A Web-GIS tool for diagnosing spatial orientation of young adults: design and evaluation of Geo-Survey.

Spatial orientation is the effectiveness with which one is able to assess the mutual location of objects relative to a point of reference or a system of coordinates. Traditionally, this ability has been evaluated through field navigation tests, which do not take into account the prevailing influence of free online maps and virtual walks on a person's interpretation of space. In this context, this study presents a Web-GIS tool designed and developed to examine spatial orientation skills in the context of the used map type. The tool, named Geo-Survey, enables combination of survey questions with customized maps, providing users with a set of possible answer types. Moreover, using the unique concept of predefined answers, the tool attempts to automate the process of analysing research results. The tools' performance is evaluated via assessing the spatial orientation skills of a group of young adults.

Influence of Variety, Enzyme Addition and Destemming on Yield and Bioactive Compounds of Juices from Selected Hybrid Grape Varieties Cultivated in Poland.

In this study, five varieties of hybrid grapes were processed into juice to assess the influence of variety, destemming process and enzyme addition on juice quality, including yield, physicochemical properties and bioactive compounds. The results highlighted that while the processing methods had some impact on juice quality, the inherent grape variety remained the most significant factor. Although similar treatments were applied to all varieties, there were differences in the quality attributes of the juice. In general, red grape juice had a higher polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity than white grape juice. Four phenolic acids, eleven flavonols, five flavan-3-ols and five anthocyanins were identified. While the polyphenolic profile of each sample depended on the treatment and the variety, regardless of the variety, destemming was found to increase the yield by around 10-15%, while the addition of enzyme improved the yield by around 20-30%. Although the addition of enzymes led to a higher polyphenol content, it changed the color profile of the juice as a result of the pigment's skin extraction. In contrast, the destemming process did not influence the color of the juice, but at the same time, it reduced the health benefits due to the removal of potential bioactive compounds from the stems.

Assessment of Fresh Miscanthus Straw as Growing Media Amendment in Nursery Production of Sedum spectabile 'Stardust' and Hydrangea arborescens 'Annabelle'.

The aim of this research was to assess the influence of fresh miscanthus straw shreds as a component of growing media in nursery production of perennial Sedum spectabile 'Stardust' and woody shrub Hydrangea arborescens 'Annabelle'. A total of five substrate mixes composed of peatmoss and miscanthus straw were used: 100%P, 70%P:30%M, 50%P:50%M, 70%P:30%M, 100%M. Each substrate was subjected to three fertilizer treatments: Basacote, Basacote + YaraMila, and YaraMila. The growth response of both tested species was very similar. In general, plants performed best in 100%P, and the quality decreased with increasing miscanthus straw amendment; however, differences in height and dry weight at the level of ~9% suggest that Sedum plants obtained market value with up to 50% miscanthus amendment and Hydrangea plants with up to 30% miscanthus mixed in media. The most favorable effect on the tested parameters was a combination of Basacote + YaraMila, which delivered more soluble salts, and in higher rates than Basacote and YaraMila used separately. Decrease in EC and nutrients in the substrate with increase in miscanthus straw amendment suggest that uniform irrigation among all the treatments contributed to nutrients leaching from miscanthus media due to its lower water holding capacity.

Dielectrophoresis-Based SERS Sensors for the Detection of Cancer Cells in Microfluidic Chips.

The detection of freely circulating cancer cells (CTCs) is one of the greatest challenges of modern medical diagnostics. For several years, there has been increased attention on the use of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for the detection of CTCs. SERS is a non-destructive, accurate and precise technique, and the use of special SERS platforms even enables the amplification of weak signals from biological objects. In the current study, we demonstrate the unique arrangement of the SERS technique combined with the deposition of CTCs cells on the surface of the SERS platform via a dielectrophoretic effect. The appropriate frequencies of an alternating electric field and a selected shape of the electric field can result in the efficient deposition of CTCs on the SERS platform. The geometry of the microfluidic chip, the type of the cancer cells and the positive dielectrophoretic phenomenon resulted in the trapping of CTCs on the surface of the SERS platform. We presented results for two type of breast cancer cells, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, deposited from the 0.1 PBS solution. The limit of detection (LOD) is 20 cells/mL, which reflects the clinical potential and usefulness of the developed approach. We also provide a proof-of-concept for these CTCs deposited on the SERS platform from blood plasma.

Comparison of the Chemical Composition of Selected Varieties of Elderberry with Wild Growing Elderberry.

Elderberries of wild-growing shrubs are most often used; however, various cultivated varieties of this shrub appear more and more often. The aim of this research was to compare the fruit composition of specific varieties with those grown wild in urban and ecologically clean conditions. Six varieties of elderberry grown on one experimental farm and two wild-growing samples from the city center and the landscape park were assessed. The content of vitamin C, antioxidant activity, sugar and organic acid content, triterpenes and carotenoids was marked in the tested fruits. The analyses show that there were significant differences in the content of the tested ingredients between the varieties tested, while the place of cultivation was of less importance. Apart from organic acids and triterpenes, fruits from wild-growing shrubs were more abundant in other compounds determined. The white variety of 'Albida' turned out to be the poorest in bioactive compounds.

Lung Cancer: Spectral and Numerical Differentiation among Benign and Malignant Pleural Effusions Based on the Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy.

We present here that the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technique in conjunction with the partial least squares analysis is as a potential tool for the differentiation of pleural effusion in the course of the cancerous disease and a tool for faster diagnosis of lung cancer. Pleural effusion occurs mainly in cancer patients due to the spread of the tumor, usually caused by lung cancer. Furthermore, it can also be initiated by non-neoplastic diseases, such as chronic inflammatory infection (the most common reason for histopathological examination of the exudate). The correlation between pleural effusion induced by tumor and non-cancerous diseases were found using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy combined with principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS) multivariate analysis method. The PCR predicts 96% variance for the division of neoplastic and non-neoplastic samples in 13 principal components while PLS 95% in only 10 factors. Similarly, when analyzing the SERS data to differentiate the type of tumor (squamous cell vs. adenocarcinoma), PLS gives more satisfactory results. This is evidenced by the calculated values of the root mean square errors of calibration and prediction but also the coefficients of calibration determination and prediction (R2C = 0.9570 and R2C = 0.7968), which are more robust and rugged compared to those calculated for PCR. In addition, the relationship between cancerous and non-cancerous samples in the dependence on the gender of the studied patients is presented.

Combined negative dielectrophoresis with a flexible SERS platform as a novel strategy for rapid detection and identification of bacteria.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a vibrational method successfully applied in analytical chemistry, molecular biology and medical diagnostics. In this article, we demonstrate the combination of the negative dielectrophoretic (nDEP) phenomenon and a flexible surface-enhanced Raman platform for quick isolation (3 min), concentration and label-free identification of bacteria. The platform ensures a strong enhancement factor, high stability and reproducibility for the SERS response of analyzed samples. By introducing radial dielectrophoretic forces directed at the SERS platform, we can efficiently execute bacterial cell separation, concentration and deposition onto the SERS-active surface, which simultaneously works as a counter electrode and thus enables such hybrid DEP-SERS device vibration-based detection. Additionally, we show the ability of our DEP-SERS system to perform rapid, cultivation-free, direct detection of bacteria in urine and apple juice samples. The device provides new opportunities for the detection of pathogens.

Effect of Varying Expression of EpCAM on the Efficiency of CTCs Detection by SERS-Based Immunomagnetic Optofluidic Device.

The circulating tumor cells (CTCs) isolation and characterization has a great potential for non-invasive biopsy. In the present research, the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based assay utilizing magnetic nanoparticles and solid SERS-active support integrated in the external field assisted microfluidic device was designed for efficient isolation of CTCs from blood samples. Magnetic nanospheres (Fe2O3) were coated with SERS-active metal and then modified with p-mercaptobenzoic acid (p-MBA) which works simultaneously as a Raman reporter and linker to an antiepithelial-cell-adhesion-molecule (anti-EpCAM) antibodies. The newly developed laser-induced SERS-active silicon substrate with a very strong enhancement factor (up to 108) and high stability and reproducibility provide the additional extra-enhancement in the sandwich plasmonic configuration of immune assay which finally leads to increase the efficiency of detection. The sensitive immune recognition of cancer cells is assisted by the introducing of the controllable external magnetic field into the microfluidic chip. Moreover, the integration of the SERS-active platform and p-MBA-labeled immuno-Ag@Fe2O3 nanostructures with microfluidic device offers less sample and analytes demand, precise operation, increase reproducibly of spectral responses, and enables miniaturization and portability of the presented approach. In this work, we have also investigated the effect of varying expression of the EpCAM established by the Western Blot method supported by immunochemistry on the efficiency of CTCs' detection with the developed SERS method. We used four target cancer cell lines with relatively high (human metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma cells (LNCaP)), medium (human metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma cells (LNCaP)), weak (human metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma cells (LNCaP)), and no EpCAM expressions (cervical cancer cells (HeLa)) to estimate the limits of detection based on constructed calibration curves. Finally, blood samples from lung cancer patients were used to validate the efficiency of the developed method in clinical trials.

Flexible PET/ITO/Ag SERS Platform for Label-Free Detection of Pesticides.

We show a new type of elastic surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) platform made of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) covered with a layer of indium tin oxide (ITO). This composite is subjected to dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) that develops the active surface of the PET/ITO foil. To enhance the Raman signal, a modified composite was covered with a thin layer of silver using the physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique. The SERS platform was used for measurements of para-mercaptobenzoic acid (p-MBA) and popular pesticides, i.e., Thiram and Carbaryl. The detection and identification of pesticides on the surface of fruits and vegetables is a crucial issue due to extensive use of those chemical substances for plant fungicide and insecticide protection. Therefore, the developed PET/ITO/Ag SERS platform was dedicated to quantitative analysis of selected pesticides, i.e., Thiram and Carbaryl from fruits. The presented SERS platform exhibits excellent enhancement and reproducibility of the Raman signal, which enables the trace analysis of these pesticides in the range up to their maximum residues limit. Based on the constructed calibration curves, the pesticide concentrations from the skin of apples was estimated as 2.5 µg/mL and 0.012 µg/mL for Thiram and Carbaryl, respectively. Additionally, the PET/ITO/Ag SERS platform satisfies other spectroscopic properties required for trace pesticide analysis e.g., ease, cost-effective method of preparation, and specially designed physical properties, especially flexibility and transparency, that broaden the sampling versatility to irregular surfaces.