A Precision Medicine Approach to SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Management.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Precision medicine (PM) represents a new paradigm in disease diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. To apply PM premises in an emerging coronavirus pandemic acquires potentially greater relevance in order to allow the selection of specific preventive measures as well as biomarkers that will be useful in disease management. RECENT FINDINGS: The identification of the new coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as the responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had led to a plethora of strategies to contain viral dissemination, affecting life styles and personal behaviors. Viral genomic sequencing has shown that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein utilizes angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) found on ciliated epithelial cells of the human lungs as its specific receptor. Neutralizing antibodies to the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein were detected in patients recovered from COVID-19; however, both T cells and NK cells were reduced in severe cases. Excessive and uncontrolled releases of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1B, IL-1RA, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) were increased in severe patients. These cytokines might be useful biomarkers of disease worsening and potential targets for new biological therapies currently under investigation. SUMMARY: Present knowledge and recent developments in PM approach to COVID-19 disease prevention, evaluation, and management are pointed out. Better understanding of pathogenic pathways together with an accurate phenotype classification of patients presented with SARS-CoV-2 infection and symptoms might contribute to a more accurate definition of biomarkers and other diagnostic tools, which may lead to more precise mitigation strategies, personalized pharmacologic options, as well as new biological therapy developments.

A Precision Medicine Approach to Rhinitis Evaluation and Management.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Precision medicine (PM) represents a new paradigm in disease diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. The PM approach focuses on the characterization of different phenotypes and pathogenic pathways in order to allow the selection of specific biomarkers that will be useful in disease management. Rhinitis is a highly prevalent and heterogeneous disease, both in terms of underlying endotypes and clinical presentations. Therefore, to apply the PM principles to the various rhinitis subtypes rise as a meaningful strategy to improve evaluation and treatment. RECENT FINDINGS: The technology of recombinant allergens has allowed molecular characterization of IgE reactivity of specific individual components of allergenic extracts. Recently published and ongoing clinical trials based on component resolved diagnosis (CRD) bring more precision to allergen immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. Monoclonal antibodies against various cytokines involved in inflammatory allergic and nonallergic rhinitis endotypes show promissory results. SUMMARY: Better understanding of pathogenic pathways together with an accurate phenotype classification of patients presented with rhinitis symptoms contributes to point out clinical usefulness of biomarkers and other diagnostic tools, which leads to more accurate environmental control measures, personalized pharmacologic options, and new biological therapy developments.

[The Telehealth Network of the Americas and its role in primary health care]. / La Red de Telesalud de las Américas y su papel en la atención primaria de la salud.

The need to guarantee equitable access to health regardless of geographic, economic, or technological barriers motivated the Member States of the Organization of American States to create the Telehealth Network of the Americas, coordinated by the Inter-American Telecommunication Committee. The Network focuses on the use of new information and communications technology applied to health, based on the values of respect, equity, and solidarity and mandated by the philosophy of primary health. Its members include government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, university forums, hospital federations, and telecommunications companies, and it has already extended its reach to other continents and to different fields in which telemedicine is being used. Among its first achievements, it has implemented an innovative tool to be used in cases of disaster or limited geographic access. This mobile telemedicine station is housed in a portable case that includes a computer, various digital devices (otoscope, ophthalmoscope, microscope, dermatoscope), a high-resolution digital camera, an X-ray film viewer, and a satellite antenna. With this tool, it is possible to provide specialized support for rural physicians and primary health care workers located far from large urban centers.

La Red de Telesalud de las Américas y su papel en la atención primaria de la salud / The Telehealth Network of the Americas and its role in primary health care

La necesidad de garantizar un acceso equitativo a la salud, con independencia de las limitaciones geográficas, económicas y tecnológicas, motivó a los estados miembros de la Organización de Estados Americanos a impulsar la creación de una Red de Telesalud de las Américas (Red TSA) dependiente de la Comisión Interamericana de Telecomunicaciones. La Red TSA es un desarrollo centrado en el uso de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación aplicadas a la salud, asentado en valores de respeto, equidad y solidaridad y amparado en la filosofía de la atención primaria de la salud e integrado por instituciones gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, foros de universidades, federaciones hospitalarias y empresas de telecomunicaciones, y ha iniciado su difusión en diferentes ámbitos continentales y mundiales relacionados con la telemedicina. Entre sus primeros logros, ha puesto en marcha una novedosa herramienta de aplicación en situaciones de catástrofes y escasa accesibilidad geográfica (estación de telemedicina móvil), consistente en un maletín portátil compuesto por un ordenador, diferentes dispositivos digitales (otoscopio, oftalmoscopio, microscopio y dermatoscopio), cámara digital de alta resolución, negatoscopio y antena de conexión satelital. Este maletín permite dar apoyo especializado a los médicos rurales y locales de atención primaria de la salud alejados de los grandes centros urbanos.

The need to guarantee equitable access to health regardless of geographic, economic, or technological barriers motivated the Member States of the Organization of American States to create the Telehealth Network of the Americas, coordinated by the Inter-American Telecommunication Committee. The Network focuses on the use of new information and communications technology applied to health, based on the values of respect, equity, and solidarity and mandated by the philosophy of primary health. Its members include government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, university forums, hospital federations, and telecommunications companies, and it has already extended its reach to other continents and to different fields in which telemedicine is being used. Among its first achievements, it has implemented an innovative tool to be used in cases of disaster or limited geographic access. This mobile telemedicine station is housed in a portable case that includes a computer, various digital devices (otoscope, ophthalmoscope, microscope, dermatoscope), a high-resolution digital camera, an X-ray film viewer, and a satellite antenna. With this tool, it is possible to provide specialized support for rural physicians and primary health care workers located far from large urban centers.

O que é um alergista? / What is an allergist?

Introdução: O alergista é o médico que concluiu com êxito um período de treinamento especializado em alergia e imunologia e um período de treinamento em medicina interna e/ou pediatria. Os alergistas também são imunologistas clínicos especializados, devido à base imunológica das doenças que diagnosticam e tratam. Na maioria dos países, o período aprovado de formação na especialidade em alergia e imunologia é de dois a três anos de treinamento intenso e específico. Dependendo dos sistemas de credenciamento nacionais, a conclusão desse treinamento será reconhecida por um certificado de treinamento especializado em alergia, em alergia e imunologia ou em alergia e imunologia clínica, outorgado por uma comissão diretiva. Em alguns países, isso acompanha a conclusão bem-sucedida de um exame de qualificação e, em outros, as competências apresentadas por um supervisor de treinamento. Os alergistas totalmente treinados fazem uma importante contribuição para o delineamento dos sistemas de atendimento local e proporcionam o atendimento necessário aos pacientes com doenças alérgicas. Os alergistas agem como defensores do paciente, e apóiam e questionam o caso para melhorar a educação dos médicos de atendimento primário e secundário, assim como de outros profissionais de saúde que também atendem pacientes alérgicos. Os alergistas devem estar disponíveis para fazer o atendimento dos casos mais complicados, que estão além do campo de ação de médicos de atendimento primário e secundário e de outros profissionais de saúde com bom treinamento. As principais características que definem um alergista são a apreciação da importância dos desencadeantes externos que causam a doença e o conhecimento de como identificar e tratar essas doenças, juntamente com a experiência nas terapias imunológicas e fármacos apropriados. Essa conduta no diagnóstico e na terapia é um valor essencial do especialista em alergia, e destaca o alergista entre muitos especialistas cujas bases de pacientes podem sobrepor-se com a especialidade...

Requisitos para treinamento médico em alergia: competências clínicas essenciais para o tratamento de pacientes com doenças alérgicas ou imunológicas: declaração da posição provisória da word allergy organization (WAO) / Requirements for physician training in allergy: key clinical competencies appropriate for the care of patients with allergic or immunologic diseases: a provisional position statement of the world allergy organization

Introdução: As doenças alérgicas têm prevalência extraordinária em todo o mundo, e a incidência de alergia é crescente em to¬dos os lugares!-7. Como os processos alérgicos e imunol¬gicos sobrepõem todos os sistemas orgânicos, nem sempre a alergia é ensinada nas escolas de medicina como uma disciplina separada. Realmente, a falta de reconhecimento da especialidade e da necessidade de ensinar as doenças alérgicas e imunológicas resulta no fato de a alergia não ser incluída em certos currículos de medicinas. Com a estimativa de que 22 pt por cento da população global tem doenças alérgicas e imunológicas, está na hora de reconhecer e fortalecer a educação em alergia e imunologias. A World Aflergy Organization, uma aliança de 74 sociedades nacionais e regionais de alergia, criou este documento consensual para estabelecer diretrizes educacionais que aplicadas mundialmente, para identificar e corrigir as deficiências do treinamento em alergia e para definir metas de treinamento apropriadas. Ao criar este consenso, é reconhecido que cada país tem seus próprios princípios e metas de educação médica nos níveis de graduação e pós-graduação. Este documento define o que um médico deve saber para tratar pacientes alérgicos.

Allergy practice worldwide: a report by the World Allergy Organization Specialty and Training Council.

In 2004 the World Allergy Organization's Specialty and Training Council conducted a survey of World Allergy Organization (WAO) member societies to obtain information about the status of the specialty of allergy worldwide. Responses were received from 33 countries, representing a population of 1.39 billion people, of whom it was estimated that 22% may suffer from some form of allergic disease. Allergy was reported by 23 respondents to be a certified or accredited specialty in their country, and the number of certified allergists per head of population ranged from 1:25 million to 1:16,000. Allergists were ranked as the fifth most likely clinicians to see cases of allergic asthma, third most likely to see allergic rhinitis, and fourth most likely to see eczema or sinusitis. Nine countries only reported that children with allergic diseases would be seen by a pediatrician with appropriate training. The survey results highlight a pressing need for the development of allergy services worldwide.

Relationship between group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis and asthma.

Increasing morbidity due to asthma in children and antimicrobial resistance among human pathogens are both major public-health concerns. Frequent use of antibiotics during childhood might be a factor underlying the rising severity and prevalence of asthma and other allergic disorders. The objective of the study was to determine if pediatric patients with asthma or allergic rhinitis have an altered rate of group A beta hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) tonsillopharyngeal infection which might support any change in guidelines for antibiotic prescription. A prospective analysis of all patients presenting a clinical feature of GABHS pharyngitis with a sore throat in two pediatric clinics located in Detroit, MI, USA and San Antonio de Areco, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Eligible patients aged between 2 and 18 years were screened for the presence of asthma and/or allergic rhinitis and administered a test (rapid strep test) and throat culture to determine GABHS infection. At the Redford Medical Center, Detroit, 500 patients met the eligibility criteria, with 168 (33.6%) having a positive strep test. At the San Antonio de Areco's Hospital, in a rural area 100 km away from Buenos Aires, 188 patients met the eligibility criteria, with 41 (21.8%) having a positive strep test or GABHS throat cultures. In both the Detroit [odds ratio (OR) = 1.36; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72-2.57] and Buenos Aires clinics (OR = 0.50; 95% CI 0.23-1.07), patients with asthma or allergic rhinitis were not at an increased risk for true GABHS tonsillopharyngeal infections when compared with the general pediatric population. These results suggest that children with asthma do not differ from the normal population in their risk of developing GABHS tonsillopharyngeal infection and should not be liberally prescribed antibiotics.

Sensibilización a Blomia tropicalis en pacientes con rinitis y asma en Rosario / Sensitizacion to Blomia tropicalis in patients with rhinitis and asthma in Rosario

El objetivo de este trabajo fue establecer la prevalencia de sensibilidad cutánea a Blomia tropicalis, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, Lepidoglyphus destructor, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Acarus siro y a otros alérgenos en un grupo de pacientes con rinitis y/o asma y de controles en el área del gran Rosario. Se incluyeron un total de 67 pacientes, de los cuales 21 tenían rinitis alérgica, 16 asma, 20 rinitis y asma y 10, síntomas respiratorios no atópicos. También se incluyeron 27 controles sin síntomas alérgicos respiratorios. Se realizaron la determinación de la IgE total y pruebas cutáneas por prick test a B. tropicalis y otros alérgenos en todos los casos. Los niveles de IgE entre los grupos resultaron significativamente diferentes (p<0,05). La frecuencia de sensibilización cutánea a B. tropicalis en el grupo de riníticos fue 61,9 por ciento, en el grupo de asmáticos, 87,5 por ciento, y en el de asmáticos con rinitis, 90 por ciento; ningún paciente con asma y/o rinitis no alérgica y ningún control tuvo una respuesta positiva. La frecuencia de sensibilización simultánea a más de un alergeno fue ò85 por ciento en el grupo de atópicos. Los 6 ácaros evaluados fueron los que presentaron una mayor frecuencia de sensibilización (ò58 por ciento) seguidos por Alternaria con el 8,8 por ciento. Ocho de los 57 pacientes atópicos (14 por ciento) presentaron reactividad cutánea exclusivamente a B. tropicalis. Los resultados obtenidos nos permiten concluir que 1) una alta proporción de pacientes atópicos es sensible a B. tropicalis en la zona del gran Rosario; 2) la prevalencia de dicha sensibilidad es mayor en pacientes con asma y rinitis alérgica; 3) un alto porcentaje de pacientes sensibles a B. tropicalis también lo es a otros ácaros; 4) existe un grupo de pacientes (8/57) tiene sensibilidad exclusiva a B. tropicalis; 5) ningún control sano o sintomático no atópico presentó reacción cutánea a la concentración más alta de B. tropicalis y 6) el extracto de B. tropicalis usado ha demostrado una alta sensibilidad y especificidad