 8 items, almost all pertaining to the dimensions "Relatives' Involvement" and "Professionals' Skills and Behavior." Conclusions: The Family intervention for psychosis delivered in the GET UP PIANO trial reduced family burden of illness and improved emotional distress and satisfaction with services. These results should encourage to promote FIs on caregivers of first-episode psychosis patients.

Comparison of Axial Length, Corneal Curvature, and Anterior Chamber Depth Measurements of 2 Recently Introduced Devices to a Known Biometer.

PURPOSE: Evaluate agreement and repeatability of axial length (AL), corneal curvature, and anterior chamber depth measurements of 2 new devices, 1 using Scheimpflug technology combined with partial coherence interferometry (Pentacam AXL) and 1 using swept-source optical coherence tomography (IOL Master 700) to a widely used optical biometer (IOL Master 500). DESIGN: Prospective, instrument reliability analysis. METHODS: This study was conducted in the Department of Ophthalmology at Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany. Seventy-nine eyes in 79 patients were measured with the IOL Master 500, the IOL Master 700, and with the Pentacam AXL. All eyes were measured twice with each device. The results were statistically compared using Bland-Altman plots. Outcome measures included AL, corneal curvature, and the measurement of anterior chamber depth. RESULTS: The Bland-Altman analysis of axial length measurements with the IOL Master 500 and IOL Master 700 showed a mean difference of 0.008 mm between the 2 devices, with a coefficient of repeatability (COR) of 0.044 (P = .05). For measurements with the IOL Master 500 and Pentacam AXL, a mean difference of 0.026 mm and COR of 0.055 (P = .75) was found. For measurements with Pentacam AXL and IOL Master 700, a mean difference of -0.019 mm and COR of 0.052 (P = .06) was found. In terms of repeatability, there was no significant difference in measurement of any variable with any device. Vector analysis showed no significant difference for corneal astigmatism measurements (P = .84). CONCLUSION: There was no statistically significant difference in compared biometric parameters performed with all 3 devices.

Feasibility and Effectiveness of a Multi-Element Psychosocial Intervention for First-Episode Psychosis: Results From the Cluster-Randomized Controlled GET UP PIANO Trial in a Catchment Area of 10 Million Inhabitants.

Integrated multi-element psychosocial interventions have been suggested to improve the outcomes of first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients, but they have been studied primarily in experimental settings and in nonepidemiologically representative samples. Thus, we performed a cluster-randomized controlled trial, comparing an integrated multi-element psychosocial intervention, comprising cognitive behavioral therapy, family intervention, and case management, with treatment as usual (TAU) for FEP patients in 117 community mental health centers (CMHCs) in a large area of northern Italy (10 million inhabitants). The randomized units (clusters) were the CMHCs, and the units of observation the patients (and, when available, their family members). The primary hypotheses were that add-on multicomponent intervention: (1) results in greater improvements in symptoms, as assessed with positive and negative syndrome scale and (2) reduces in-hospital stay, based on days of hospitalization over the 9-month follow-up. Four hundred and forty-four FEP patients received the intervention or TAU and were assessed at baseline and 9 months. Based on the retention rates of patients (and families) in the experimental arm, multi-element psychosocial interventions can be implemented in routine mental health services. Regarding primary outcomes, patients in the experimental arm showed greater reductions in overall symptom severity, while no difference could be found for days of hospitalization. Among the secondary outcomes, greater improvements were detected in the experimental arm for global functioning, emotional well-being, and subjective burden of delusions. No difference could be found for service disengagement and subjective burden of auditory hallucinations. These findings support feasibility and effectiveness of early interventions for psychosis in generalist mental health services.

The role of experienced and anticipated discrimination in the lives of people with first-episode psychosis.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe patterns of experienced and anticipated discrimination in a sample of persons experiencing a first episode of psychosis and to explore associations with clinical and psychosocial variables. METHODS: This cross-sectional survey was conducted within the context of the Psychosis Incident Cohort Outcome Study, a multisite naturalistic study examining first-episode patients treated in public psychiatric services in the Veneto Region of Italy. The Discrimination and Stigma Scale was used to assess experienced and anticipated discrimination. RESULTS: Ninety-seven patients were interviewed. Experiences of discrimination were common in relationships with family members (43%), making friends (32%), relationships with neighbors (25%), keeping a job (25%), finding a job (24%), and intimate relationships (23%). In regard to anticipated discrimination, 37% had stopped seeking a close relationship and 34% had stopped looking for work, 58% felt the need to conceal their diagnosis, and 37% reported that other people avoided them. In regression analysis, a higher number of functioning needs together with higher anticipated discrimination were associated with a higher level of experienced discrimination. A higher level of experienced discrimination and greater illness awareness were associated with more anticipated discrimination. CONCLUSIONS: First-episode patients reported experiencing discrimination in several key life areas. Anticipated discrimination further limited their access to life opportunities. Patients' awareness of the negative consequences of symptoms and disabilities led them to more easily perceive discrimination.

First-contact incidence of psychosis in north-eastern Italy: influence of age, gender, immigration and socioeconomic deprivation.

BACKGROUND: Considerable variations in the incidence of psychosis have been observed across countries, in terms of age, gender, immigration status, urbanicity and socioeconomic deprivation. AIMS: To evaluate the incidence rate of first-episode psychosis in a large area of north-eastern Italy and the distribution of the above-mentioned risk factors in individuals with psychoses. METHOD: Epidemiologically based survey. Over a 3-year period individuals with psychosis on first contact with services were identified and diagnosed according to ICD-10 criteria. RESULTS: In total, 558 individuals with first-episode psychosis were identified during 3,077,555 person-years at risk. The annual incidence rate per 100,000 was 18.1 for all psychoses, 14.3 for non-affective psychoses and 3.8 for affective psychoses. The rate for all psychoses was higher in young people aged 20-29 (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 4.18, 95% CI 2.77-6.30), immigrants (IRR = 2.26, 95% CI 1.85-2.75) and those living in the most deprived areas (IRR = 2.09, 95% CI 1.54-2.85). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence rate in our study area was lower than that found in other European and North American studies and provides new insights into the factors that may increase and/or decrease risk for developing psychosis.

A multi-element psychosocial intervention for early psychosis (GET UP PIANO TRIAL) conducted in a catchment area of 10 million inhabitants: study protocol for a pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Multi-element interventions for first-episode psychosis (FEP) are promising, but have mostly been conducted in non-epidemiologically representative samples, thereby raising the risk of underestimating the complexities involved in treating FEP in 'real-world' services. METHODS/DESIGN: The Psychosis early Intervention and Assessment of Needs and Outcome (PIANO) trial is part of a larger research program (Genetics, Endophenotypes and Treatment: Understanding early Psychosis - GET UP) which aims to compare, at 9 months, the effectiveness of a multi-component psychosocial intervention versus treatment as usual (TAU) in a large epidemiologically based cohort of patients with FEP and their family members recruited from all public community mental health centers (CMHCs) located in two entire regions of Italy (Veneto and Emilia Romagna), and in the cities of Florence, Milan and Bolzano. The GET UP PIANO trial has a pragmatic cluster randomized controlled design. The randomized units (clusters) are the CMHCs, and the units of observation are the centers' patients and their family members. Patients in the experimental group will receive TAU plus: 1) cognitive behavioral therapy sessions, 2) psycho-educational sessions for family members, and 3) case management. Patient enrollment will take place over a 1-year period. Several psychopathological, psychological, functioning, and service use variables will be assessed at baseline and follow-up. The primary outcomes are: 1) change from baseline to follow-up in positive and negative symptoms' severity and subjective appraisal; 2) relapse occurrences between baseline and follow-up, that is, episodes resulting in admission and/or any case-note records of re-emergence of positive psychotic symptoms. The expected number of recruited patients is about 400, and that of relatives about 300. Owing to the implementation of the intervention at the CMHC level, the blinding of patients, clinicians, and raters is not possible, but every effort will be made to preserve the independency of the raters. We expect that this study will generate evidence on the best treatments for FEP, and will identify barriers that may hinder its feasibility in 'real-world' clinical settings, patient/family conditions that may render this intervention ineffective or inappropriate, and clinical, psychological, environmental, and service organization predictors of treatment effectiveness, compliance, and service satisfaction.

High rates of psychosis for black inpatients in Padua and Montreal: different contexts, similar findings.

OBJECTIVE: This study tested the hypothesis that despite differences in setting, specifically in Padua or Montreal, black psychiatric inpatients will have higher rates of assigned diagnosis of psychosis than their non-black counterparts. METHODS: Data on psychotic patients admitted to the psychiatry ward were extracted from records of general hospitals in Padua and Montreal. Logistic regression analyses were conducted separately for each site to determine the relation between being black and receiving a diagnosis of psychosis, while controlling for sex and age. RESULTS: Most black patients at both sites received a diagnosis of psychosis (76% in Padua and 81% in Montreal). Being black was independently and positively associated with being diagnosed with psychosis compared to patients from other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Black patients admitted to psychiatry, whether in Padua or Montreal, were more likely to be assigned a diagnosis of psychosis than were other patients.

Influence of perceived organisational factors on job burnout: survey of community mental health staff.

BACKGROUND: Staff burnout is a critical issue for mental healthcare delivery, as it can lead to decreased work performance and, ultimately, to poorer treatment outcomes. AIMS: To explore the relative weight of job-related characteristics and perceived organisational factors in predicting burnout in staff working in community-based psychiatric services. METHOD: A representative sample of 2000 mental health staff working in the Veneto region, Italy, participated. Burnout and perceived organisational factors were assessed by using the Organizational Checkup Survey. RESULTS: Overall, high levels of job distress affected nearly two-thirds of the psychiatric staff and one in five staff members suffered from burnout. Psychiatrists and social workers reported the highest levels of burnout, and support workers and psychologists, the lowest. Burnout was mostly predicted by a higher frequency of face-to-face interaction with users, longer tenure in mental healthcare, weak work group cohesion and perceived unfairness. CONCLUSIONS: Improving the workplace atmosphere within psychiatric services should be one of the most important targets in staff burnout prevention strategies. The potential benefits of such programmes may, in turn, have a favourable impact on patient outcomes.