Isothiocyanate-Rich Extracts from Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea Var. Botrytis) and Radish (Raphanus sativus) Inhibited Metabolic Activity and Induced ROS in Selected Human HCT116 and HT-29 Colorectal Cancer Cells.

Cruciferous vegetables such as cauliflower and radish contain isothiocyanates exhibiting chemoprotective effects in vitro and in vivo. This research aimed to assess the impact of cauliflower (CIE) and radish (RIE) isothiocyanate extracts on the metabolic activity, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and LDH production of selected human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (HCT116 and HT-29 for early and late colon cancer development, respectively). Non-cancerous colon cells (CCD-33Co) were used as a cytotoxicity control. The CIE samples displayed the highest allyl isothiocyanate (AITC: 12.55 µg/g) contents, whereas RIE was the most abundant in benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC: 15.35 µg/g). Both extracts effectively inhibited HCT116 and HT-29 metabolic activity, but the CIE impact was higher than that of RIE on HCT116 (IC50: 0.56 mg/mL). Assays using the half-inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of all treatments, including AITC and BITC, displayed increased (p < 0.05) LDH (absorbance: 0.25-0.40 nm) and ROS release (1190-1697 relative fluorescence units) in both cell lines. BITC showed the highest in silico binding affinity with all the tested colorectal cancer molecular markers (NF-kB, ß-catenin, and NRF2-NFE2). The theoretical evaluation of AITC and BITC bioavailability showed high values for both compounds. The results indicate that CIE and RIE extracts display chemopreventive effects in vitro, but additional experiments are needed to validate their effects.

Garambullo (Myrtillocactus geometrizans): effect of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on the bioaccessibility and antioxidant capacity of phytochemicals.

Garambullo (Myrtillocactus geometrizans), endemic fruit from Mexico, contains several bioactive compounds (phenolic compounds, betalains, antioxidant fiber), highlighting it as a good functional food. In this research, the impact of the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on phytochemical bioaccessibility from garambullo and its antioxidant capacity are studied. The fruit contained previously unidentified phytochemicals in the polar and non-polar extracts (acetone and hexane). The bioaccessibility decreased in the mouth and stomach for flavanones (up to 11.9 and 8.9%, respectively), isoflavones (up to 20.0 and 9.2%, respectively), flavonols (up to 15.2 and 15.7%, respectively), hydroxycinnamic acids (up to 21.7 and 13.1%, respectively), and betalains (up to 10.5 and 4.2%, respectively); hydroxybenzoic acids were increased (up to 752.8 and 552.6%, respectively), while tocopherols increased in the mouth (127.7%) and decreased in the stomach (up to 90.3%). In the intestinal phase, the digestible fraction showed low phytochemicals bioaccessibility, and some compounds were recovered in the non-digestible fraction. The antioxidant capacity decreased in different compartments of the gastrointestinal tract, being higher in the mouth (872.9, 883.6, 385.2, and 631.2 µmol TE per g dw by ABTS, DPPH, ORAC, and FRAP, respectively) and stomach (836.2, 942.1, 289.0, and 494.9 µmol TE per g dw ABTS, DPPH, ORAC, and FRAP, respectively). The results indicate that digestion positively or negatively affects compounds' bioaccessibility depending on their structural family, and the antioxidant capacity decreases but remains higher than other functional foods.

Impact of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on the bioaccessibility and antioxidant capacity of bioactive compounds from Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) leaves and juice extracts.

The fruits consumption is highly associated with a lessening in the risk of the chronic noncommunicable diseases. Despite their content of bioactive compounds, physiological conditions might affect their bioaccessibility and biological potential. Hence, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the bioaccessibility and in vitro antioxidant capacity of bioactive compounds (polyphenols, ascorbic acid, and mono/oligosaccharides) from passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) juice and leaves extracts (PJE and PLE, respectively) during an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. PLE exhibited the highest overall bioaccessibility of phenolics and mono/oligosaccharides. Ascorbic acid and kaempferol were the most bioaccessible (up to 12- and 13-fold, respectively) compounds and showed the highest net permeabilities (0.32-34.65 × 10-5 ). Chlorogenic acid, quercetin, and xylose showed the highest correlation with the antioxidant capacity (ABTS/DPPH methods). These results indicated the ability of digestion to improve bioaccessibility and antioxidant capacity of bioactives compounds from P. edulis extracts. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Several international organizations, World Health Organization (WHO) among them, are actively encouraging an increase in the fruit and vegetable intake worldwide in response to the global rise in noncommunicable diseases, among other actions. Fruits and processed foods are increasingly used in the European food industry. Additionally, exotic and tropical fruits cannot be produced in the European Union, which opens up a variety of opportunities for our Colombian tropical fruits such as mango or exotic fruits such as passion fruit. Evaluating parameters such as bioaccessibility and intestinal permeability of these bioactives derived from both P. edulis juice and leaves extracts contributes with new evidence regarding their stability along the gastrointestinal tract and their consumption as a source of health-promoting compounds. The results of this research are an important achievement on the way to make the transition from basic to applied research. Informing the health benefits of this tropical fruit can stimulate its demand.